Misplaced Pages

#986013

51-601: Abtai Sain Khan , ruler of the Khalkha Mongols and grandfather of Zanabazar , the first Jebtsundamba Khutuktu , ordered construction of the Erdene Zuu monastery in 1585 after his meeting with the 3rd Dalai Lama and the declaration of Tibetan Buddhism as the state religion of Mongolia. Stones from the nearby ruins of the ancient Mongol capital of Karakorum were used in its construction. Planners attempted to create

102-586: A great warrior and from 1567 to 1580 Abtai led several campaigns against western Oirat Mongol tribes, finally defeating the Oirats’ Khoshut tribe at Köbkör Keriye in the mid-1580s. Abtai then placed his son Shubuudai on the Oirat throne. His ferociousness in battle earned him the moniker The Mad Hero or the Mad Taiji of North Khalkha. Around 1580, Abtai learned that his uncle Altan Khan (1507–1583) of

153-548: A record low of −36.2 °C (−33 °F) was recorded in January 1930. Source 3: Time and Date (dewpoints, between 1985–2015), Pogodaiklimat.ru (extremes) The city is administratively at the prefecture-level, meaning that it administers both its urban area and the rural regions in its vicinity. The administrative area includes 4 counties, 4 districts, and a county-level banner ; they are further divided into 20 urban sub-districts, and 96 townships. The data here represented

204-541: A surrounding wall that resembled a Tibetan Buddhist rosary featuring 108 stupas (108 being a sacred number in Buddhism), but this objective was probably never achieved. The monastery's temple walls were painted, and the Chinese-style roof covered with green tiles. The monastery was damaged in 1688 during one of the many wars between Dzungars and Khalkha Mongols . Locals dismantled the wooden fortifications of

255-773: A third (338.6 mm (13.33 in)) only in July. Hohhot is a popular destination for tourists during the summer months because of the nearby Zhaohe grasslands . More recently, due to desertification, the city sees sandstorms on almost an annual basis. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 54 percent in November to 66 percent in September, sunshine is abundant year-round, the city receives 2,680 hours of bright sunshine annually. Extreme temperatures have ranged from −32.8 °C (−27 °F) on 6 February 1951 to 38.9 °C (102 °F) on 30 July 2010, though unofficially

306-483: Is 1 yuan; taxi fares begin at 8 yuan. The Hohhot Metro is in operation. Line 1 opened on 29 December 2019. Universities located in Hohhot include: High Schools located in Hohhot include: Hohhot lacked a professional soccer team until Shenyang Dongjin F.C. relocated to Hohhot, changing their name to Hohhot Dongjin, in 2012. They played at Hohhot City Stadium , which was newly built in 2007. The club finished in

357-502: Is January, with a daily mean of −10.7 °C (12.7 °F), while July, the hottest month, averages 23.2 °C (73.8 °F). The annual mean temperature is 7.6 °C (45.7 °F), and the annual precipitation is 411 millimetres (16.2 in), with more than half of it falling in July and August alone. Variability can be very high, however: in 1965 Hohhot recorded as little as 155.1 mm (6.11 in) but six years before that, as much as 929.2 mm (36.58 in), of which over

408-752: Is a seat of the Inner Mongolia University , the largest regional comprehensive university and the only 211 Project University in Inner Mongolia. Yunzhong Commandery ( Chinese : 雲中郡 ) was a historical commandery of China. Its territories were between the Great Wall and Yin Mountains , and correspond to part of modern-day Hohhot, Baotou and Ulanqab prefectures in Inner Mongolia . The central city of Yunzhong

459-437: Is in km and uses data from the 2010 Census. The urban population of Hohhot has increased rapidly since the 1990s. According to the 2010 Census , the population of Hohhot had reached 2,866,615 people, 428,717 more inhabitants than in 2000 ( the average annual demographic growth for the period 2000–2010 was of 1.63 percent ). Its built-up ( or metro ) area is home to 1,980,774 inhabitants ( 4 urban districts ). The majority of

510-456: Is named. Several major streets are named after Inner Mongolian leagues and cities; among these, Hulun Buir, Jurim (now Tongliao), Ulaanhad (Now Chifeng), Xilin Gol, and Xing'an run north–south, while Bayannur, Hailar, Ulaanqab, and Erdos run east–west. The city's public transit system is composed of nearly one hundred bus routes and a large fleet of taxicabs, which are normally green or blue. Bus fare

561-500: Is now home to the municipal government, most of the Autonomous Region's administrative buildings, an artificial lake called Ruyi He, and a large number of condominiums , mostly built by the local real estate company Gold Horse International Inc. The Hohhot City Stadium , built on the city's north side, was finished in 2007. A city with a rich cultural background, Hohhot is known for its historical sites and temples and

SECTION 10

#1732765709987

612-652: Is one of the major tourist destinations of Inner Mongolia. It is also nationally known as the home of China's dairy giants Mengniu and Yili , and was declared "Dairy Capital of China" by the China Dairy Industry Association and the Dairy Association of China in 2005. Located in the south central part of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot is encircled by the Daqing Shan (Chinese: 大青山 ; lit. 'Great blue Mountains') to

663-481: Is said to restrain the sexual impulses of the monks and ensure their good behavior. Abtai Sain Khan Abtai Sain Khan ( Mongolian : ᠠᠪᠲᠠᠶ ᠢᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠨ Абтай сайн хан ; 1554–1588) - alternately Abatai or Avtai (Mongolian: Автай хан , meaning who have the gift of witchcraft (Автай) and good (сайн) - was a Khalkha -Mongolian prince who was named by the 3rd Dalai Lama as first khan of

714-589: The G6 Beijing–Lhasa Expressway (Jingzang Expressway). The city is on the route of China National Highway 110 , which runs from Yinchuan to Beijing . China National Highway 209 begins in Hohhot and carries traffic southbound towards southern China, with its terminus in Guangxi . Hohhot is connected to its northern counties by the Huwu Highway, which was completed in 2006. Previously, travel to

765-812: The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in Mongol-minority areas of the Republic's provinces of Suiyuan , Xing'an , Chahar , and Rehe . Guisui was chosen as the region's administrative centre in 1952, replacing Zhangjiakou . In 1954, after the establishment of the People's Republic of China, the city was renamed from Guisui to Hohhot , though with a different Chinese pronunciation of Huhehaote . The city has seen significant development since China's reform and opening began. The city's far east side began development around 2000 and

816-545: The Jingbao Railway from Beijing to Baotou, and is served by two railway stations: Hohhot railway station and Hohhot East railway station . The line began operation in 1921. Trains to Beijing link to destinations to the south and the northeast . The most prominent rail link with Beijing is the overnight K90 train, which has served the Hohhot-Beijing line since the 1980s and is referred to colloquially as

867-593: The Mongolian language . A significant portion of the population is of mixed ethnic origin. According to the anthropologist William Jankowiak, author of the book Sex, Death, and Hierarchy in a Chinese City (1993), there is "relatively little difference between minority culture and Han culture" in Hohhot, with differences concentrating around relatively minor attributes such as food and art, and similarities abounding over fundamental issues of ethics, status, life goals, and worldview. Ethnic groups in Hohhot, according to

918-524: The Tumeds had converted to Gelupga (Yellow Hat) Tibetan Buddhism. Abtai invited the lama Shiregetü Güüshi Chorjiwa from Altan's Inner Mongolian city Guihua (present day Hohhot ) to teach him the basic tenets of Tibetan Buddhism. Abtai then ordered construction of the Erdene Zuu monastery in 1585. Stones from the nearby ruins of the ancient Mongol capital of Karakorum were used in its construction and

969-762: The Tüsheet Khanate in 1587. He zealously propagated Tibetan Buddhism among the Khalkha Mongols and founded the Buddhist monastery of Erdene Zuu in 1585. Abtai was born in 1554 to the Khalkha Mongol prince Onokhui üizen Noyan (b. 1534). He was the eldest among Onokhui üizen Noyan's five sons which include Abugho, Tarni, Tumengken, and Barai. He was the great-grandson of Batu Mongke Dayan Khan (1464–1517 / 1543) and grandson of Gersenji (1513–1549). Blood smeared on his fingers at birth presaged

1020-725: The surrender of Japan in 1945, the Republic of China changed the name back to Guisui. The Chinese Communist Party 's forces drove out General Fu Zuoyi , the Republic's commander in Suiyuan, during the Chinese Civil War , and after the Chinese Communist Revolution in 1949, Guisui was renamed Hohhot. During the Civil War, seeking the support of separatist Mongols, the Communists established

1071-630: The wars against the Xiongnu . In 127 BC, it was from Yunzhong that General Wei Qing led a 40,000-men strong cavalry force and conquered the modern Hetao and Ordos regions. In 2 AD, the commandery administered 11 counties, namely Yunzhong (雲中), Xianyang (咸陽), Taolin (陶林), Zhenling (楨陵), Duhe (犢和), Shaling (沙陵), Yuanyang (原陽), Shanan (沙南), Beiyu (北輿), Wuquan (武泉) and Yangshou (陽壽). The population totaled 38,303 households, or 173,270 people. During Eastern Han, 3 counties were abolished, while 3 new counties were added from Dingxiang Commandery . In 140 AD,

SECTION 20

#1732765709987

1122-431: The "9-0". Westbound trains go through Baotou and Lanzhou . There are also rail links to most major Inner Mongolian cities and to Ulaanbaatar , Mongolia. Because the quickest trip to Beijing takes around six and a half hours despite the relatively close proximity of the two cities, plans for high-speed rail were discussed extensively prior to the construction of a high-speed railway station beginning in 2008. The station

1173-404: The 2000 census, were: Hohhot is a major industrial center within Inner Mongolia . Together with Baotou and Ordos , it accounts for more than 60 percent of the total industrial output of Inner Mongolia. After Baotou and Ordos, it is the third-largest economy of the province, with GDP of RMB 247.56 billion in 2012, up 11.0 percent year on year. Hohhot accounted for approximately 15.5 percent of

1224-810: The 2020 census, of whom 2,944,889 lived in the metropolitan area consisting of 4 urban districts (including Hohhot Economic and Development Zone) plus the Tümed Left Banner . The name of the city in Mongolian means "Blue City", although it is also wrongly referred to as the "Green City." The color blue in Mongol culture is associated with the sky, eternity and purity. In Chinese, the name can be translated as Qīng Chéng ( Chinese : 青城 ; lit. ' Blue/Green City') The name has also been variously romanized as Kokotan, Kokutan, Kuku-hoton, Huhohaot'e, Huhehot, Huhhot, Huhot, or Köke qota. The city

1275-730: The Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group, and the China Mengniu Dairy Co. As the economic center of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot's urban area has expanded greatly since the 1990s. CBDs have grown rapidly in all the city's major districts. The completion of a new office tower for the Municipal Government in Eastern Hohhot marked a shift of the city center to the east. Hailiang Plaza ( 海亮广场 ), a 41-floor tower constructed in

1326-584: The Lama monasteries ... the Tümeds are now practically nonexistent and the nearest Mongolians are to be sought at 50 or 60 miles [80 or 100 kilometres] distance on the plateau." During the progressive Japanese invasion of China in the 1930s, the Japanese created the puppet state of Mengjiang headed by Prince De , who renamed Guisui "Blue City" ( Hohhot ; ( Chinese : 厚和市 ; pinyin : Hòuhé shì ). After

1377-541: The abandoned monastery. It was According to tradition, in 1745, a local Buddhist disciple named Bunia made several unsuccessful attempts to fly with a device he invented which was similar to a parachute. In 1939, the communist leader Khorloogiin Choibalsan ordered the monastery destroyed, as part of a purge that obliterated hundreds of monasteries in Mongolia and killed over ten thousand monks. Three small temples and

1428-551: The capital of Suiyuan Province in northern China. A bubonic plague outbreak in 1917 and the connection of Guisui to railway links in Shanxi , Shaanxi , Hebei , and Beijing helped renew the economy of Guisui town by forming links with eastern China and western China's Xinjiang province. In 1918, the American specialist on Inner Asia Owen Lattimore noted Guisui's ethnic composition as "a town purely Han Chinese except for

1479-593: The city center, became one of the few notable department stores for luxury merchandise in the city. Due to its relatively diverse cultural make-up, and despite its characteristics as a mid-sized Chinese industrial city, the Hohhot street scene has no shortage of ethnic minority elements. Tongdao Road, a major street in the old town area, is decorated with Islamic and Mongol exterior designs on all its buildings. A series of government initiatives in recent years have emphasized Hohhot's identity with ethnic minority groups, especially in increasing Mongol-themed architecture around

1530-500: The city. The city also has rich traditions in the making of hot pot and shaomai , a type of traditional Chinese dumpling served as dim sum . Hohhot's Baita International Airport ( IATA :HET) is located about 14.3 km (8.9 mi) east of the city centre by car. It has direct flights to larger domestic cities including Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai, Shenzhen, Chengdu, and others. It also has flights to Taichung , Hong Kong , and Ulaanbaatar , Mongolia. Hohhot lies on

1581-673: The city. By regulation, all street signs and public transportation announcements are in both Chinese and Mongolian. Older Hohhot residents mostly tend to converse in the Hohhot dialect , a branch of the Jin language from neighbouring Shanxi province. This spoken form can be difficult to understand for speakers of other Mandarin Chinese dialects. The newer residents, mostly concentrated in Xincheng and Saihan Districts, speak Hohhot-based Mandarin,

Erdene Zuu Monastery - Misplaced Pages Continue

1632-519: The defense of southwestern Inner Mongolia against Mongol attacks from the north in 1735–39. Guihua and Suiyuan was merged into Shanxi province and became Guihua County ( 歸化縣 ; 归化县 ; Guīhuà Xiàn ) of Qing China. French missionaries established a Catholic church in Guihua in 1874, but the Christians were forced to flee to Beijing during the antiforeign Boxer Rebellion of 1899–1901. In 1913,

1683-422: The early 1630s as local Mongol princes encouraged the settlement of Han Chinese merchants. There were occasional attacks on Guihua by Mongol armies, such as the total razing of the city by Ligdan Khan in 1631. Altan Khan and his successors constructed temples and fortresses in 1579, 1602 and 1727. The Tümed Mongols of the area had long since adopted a semiagricultural way of life. Hui merchants gathered north of

1734-464: The external wall with the stupas survived the initial onslaught. By 1944, Joseph Stalin pressured Choibalsan to maintain the monastery (along with Gandantegchinlen Monastery in Ulaanbaatar ) as a showpiece for international visitors, such as U.S. Vice President Henry Wallace , to prove that the communist regime allowed freedom of religion. In 1947, the temples were converted into museums and for

1785-502: The four decades that followed Gandantegchinlen Khiid Monastery became Mongolia's only functioning monastery. After the fall of communism in Mongolia in 1990 , the monastery was turned over to the lamas and Erdene Zuu again became a place of worship. Today, Erdene Zuu remains an active Buddhist monastery as well as a museum that is open to tourists. On a hill outside the monastery sits a stone phallus called Kharkhorin Rock . The phallus

1836-837: The gate of the city's fortress, building a mosque in 1693. Their descendants formed the nucleus of the modern Huimin district. After the Manchus founded the Qing dynasty (1644–1912), the Kangxi Emperor (reigned 1661–1722) sent troops to control the region, which was of interest to the Qing as a center of study of Tibetan Buddhism . Just 2 km northeast of Guihua the Qing built the strong garrison town of Suiyuan ( traditional Chinese : 綏遠 ; simplified Chinese : 绥远 ; pinyin : PRC Standard Mandarin: Suíyuǎn , ROC Standard Mandarin: Suīyuǎn ), from which they supervised

1887-427: The government of the new Republic of China united the garrison town of Suiyuan and the old town of Guihua as Guisui ( traditional Chinese : 歸綏 ; simplified Chinese : 归绥 ; pinyin : PRC Standard Mandarin: Guīsuí , ROC Standard Mandarin: Guīsuī ; postal : Kweisui ). Guisui town was the center of Guisui County ( 歸綏縣 ; 归绥县 ; PRC : Guīsuí Xiàn , ROC : Guīsuī Xiàn ) and

1938-456: The majority also with a noticeable accent and some unique vocabulary. Food specialty in the area is mostly focused on Mongol cuisine and dairy products. Commercially, Hohhot is known for being the base of the nationally renowned dairy giants Yili and Mengniu . The Mongol drink suutei tsai ( Chinese : 奶茶 ; pinyin : nǎichá ; lit. ' milk tea '), has become a typical breakfast selection for anyone living in or visiting

1989-556: The monastery was populated with images and relics Abtai had received from the Dalai Lama. In 1587, Abtai traveled to Guihua to meet with Sonam Gyatso, the 3rd Dalai Lama , who had traveled there from Lhasa to offer prayers for Altan Khan, who had died in 1583. Upon Abtai's return, he banned shamanism and declared Tibetan Buddhism to be the state religion of Khalkha Mongols. Abtai died a year later in 1588. His remains were interred at Erdene Zuu. Shortly thereafter his son Shubuudai

2040-533: The north and the Hetao Plateau to the south. The city's antipodal location is 22 kilometres (14 mi) from the village of Los Menucos in Río Negro Provence , Argentina . Hohhot features a cold semi-arid climate ( Köppen BSk ), marked by long, cold, and very dry winters; hot, somewhat humid summers; strong winds (especially in spring); and monsoonal influence. The coldest month

2091-803: The north of China, divide the Later Yan realm into two parts, and subdue the Xia (407–431), the Later Qin (384–417) and the many Liang and Yan empires. In 1557, the Tümed Mongol leader Altan Khan began building the Da Zhao Temple on the Tümed plain in order to convince the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) government of his leadership of the southern Mongol tribes. The town that grew up around this temple

Erdene Zuu Monastery - Misplaced Pages Continue

2142-442: The northern counties had required lengthy navigation through mountainous terrain. Long-distance buses connect Hohhot to outlying counties, the cities of Baotou, Wuhai , and Ordos , and other areas in Inner Mongolia. Hohhot's major north–south thoroughfares are called roads (Lu) and its east–west thoroughfares are called streets (Jie). The largest elevated interchange is near the site of the city's Drum Tower (Gulou), after which it

2193-607: The planned Beijing-Zhangjiakou railway are due for completion in 2017, and are designed to operate at 250 km/h (155 mph). The section between Hohhot and Ulanqab (Jining) opened in August 2017; travel time between the two cities was shortened to 40 minutes. An expressway built in 1997 (then known as the Hubao Expressway) links Hohhot with Baotou . In recent years this expressway has been expanded eastwards to Jining and Zhangjiakou , and on to Beijing as part of

2244-470: The population of Hohhot are Han Chinese , representing 87.16 percent of the total population in 2010. Most Han in Hohhot, if their ancestry is traced several decades back, have ancestors from Shanxi , northeast China , or Hebei . Most Mongols in the city speak Chinese . A 1993 survey conducted by Inner Mongolia University found that only 8 percent of Tümed Mongols (the majority tribe in Hohhot) could speak

2295-515: The population was 5,351 households, or a population of 26,430. Toward the late Han dynasty, the area's population decreased sharply as residents fled from invading northern nomadic peoples, and the commandery was dissolved. The Tuoba chieftain Gui (called Tuoba Gui ) was able to refound the Dai empire in 386. From his capital at Shengle (near modern Helingeer). His descendants would, step by step, conquer

2346-588: The province's total GDP in 2012. It is also the largest consumer center in the region, recording ¥ 102.2 billion retail sales of consumer goods in 2012, an increase of 14.9 percent from 2011. The city has been a central developmental target for the China Western Development project being pursued by the Central Government. There are many famous enterprises located in Hohhot, including China's largest dairy producer by sales revenue,

2397-823: Was called the "Blue Town" ( Kokegota in Mongolian). The Ming had been blockading the Mongols' access to Chinese iron, cotton, and crop seeds, in order to dissuade them from attacking the North China plain . In 1570, Altan Khan successfully negotiated the end of the blockade by establishing a vassal -tributary relationship with the Ming, who changed Kokegota's name to Guihua ( traditional Chinese : 歸化 ; simplified Chinese : 归化 ; pinyin : Guīhuà ; postal : Kweihua ; lit. 'Return to Civilization') in 1575. The population of Guihua grew to over 150,000 in

2448-523: Was celebrated as the last ruler who tried to unite Mongolia after the collapse of the Yuan Empire and who introduced Buddhism to Mongolia. Hohhot Hohhot , formerly known as Kweisui , is the capital of Inner Mongolia in the north of the People's Republic of China , serving as the region's administrative, economic and cultural center. Its population was 3,446,100 inhabitants as of

2499-511: Was completed in 2011 and initially serviced only ordinary lines. In January 2015, CRH opened its first D-series ( dongchezu ) route in Inner Mongolia in the Baotou-Hohhot- Jining corridor, shortening travel time between Inner Mongolia's two largest cities to a mere 50 minutes. This line reached a maximum speed of 200 km/h (124 mph) between Hohhot and Baotou. Another high-speed rail line linking Hohhot to Zhangjiakou and

2550-563: Was in the suburbs of today's Hohhot. The commandery was created during King Wuling of Zhao 's reign after a successful campaign against the Linhu (林胡) and Loufan (樓煩) peoples. After the establishment of Qin and Han dynasty , the commandery became the frontier between Han and the Xiongnu . In early Han dynasty, the region saw frequent Xiongnu raids. However, from Emperor Wu 's reign onwards, it became an important base of military operations in

2601-550: Was killed by Oirat chieftains. Abtai's descendants would continue to reign over the house of the Tüsheet Khan . Abtai's great-grandson Zanabazar (born Eshidorji) was recognized by the 5th Dalai Lama as the first Jebtsundamba Khutuktu and Bogd Gegeen or spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism in Khalkha Mongolia in the 1640s. In pre- revolutionary Mongolia a special cult devoted to Abtai Khan flourished. He

SECTION 50

#1732765709987
#986013