The Khalkha dialect ( Mongolian : Халх аялгуу / Halh ayalguu / ᠬᠠᠯᠬᠠ ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠭᠤ , [χaɬχ ajɮˈɢʊː] ) is a dialect of central Mongolic widely spoken in Mongolia . According to some classifications, the Khalkha dialect includes Inner Mongolian varieties such as Shiliin gol , Ulaanchab and Sönid . As it was the basis for the Cyrillic orthography of Mongolian, it is de facto the national language of Mongolia. The name of the dialect is related to the name of the Khalkha Mongols and the Khalkha river .
62-536: Karakorum ( Khalkha Mongolian : Хархорум, Kharkhorum ; Mongolian script : ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠬᠣᠷᠣᠮ , Qaraqorum ; Chinese : 哈拉和林 ) was the capital of the Mongol Empire between 1235 and 1260 and of the Northern Yuan dynasty in the late 14th and 15th centuries. Its ruins lie in the northwestern corner of the Övörkhangai Province of modern-day Mongolia , near the present town of Kharkhorin and adjacent to
124-463: A Nestorian church. When Kublai Khan claimed the throne of the Mongol Empire in 1260—as did his younger brother, Ariq Böke —he relocated his capital to Shangdu , and later to Khanbaliq (Dadu, today's Beijing ). Karakorum was thence reduced to a mere administrative center of a provincial backwater of the Yuan dynasty of China in 1271. Furthermore, the ensuing Toluid Civil War with Ariq Böke and
186-525: A later war with Kaidu deeply affected the town. In 1260, Kublai disrupted the town's grain supply, while in 1277 Kaidu took Karakorum, only to be ousted by Yuan troops and Bayan of the Baarin in the following year. In 1298–99 prince Ulus Buqa looted its markets and the grain storehouses. However, the first half of the 14th century proved to be a second era of prosperity: in 1299, the town had been expanded eastwards, then in 1311, and again from 1342 to 1346,
248-654: A yurt town; only then, after the defeat of the Jin empire, did Genghis' successor Ögedei erect city walls and build a fixed palace. Ögedei Khan gave the decree to build the Tumen Amgalan Ord (Palace of Myriad Peace; Wan'angong in Chinese) in 1235, the year after he defeated the Jin dynasty . It was finished in one year. In the History of Yuan (元史), it is written in the section for Taizong (太宗) Ögedei Khan: "In
310-530: A common ossuary . The last king to be interred in Saint-Denis was Louis XVIII (1755 – 1824). After France became a republic and an empire , Saint-Denis lost its association with royalty. On 1 January 1860, the city of Paris was enlarged by annexing neighbouring communes. On that occasion, the commune of La Chapelle-Saint-Denis was disbanded and divided between the city of Paris, Saint-Denis, Saint-Ouen , and Aubervilliers . Saint-Denis received
372-596: A great palace, situated next to the city walls, enclosed within a high wall like those which enclose monks' priories among us." An even older layer dating back to the 8th century has also been discovered under the 13th century walls. This has been theorized to be the Takhai Balgas (Takhai City) mentioned in Mongolian chronicles relating to the foundation of the Erdene Zuu Monastery. The Yuanshi and
434-2335: A plan to rebuild the historical capital city. Three Eastern Tumens Khalkha Chahar Uriankhai Three Western Tumens Ordos Tumed Yunshebu Tümen Choros Torghut Khoid Dörbet Oirat Yingchang Karakorum Hohhot Khagan Khan Khatun Taishi Jinong Khong Tayiji Noyan Tarkhan Councellor Wang Ukhaantu Khan Toghun-Temur (1368–1370) Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara (1370–1378) Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür (1378–1388) Jorightu Khan Yesüder (1388–1391) Engke Khan (1391–1394) Elbeg Nigülesügchi Khan (1394–1399) Gün Temür Khan (1399–1402) Örüg Temür Khan Gulichi (1402–1408) Öljei Temür Khan Bunyashiri (1403–1412) Delbeg Khan (1411–1415) Oyiradai Khan (1415–1425) Adai Khan (1425–1438) Tayisung Khan Toghtoa Bukha (1433–1452) Agbarjin (1453) Esen Taishi (1453–1454) Markörgis Khan (Ükegtü) (1454–1465) Molon Khan (1465–1466) Manduul Khan (1475–1479) Dayan Khan (1480–1516) Bars Bolud Jinong (deputy) Bodi Alagh Khan (1516–1547) Darayisung Gödeng Khan (1547–1557) Tümen Jasaghtu Khan (1557–1592) Buyan Sechen Khan (1592–1604) Ligdan Khan (1604–1634) Ejei Khan (1634–1635) Altan Khan (1521–1582) Sengge Düüreng Khan (1583–1585) Namudai Sechen Khan (1586–1607) Boshugtu Khung Taiji (1608–1636) Barsu-Bolod (d. 1521) Mergen Jinong (d. 1542) Noyandara Jinong (1543–1572) Buyan Baatur Taiji (1573–1576) Boshugtu Jinong (1577–1624) Erinchen Jinong (1624–1636) Abtai Sain Khan (1567–1588) Eriyekhei Mergen Khan (1589–?) Gombodorji Khan (d. 1655) Chakhun Dorji Khan (1654–1698) Laikhur Khan Subandai Khan Norbu Bisireltü Khan (d. 1661) Chambun Khan (1670?–) Zenggün Shara (d. 1687) Soloi Maqasamadi Sechen Khan (1577–1652) Baba Sechen Khan (1653–?) Sechen Khan (d. 1686) Ubasi Khong Tayiji (c.1609–1623) Badma Erdeni Khong Tayiji (1623–1652) Erinchin Lobsang Tayiji (1652–1667) Khalkha Mongolian There are certain differences between normative (standardised form of Khalkha) and spoken Khalkha. For example,
496-568: A population of 113,116 at the 2020 census. It is a subprefecture ( French : sous-préfecture ) of the department of Seine-Saint-Denis , being the seat of the arrondissement of Saint-Denis . It is also part of the Métropole du Grand Paris . Saint-Denis is home to the royal necropolis of the Basilica of Saint-Denis and was also the location of the associated abbey . The commune is also home to France's national football and rugby stadium,
558-477: A royal monastery. Dagobert granted many privileges to the monastery: independence from the bishop of Paris, the right to hold a market , and, most importantly, he was buried in Saint-Denis; a tradition which was followed by almost all his successors. During the Middle Ages , because of the privileges granted by Dagobert, Saint-Denis grew to become very important. Merchants from all over Europe (and indeed from
620-524: A set time. The Khan also gave frequent donations from this treasure to the city's poor. The palace was built in Chinese architectural style as was common in the region since Xiongnu times. There were three main palace buildings standing side by side in a parallel form as mentioned in Yelu Chucai's poem. The three main buildings of Erdene Zuu Monastery are also parallel and sit on an elevated platform like
682-399: A venture has been found yet. However, Karakorum was inhabited at the beginning of the 16th century, when Batu-Möngke Dayan Khan made it a capital once again. In the following years, the town changed hands between Oirads and Chinggisids several times, and was consequently given up permanently. The Erdene Zuu Monastery stands near Karakorum. Various construction materials were taken from
SECTION 10
#1732766291011744-710: Is pronounced in masculine words in Western Khalkha as /h/ (almost not heard) if the following consonant is voiceless , and is pronounced as /ɢ/ (and devoiced to /q/ ) in Eastern Khalkha; e.g. хутга hutga [ˈχo̙tʰɵ̙q] (Central Khalkha), hутага hutaga [ˈhʊtʰəɣ] (Western Khalkha), гутага gutaga [ˈɢʊtʰəq] (Eastern Khalkha). Initial /tʰ/ is unaspirated in Eastern Khalkha; e.g. талх talh [tʰaɬχ] (Central Khalkha), талқ talq [tʰaɬq] (Western Khalkha), далх dalh [taɬχ] (Eastern Khalkha). In Juha Janhunen's book Mongolian , he groups
806-584: The 2022 UEFA Champions League Final , in which fans of visiting football team Liverpool F.C. were attacked by police before the game and by groups of local youths after the game, with the chaos becoming an issue in the 2022 French legislative election . Saint-Denis has 29 public preschools/nursery schools ( écoles maternelles ). Saint-Denis has 30 public elementary schools ( écoles élémentaires ), with one of those schools (École Élémentaire Maria Casarès) being an intercommunal school. Saint-Denis has eight public junior high schools ( collèges ). Saint-Denis has
868-650: The Byzantine Empire ) came to visit its market. In 1140, Abbot Suger , counselor to the King, granted further privileges to the citizens of Saint-Denis. He also started the work of enlarging the Basilica of Saint Denis that still exists today, often cited as the first example of high early Gothic Architecture . The new church was consecrated in 1144. Saint-Denis was depopulated in the Hundred Years' War ; of its 10,000 citizens, only 3,000 remained after
930-567: The Consulate of Napoléon Bonaparte , the city reverted to its former name of Saint-Denis. During its history, Saint-Denis has been closely associated with the French royal house. Starting from Dagobert I (c. 603–639), almost every French king was buried in the Basilica. However, Saint-Denis is older than that. In the 2nd century, there was a Gallo-Roman village named Catolacus on
992-776: The Erdene Zuu Monastery , which is likely the oldest surviving Buddhist monastery in Mongolia. They are in the upper part of the World Heritage Site Orkhon Valley . The Orkhon valley was a center of the Xiongnu , Göktürk , and Uyghur empires. To the Göktürks, the nearby Khangai Mountains had been the location of the Ötüken (the locus of power), and the Uyghur capital Karabalgasun
1054-634: The Karakorum Sino-Mongolian Inscription of 1342 both state that Genghis Khan established his capital in Karakorum in 1220 and that Ogedei Khan later built a wall around the entire city in 1236. Some remnants of the smaller old wall may have already existed during Genghis Khan's time and his palace would have been stationed on the spot of the Palace of Myriad Peace. In a traditional Khuree (circular, mobile camp) arrangement
1116-551: The Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet is essentially based on the Central Khalkha dialect. Among the main differences is the pronunciation of initial letter х in feminine words which is in Central Khalkha pronounced as it is written, in Western Khalkha as h, and in Eastern Khalkha as g; e.g. хөтөл hötöl (Central Khalkha), көтөл kötöl (Western Khalkha), гөтөл götöl (Eastern Khalkha). The initial letter х
1178-513: The Orkhon script during the same expedition. Yadrintsev's conclusions were confirmed by Wilhelm Radloff . The first excavations took place in 1933–34 under D. Bukinich . After his Soviet-Mongolian excavations of 1948–49, Sergei Kiselyov concluded that he had found the remains of Ögödei's palace. However, this conclusion has been put into doubt by the findings of the 2000–2004 German-Mongolian excavations, which seem to identify them as belonging to
1240-466: The Stade de France , which was built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup . The stadium also hosted the rugby and athletics events, along with the closing ceremony , for the 2024 Summer Olympics . The athletics events & closing ceremony for the 2024 Summer Paralympics were also held at the stadium. Saint-Denis is a formerly industrial suburb currently changing its economic base. It is set to become
1302-717: The 1920s, the city had acquired the nickname of la ville rouge , the red city. Until Jacques Doriot in 1934, all mayors of Saint-Denis were members of the Communist Party . During the Second World War , after the defeat of France , Saint-Denis was occupied by the Germans on 13 June 1940. There were several acts of sabotage and strikes , most notably on 14 April 1942 at the Hotchkiss factory. After an insurgency which started on 18 August 1944, Saint-Denis
SECTION 20
#17327662910111364-461: The Khalkha dialects into the following 19: Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis Saint-Denis ( / ˌ s æ̃ d ə ˈ n iː / , French: [sɛ̃d(ə)ni] ) is a commune in the northern suburbs of Paris, France . It is located 9.4 km (5.8 mi) from the centre of Paris . Saint-Denis is the second most populated suburb of Paris (after Boulogne-Billancourt ), with
1426-480: The Khan and his moving palace. Despite the destruction of the permanent palace by the Ming in 1388 there was still a moving palace in the region until 1585 when the senior Genghisid of the central Mongolian region Abtai Sain Khan decided to restore the permanent palace area in the form of a monastery (Erdene Zuu) using the stones and bricks of Karakorum. Erdene Zuu also became the mother monastery of Urga (Ulaanbaatar). Urga
1488-580: The border between Khalkha and Chakhar is the border between the Mongolian state and the Chakhar area of Inner Mongolia of China . Especially in the speech of younger speakers, /p/ (or /w/ ) > [ɸ] may take place, as in Written Mongolian qabtasu > Sünid [ɢaptʰǎs] ~ [ɢaɸtʰǎs] 'cover (of a book)'. One of the classifications of Khalkha dialect in Mongolia divides it into 3 subdialects: Central, Western and Eastern. The orthography of
1550-441: The city in an explorable 360 degree format based on the latest archeological studies. The following are some of the notable buildings of the city. The Tumen Amgalan Ord (Palace of Myriad Peace), built in 1236, was located at the southern end of the city enclosed by a wall of its own. Previously the large building outside the Erdene Zuu Monastery on its north-west side was thought to be the Khan's Palace. Later research revealed that
1612-429: The door turned to the south, they set up the couch of the master on the north side. The side for the women is always the east side, that is to say, on the left of the house of the master, he sitting on his couch his face turned to the south. The side for the men is the west side, that is, on the right." This arrangement, as well as the avoidance of touching the entrance threshold (mentioned by Rubruck), has continued down to
1674-594: The earlier palace. Fragments of the Sino-Mongolian inscription of 1342 were found embedded in different places in the walls of Erdene Zuu Monastery, thereby giving further proof that the monastery was largely built using stones and bricks of Karakorum. A chief feature inside the main palace was the Silver Tree made by William of Paris. President of Mongolia Ukhnaagiin Khurelsukh announced in 2023
1736-728: The extension of the metro to Saint-Denis-Université. The stadium is used by the national football and rugby teams for friendly matches. The Coupe de France , Coupe de la Ligue and Top 14 final matches are held there, as well as the Meeting Areva international athletics event. Since 2000, Saint-Denis has worked with seven neighbouring communes ( Aubervilliers , Villetaneuse , Pierrefitte-sur-Seine , Épinay-sur-Seine , L'Île-Saint-Denis (since 2003), Stains (since 2003), and La Courneuve (since 2005)) in Plaine Commune . In 2003, together with Paris, Saint-Denis hosted
1798-469: The following senior high schools/sixth-form colleges: Lycée Bartholdi , Lycée Paul Éluard , Lycée Suger , and Lycée d’application de l’E.N.N.A. Saint-Denis has one private elementary, middle, and high school ( Ensemble Scolaire Jean-Baptiste de la Salle-Notre Dame de la Compassion ) and one private middle and high school ( Collège et lycée Saint-Vincent-de-Paul ). Saint-Denis is twinned with: The 2018 video game Red Dead Redemption 2 features
1860-459: The great stupa temple rather than to Ögödei's palace. Excavation findings include paved roads, some brick and many adobe buildings, floor heating systems, bed-stoves , evidence for the processing of copper, gold, silver, iron (including iron wheel naves ), glass, jewels, bones, and birch bark , as well as ceramics and coins from China and Central Asia. Four kilns have also been unearthed. The Virtual Kharakhorum project of 2020 reconstructed
1922-708: The highest rate of violent crime in France with 1,899 violent robberies and 1,031 assaults (an average of six robberies and three assaults per day) To fight insecurity and delinquency, the Minister of Public Safety Jean-Marc Ayrault increased national police force in the Basilica district and the Landy Nord, classifying them as a Priority Security Zone 'ZSP' since 2012. In 2014, a total of 14,437 crimes were reported for 110,000 inhabitants. Saint-Denis made international headlines for violent disorder before and after
Karakorum - Misplaced Pages Continue
1984-402: The horses of war to itself from the mountain peaks." The Mongolian version of the poem is as follows: " Tsogtslon tavih nuruu chuluun tulguur, Zeregtsen zogsoh surleg asriig bosgovoi, Ezen tushmediin honh hengereg ayataihan hanginan duursahad, Echih naran uuliin tolgoigoos dainii agtadiig ugtnam . Under Ögedei and his successors, Karakorum became a major site for world politics. Möngke Khan had
2046-511: The large building was actually the 300 feet (90m) tall Pavilion of the Rising Yuan. The Khan's Palace is now understood to have been located on the exact site of the Erdene Zuu Monastery . The northern wall of the Palace separated it from the city the outline of which can be clearly seen on satellite images. 13th century walls have been excavated under the current walls of the monastery. William of Rubruck wrote that "Mangu had at Caracarum
2108-432: The location that Saint-Denis occupies today. Saint Denis , the first bishop of Paris and patron saint of France, was martyred in about 250 AD and buried in the cemetery of Catolacus. Denis' tomb quickly became a place of worship. Around 475 AD, Sainte Geneviève had a small chapel erected on Denis' tomb, which by then had become a popular destination for pilgrims. It was this chapel that Dagobert I had rebuilt and turned into
2170-457: The mobile palace of the Khan is usually located in the center with an open square or unhindered space to the south which was well-guarded. In the case of Karakorum the non-palatial part of the settlement grew only to the northern side of the palace with no settlement to the south of the palace. This not only followed the general principle of the Khuree but also provided the Khan unhindered access to
2232-510: The nearby river and forested mountains to the south and south-west which were his hunting grounds. This also ensured that there was no settlement upstream the Orkhon River which flowed north-westwards along the western side of the city from the southern mountains. A similar arrangement existed in Urga (present-day Ulaanbaatar) where the southern part of the city close to the river and mountain
2294-400: The normative language uses proximal demonstratives based on the word stem ʉː/n- (except for the nominative in [i̠n] and the accusative which takes the stem ʉːn- ) and thus exhibits the same developmental tendency as exhibited by Oirat . On the other hand, the spoken language also makes use of paradigms that are based on the stems inʉːn- and inĕn- . This seems to agree with
2356-780: The north-western part of La Chapelle-Saint-Denis. During the 19th century, Saint-Denis became increasingly industrialised. Transport was much improved: in 1824 the Canal Saint-Denis was constructed, linking the Canal de l'Ourcq in the northeast of Paris to the River Seine at the level of L'Île-Saint-Denis , and in 1843 the first railway reached Saint-Denis. By the end of the century, there were 80 factories in Saint-Denis. The presence of so many industries also gave rise to an important socialist movement . In 1892, Saint-Denis elected its first socialist administration, and by
2418-460: The opening game. Inhabitants of Saint-Denis are called Dionysiens in French. An immigrant is a person born in a foreign country not having French citizenship at birth. An immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still considered an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants. As of 2008 18.1% of
2480-414: The other hand, he also described the town as a very cosmopolitan and religiously tolerant place, and the silver tree he described as part of Möngke Khan's palace as having become the symbol of Karakorum. He described the walled city as having four gates facing the four directions, two quarters of fixed houses, one for the " Saracenes " and one for the " Cathai ", twelve pagan temples, two mosques , as well as
2542-479: The other he comes down. The space which is in the middle between the tree and these steps by which they go up to him is empty; for here stands his cup-bearer, and also envoys bearing presents; and he himself sits up there like a divinity. On (his) right side, that is to the west, are the men, to the left the women." This was in line with the internal arrangement of a Mongolian ger, as William of Rubruck states separately in his account: "When they have fixed their dwelling,
Karakorum - Misplaced Pages Continue
2604-443: The palace enlarged, and the great stupa temple completed. They had the enslaved Parisian goldsmith Guillaume Bouchier design the Silver Tree of Karakorum for the city center. A large tree sculpted of silver and other precious metals rose up from the middle of the courtyard and loomed over the palace, with the branches of the tree extending into the building. Silver fruit hung from the limbs and it had four golden serpents braided around
2666-671: The population of Saint-Denis was Maghrebian. Melissa K. Brynes, author of French Like Us? Municipal Policies and North African Migrants in the Parisian Banlieues, 1945–1975 , wrote that in the middle of the 20th century, "few of [the Paris-area communes with North African populations] were as engaged with their migrant communities as the Dionysiens." Saint-Denis is served by Metro , RER , tram , and Transilien connections. The Saint-Denis rail station, built in 1846,
2728-458: The present-day among Mongols. Apart from the permanent palace of Karakorum there was the moving palace of the Khan which regularly moved around the city and settled in a ring shape ( Huriye or circular enclosure) on its stops. William of Rubruck served as a priest of the Khan (along with a healer monk from Jerusalem) for four months in this moving palace before entering Karakorum in April 1254 with
2790-445: The ruin to build this monastery. The actual location of Karakorum was long unclear. First hints that Karakorum was located at Erdene Zuu were already known in the 18th century, but until the 20th century there was a dispute whether or not the ruins of Karabalgasun , or Ordu-Baliq , were in fact those of Karakorum. In 1889, the site was conclusively identified as the former Mongol capital by Nikolai Yadrintsev , who discovered examples of
2852-564: The second European Social Forum . On 13–14 November 2015, Saint-Denis was the main location of a series of mass shootings and hostage-takings just outside the Stade de France. On 18 November, a major follow-up raid occurred. Several suspects were killed, including alleged mastermind Abdelhamid Abaaoud . In 2016, Saint-Denis was one of the host cities of the UEFA European Football Championships, including
2914-424: The second most populated commune in Île-de-France after Paris on 1 January 2025 upon the absorption of Pierrefitte-sur-Seine to its north, following a vote of both municipal councils on 30 May 2024. Until the 3rd century, Saint-Denis was a small settlement called Catolacus or Catulliacum , probably meaning "estate of Catullius", a Gallo-Roman landowner. About 250 AD, the first bishop of Paris , Saint Denis ,
2976-679: The seventh year (1236), in the year of the blue sheep the Wan'angong (萬安宮) was established in Helin (和林, Karakorum)." One of Genghis Khan's nine ministers, Yelü Chucai (1190–1244), said the following poem during the ridge raising ceremony of the Tumen Amgalan Ord: "Installed ridge well fit and stone foundation, The parallel placed majestic palace has been raised, When the bells and drums of the Lord and officials sound pleasantly, The setting sun calls
3038-496: The stupa temples were renewed. After the collapse of the Yuan dynasty in 1368, Karakorum became the residence of Biligtü Khan in 1370. In 1372, the Ming army under General Li Wenzhong occupied Karakorum, causing severe damage to the city. In 1380, Ming troops occupied and later razed Karakorum again. According to Saghang Sechen 's Erdeni-yin Tobči , in 1415 a kurultai decided to rebuild it, but no archaeological evidence for such
3100-408: The tree. William of Rubruck , a Flemish Franciscan missionary and papal envoy to the Mongol Empire , reached Karakorum in 1254. He left one of the most detailed, though not always flattering, accounts of the city. He compared it rather unfavorably to the village of Saint-Denis near Paris, and was of the opinion that the royal abbey there was ten times as magnificent as the Khan's palace. On
3162-401: The trunk, while within the top of the tree was placed a trumpet angel, all as automata performing for the emperor's pleasure. When the khan wanted to summon the drinks for his guests, the mechanical angel raised the trumpet to his lips and sounded the horn, whereupon the mouths of the serpents began to gush out a fountain of alcoholic beverages into the large silver basin arranged at the base of
SECTION 50
#17327662910113224-573: The use in Chakhar Mongolian . The same holds for the distal demonstrative /tir/ . Khalkha may roughly be divided into Northern and Southern Khalkha, which would include Sönid etc. Both varieties share affricate depalatalization, namely, /tʃ/ > /ts/ and /tʃʰ/ > /tsʰ/ except before *i, while Southern Khalkha patterns with Chakhar and Ordos Mongolian in that it exhibits a dissimilating deaspiration; e.g. *tʰatʰa > /tatʰ/ . However, Mongolian scholars more often hold that
3286-758: The war. During the French Wars of Religion , the Battle of Saint-Denis was fought between Catholics and Protestants on 10 November 1567. The Protestants were defeated, but the Catholic commander Anne de Montmorency was killed. In 1590, the city surrendered to Henry IV , who converted to Catholicism in 1593 in the abbey of Saint-Denis. King Louis XIV (1638–1715) started several industries in Saint-Denis: weaving and spinning mills and dyehouses. His successor, Louis XV (1710–1774), whose daughter
3348-659: Was a nun in the Carmelite convent , took a lively interest in the city: he added a chapel to the convent and also renovated the buildings of the royal abbey. During the French Revolution, not only was the city renamed "Franciade" from 1793 to 1803, but the royal necropolis was looted and destroyed. The remains were removed from the tombs and thrown together; during the French Restoration , since they could not be sorted out anymore, they were reburied in
3410-789: Was dismantled in Ulaanbaatar in 1937). The circular ger-district surrounding Gandantegchenlin Monastery in Ulaanbaatar (itself an extension of the Zuun Khuree/Huriye) is the only remaining Huriye organically descended from Gombodorj's Huriye and arguably the only remaining Huriye in the world. A Huriye called the Ring of the Avars (written Hring ), a circular fortress of the Avar khagan containing three centuries worth of gold and treasures,
3472-557: Was formerly the only one in Saint-Denis, but today serves as an interchange station for the Transilien Paris – Nord (Line H) suburban rail line and RER line D . The French rail company SNCF is also based in the town. Paris Métro Line 12 : Paris Métro Line 13 : Tramways in Île-de-France : Regional Rail: Saint-Denis has a comparatively higher crime rate than most surroundings communes , with higher rates of robbery, drugs offences and murder. In 2010 Saint-Denis had
3534-531: Was founded in 1639 by Tusheet Khan Gombodorj the grandson of Abtai Sain Khan (both of whose mausoleums are within Erdene Zuu) as a residence for his 5 year old son Zanabazar. Urga (Palace) was also called the Huriye (circular enclosure) and was initially staffed by monks from nearby Erdene Zuu. Gers from Gombodorj's own Huriye as well as the ger-temple of Abtai Sain Khan were given to Urga (Abtai Sain Khan's ger
3596-452: Was liberated by the 2nd Armored Division (France) on 27 August 1944. After the war, the economic crisis of the 1970s and 1980s hit the city, which was strongly dependent on its heavy industry. During the 1990s, however, the city started to grow again. The 1998 FIFA World Cup provided an enormous impulse; the main stadium for the tournament, the Stade de France , was built in Saint-Denis, along with many infrastructural improvements, such as
3658-598: Was located close to where later Karakorum would be erected (downstream the Orkhon River 27 km north–west from Karakorum). This area is probably also one of the oldest farming areas in Mongolia. In 1218–1219, Genghis Khan rallied his troops for the campaign against the Khwarazmian Empire in a place called Karakorum, but the actual foundation of a city is usually said to have occurred only in 1220. Until 1235, Karakorum seems to have been little more than
3720-581: Was martyred on Montmartre hill and buried in Catolacus . Shortly after 250 AD, his grave became a shrine and a pilgrimage centre, with the building of the Abbey of Saint Denis , and the settlement was renamed Saint-Denis. In 1793, during the French Revolution , under the dictatorship of Robespierre, Saint-Denis was renamed Franciade in a gesture of rejection of religion. In 1803, however, under
3782-476: Was reserved for the Khan whereas the ger districts expanded to the north. William of Rubruck states that the Khan's Palace in Karakorum was "like a church, with a middle nave, and two sides beyond two rows of pillars, and with three doors to the south, and beyond the middle door on the inside stands the tree, and the Khan sits in a high place to the north, so that he can be seen by all; and two rows of steps go up to him: by one he who carries his cup goes up, and by
SECTION 60
#17327662910113844-510: Was taken by Pepin of Italy in 792. William of Rubruck said that within the palace of Karakorum "there are many buildings as long as barns, in which are stored his provisions and his treasures." Ata-Malik Juvayni, a one time resident of Karakorum, says in his History of the World Conqueror that Ogedei Khan frequently invited people into the open yard of these treasure buildings where they were free to carry away all they could in
#10989