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90-463: The Karlsruhe Zoo (German: Zoologischer Stadtgarten Karlsruhe ) is a city garden with a zoo in the southwest of Karlsruhe, Germany . It also encompasses the outer area; Tierpark Oberwald in the southeast of the city. The main area totals 22 hectares (of which nine hectares are zoo), and the Oberwald Zoo has an area of 16 hectares. A total of around 3000 animals of over 240 species live at

180-506: A challenge for the gardeners. Due to the absolute importance of the arrangement of natural rocks and trees, finding the right material becomes highly selective. The serenity of a Japanese landscape and the simple but deliberate structures of the Japanese gardens are a unique quality, with the two most important principles of garden design being "scaled reduction and symbolization". Japanese gardens always feature water, either physically with

270-618: A composition whose function is to incite mediation." Several of the famous Zen gardens of Kyoto were the work of one man, Musō Soseki (1275–1351). He was a monk, a ninth-generation descendant of the Emperor Uda and a formidable court politician, writer and organizer, who armed and financed ships to open trade with China, and founded an organization called the Five Mountains, made up of the most powerful Zen monasteries in Kyoto. He

360-480: A garden, though the tsubo-niwa style of tiny gardens in passages and other spaces, as well as bonsai (in Japan always grown outside) and houseplants mitigates this, and domestic garden tourism is very important. The Japanese tradition has long been to keep a well-designed garden as near as possible to its original condition, and many famous gardens appear to have changed little over several centuries, apart from

450-715: A much more radical approach to the traditions. One example is Awaji Yumebutai , a garden on the island of Awaji , in the Seto Inland Sea of Japan, designed by Tadao Ando . It was built as part of a resort and conference center on a steep slope, where land had been stripped away to make an island for an airport. Japanese gardens are distinctive in their symbolism of nature, with traditional Japanese gardens being very different in style from occidental gardens: "Western gardens are typically optimised for visual appeal while Japanese gardens are modelled with spiritual and philosophical ideas in mind." Japanese gardens are conceived as

540-653: A new garden architecture style appeared, created by the followers of Pure Land Buddhism . These were called "Paradise Gardens", built to represent the legendary Paradise of the West, where the Amida Buddha ruled. These were built by noblemen who wanted to assert their power and independence from the Imperial household, which was growing weaker. The best surviving example of a Paradise Garden is Byōdō-in in Uji , near Kyoto. It

630-604: A new rose garden was created. In place of the old one, the construction of the Japanese Garden began in 1918. In the following period, the animal stand was also expanded with exotic animals: in 1923 the zoo received a king tiger and in 1924 the then three-year-old elephant Molly. The elephant cow remained in the Karlsruhe Zoo until its death in 1941. Before the beginning of the Second World War ,

720-451: A pond or stream, or symbolically, represented by white sand in a dry rock garden. In Buddhist symbolism, water and stone are thought of as yin and yang , two opposites that complement and complete each other. A traditional garden will usually have an irregular-shaped pond or, in larger gardens, two or more ponds connected by a channel or stream, and a cascade, a miniature version of Japan's famous mountain waterfalls. In traditional gardens,

810-523: A promenade garden, meant to be seen from the winding garden paths, with elements of the Zen garden, such as artificial mountains, meant to be contemplated from a distance. The most famous garden of this kind, built in 1592, is situated near the Tokushima castle on the island of Shikoku . Its notable features include a bridge 10.5 metres (34 ft) long made of two natural stones. Another notable garden of

900-482: A prototype for future Japanese architecture. They opened up onto the garden, so that the garden seemed entirely part of the building; whether the visitor was inside or outside of the building, they would ideally always feel they were in the center of nature. The garden buildings were arranged so that were always seen from a diagonal, rather than straight on. This arrangement had the poetic name ganko , which meant literally "a formation of wild geese in flight". Most of

990-554: A representation of a natural setting, tying in to Japanese connections between the land and Shinto spiritualism, where spirits are commonly found in nature; as such, Japanese gardens tend to incorporate natural materials, with the aim of creating a space that captures the beauties of nature in a realistic manner. Traditional Japanese gardens can be categorized into three types: tsukiyama (hill gardens), karesansui (dry gardens) and chaniwa gardens (tea gardens). The small space given to create these gardens usually poses

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1080-411: A retirement home for elephants is now complete. In May 2022, the last lioness was euthanized . This ended the lion keeping of the zoo. The Stadtgarten Karlsruhe presents its enclosures as animal experience worlds that are intended to represent various zoogeographical regions of the world, such as African , Australian and South American fauna. The plant of the flamingos is located directly at

1170-445: A stimulant to keep awake during long periods of meditation. The first great tea master, Sen no Rikyū (1522–1591), defined in the most minute detail the appearance and rules of the tea house and tea garden, following the principle of wabi ( 侘び , "sober refinement and calm") . Following Sen no Rikyū's rules, the teahouse was supposed to suggest the cottage of a hermit-monk. It was a small and very plain wooden structure, often with

1260-413: A thatched roof, with just enough room inside for two tatami mats. The only decoration allowed inside a scroll with an inscription and a branch of a tree. It did not have a view of the garden. The garden was also small, and constantly watered to be damp and green. It usually had a cherry tree or elm to bring color in the spring, but otherwise did not have bright flowers or exotic plants that would distract

1350-404: A thousand years, and several different styles of garden have developed, some with religious or philosophical implications. A characteristic of Japanese gardens is that they are designed to be seen from specific points. Some of the most significant different traditional styles of Japanese garden are the chisen-shoyū-teien ("lake-spring-boat excursion garden"), which was imported from China during

1440-566: The Man'yōshū , the "Collection of Countless Leaves", the oldest known collection of Japanese poetry. The Nara period is named after its capital city Nara . The first authentically Japanese gardens were built in this city at the end of the 8th century. Shorelines and stone settings were naturalistic, different from the heavier, earlier continental mode of constructing pond edges. Two such gardens have been found at excavations, both of which were used for poetry-writing festivities. One of these gardens,

1530-639: The daimyō , around which new cities and gardens appeared. The characteristic garden of the period featured one or more ponds or lakes next to the main residence, or shoin , not far from the castle. These gardens were meant to be seen from above, from the castle or residence. The daimyō had developed the skills of cutting and lifting large rocks to build their castles, and they had armies of soldiers to move them. The artificial lakes were surrounded by beaches of small stones and decorated with arrangements of boulders, with natural stone bridges and stepping stones . The gardens of this period combined elements of

1620-587: The Asuka period ( c.  6th to 7th century ). Japanese gardens first appeared on the island of Honshu , the large central island of Japan. Their aesthetic was influenced by the distinct characteristics of the Honshu landscape: rugged volcanic peaks, narrow valleys, mountain streams with waterfalls and cascades, lakes, and beaches of small stones. They were also influenced by the rich variety of flowers and different species of trees, particularly evergreen trees, on

1710-635: The Eight Immortals , who lived in perfect harmony with nature. Each Immortal flew from his mountain home on the back of a crane . The islands themselves were located on the back of an enormous sea turtle . In Japan, the five islands of the Chinese legend became one island, called Horai-zen, or Mount Horai . Replicas of this legendary mountain, the symbol of a perfect world, are a common feature of Japanese gardens, as are rocks representing turtles and cranes. The earliest recorded Japanese gardens were

1800-461: The Heian period (794–1185). These were designed to be seen from small boats on the central lake. No original examples of these survive, but they were replaced by the "paradise garden" associated with Pure Land Buddhism , with a Buddha shrine on an island in the lake. Later large gardens are often in the kaiyū-shiki-teien , or promenade garden style, designed to be seen from a path circulating around

1890-633: The Kyoto Imperial Palace of 794, the Heian-jingū , was built in Kyoto in 1895 to celebrate the 1100th birthday of the city. The south garden is famous for its cherry blossom in spring, and for azaleas in the early summer. The west garden is known for its irises in June, and the large east garden lake recalls the leisurely boating parties of the 8th century. Near the end of the Heian period,

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1980-645: The Shōwa period (1926–1989), many traditional gardens were built by businessmen and politicians. After World War II, the principal builders of gardens were no longer private individuals, but banks, hotels, universities and government agencies. The Japanese garden became an extension of the landscape architecture with the building. New gardens were designed by landscape architects , and often used modern building materials such as concrete. Some modern Japanese gardens, such as Tōfuku-ji , designed by Mirei Shigemori , were inspired by classical models. Other modern gardens have taken

2070-459: The horticultural office and the zoo. The Zoological City Garden in its entirety is under monument protection. As early as 1861, there were first efforts to found a zoo in the Baden residence city of Karlsruhe . The initiators were the members of the newly founded association for poultry breeding . The proposal to set up a poultry park and supplement it with additional show enclosures for mammals

2160-565: The pleasure gardens of the emperors and nobles. They are mentioned in several brief passages of the Nihon Shoki , the first chronicle of Japanese history, published in 720 CE. In spring 74 CE, the chronicle recorded: "The Emperor Keikō put a few carp into a pond, and rejoiced to see them morning and evening". The following year, "The Emperor launched a double-hulled boat in the pond of Ijishi at Ihare, and went aboard with his imperial concubine, and they feasted sumptuously together". In 486,

2250-522: The predator house were completed and the outdoor facility for elephants was redesigned. During the reconstruction of their enclosure, all four polar bears (one male and three females) were given to the Nuremberg Zoo . After an unknown person broke open the door of the enclosure there in March 2000, they broke out and threatened zoo visitors. Because an anesthetic did not succeed and an outbreak from

2340-404: The two-toed sloths moved into a large aviary in socialization with spring tamarins , Azara's agutis and golden parakeets . Various animals are also associated in the two other large aviaries fitted into the landscape, in the terrariums , aquariums and paludariums . The Seychelles giant tortoise or the spectacle leaf-nosed bats with their large bat cave also have their own enclosures. In

2430-790: The East Palace garden at Heijō Palace , Nara, has been faithfully reconstructed using the same location and even the original garden features that had been excavated. It appears from the small amount of literary and archaeological evidence available that the Japanese gardens of this time were modest versions of the Imperial gardens of the Tang dynasty, with large lakes scattered with artificial islands and artificial mountains. Pond edges were constructed with heavy rocks as embankment. While these gardens had some Buddhist and Daoist symbolism, they were meant to be pleasure gardens, and places for festivals and celebrations. Recent archaeological excavations in

2520-563: The Golden Pavilion , built in 1398, and Ginkaku-ji, the Silver Pavilion , built in 1482. In some ways they followed Zen principles of spontaneity, extreme simplicity and moderation, but in other ways they were traditional Chinese Song-dynasty temples; the upper floors of the Golden Pavilion were covered with gold leaf, and they were surrounded by traditional water gardens. The most notable garden style invented in this period

2610-651: The Japanese court sent fifteen more legations to the court of the Tang dynasty . These legations, with more than five hundred members each, included diplomats, scholars, students, Buddhist monks, and translators. They brought back Chinese writing, art objects, and detailed descriptions of Chinese gardens. In 612 CE, the Empress Suiko had a garden built with an artificial mountain, representing Shumi-Sen, or Mount Sumeru , reputed in Hindu and Buddhist legends to be located at

2700-739: The Mongol invasions. The monks brought with them a new form of Buddhism, called simply Zen , or "meditation". Japan enjoyed a renaissance in religion, in the arts, and particularly in gardens. The term Zen garden appears in English writing in the 1930s for the first time, in Japan zen teien , or zenteki teien comes up even later, from the 1950s. It applies to a Song China -inspired composition technique derived from ink-painting. The composition or construction of such small, scenic gardens have no relation to religious Zen. Many famous temple gardens were built early in this period, including Kinkaku-ji,

2790-552: The Oberwald Zoo was therefore built in the nearby city forest in order to create space for garden areas by outsourcing animals. For the Federal Garden Show , the garden area was completely redesigned, but the animal facilities were also expanded. Just in time for the opening of the garden show, which was attended by over six million guests, a new facility for polar bears was inaugurated. With eleven polar bears,

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2880-508: The UK, where the climate was similar and Japanese plants grew well. Japanese gardens, typically a section of a larger garden, continue to be popular in the West, and many typical Japanese garden plants, such as cherry trees and the many varieties of Acer palmatum or Japanese maple, are also used in all types of garden, giving a faint hint of the style to very many gardens. The ideas central to Japanese gardens were first introduced to Japan during

2970-766: The Zoologische Stadtgarten Karlsruhe. The city garden is located north of the Karlsruhe Hauptbahnhof and south of the Karlsruhe Congress between the Karlsruhe districts of Südstadt and Südweststadt . The zoo was opened in 1865, making it one of the oldest zoos in Germany . The city garden and zoo form a common, enclosed area and cannot be visited separately. The site is managed by two municipal authorities ,

3060-656: The ancient capital of Nara have brought to light the remains of two 8th-century gardens associated with the Imperial Court, a pond and stream garden – the To-in – located within the precinct of the Imperial Palace and a stream garden – Kyuseki – found within the modern city. They may be modeled after Chinese gardens, but the rock formations found in the To-in would appear to have more in common with prehistoric Japanese stone monuments than with Chinese antecedents, and

3150-399: The animal population had grown considerably, and there were considerations to move the zoo from the city center to the outskirts of the city. This did not happen. In the war, the facilities were severely damaged and the surviving animals were handed over to other zoos. The grounds of the city garden were used for vegetable cultivation to supply the starving population. In 1947, two years after

3240-405: The arms of an armchair, with the garden between them. The gardens featured one or more lakes connected by bridges and winding streams. The south garden of the imperial residences had a uniquely Japanese feature: a large empty area of white sand or gravel. The emperor was the chief priest of Japan, and the white sand represented purity, and was a place where the gods could be invited to visit. The area

3330-455: The arrival of  kami , and the Shinto reverence for great rocks, lakes, ancient trees, and other "dignitaries of nature" would exert an enduring influence on Japanese garden design. Japanese gardens were also strongly influenced by the Chinese philosophy of Daoism and Amida Buddhism, imported from China in or around 552 CE. Daoist legends spoke of five mountainous islands inhabited by

3420-401: The attention of the visitor. A path led to the entrance of the teahouse. Along the path was waiting bench for guests and a privy, and a stone water-basin near the teahouse, where the guests rinsed their hands and mouths before entering the tea room through a small, square door called nijiri-guchi , or "crawling-in entrance", which requires bending low to pass through. Sen no Rikyū decreed that

3510-523: The centre of the world. During the reign of the same empress, one of her ministers, Soga no Umako, had a garden built at his palace featuring a lake with several small islands, representing the islands of the Eight Immortals famous in Chinese legends and Daoist philosophy. This palace became the property of the Japanese emperors, was named "The Palace of the Isles", and was mentioned several times in

3600-471: The chronicle recorded that "The Emperor Kenzō went into the garden and feasted at the edge of a winding stream". Chinese gardens had a very strong influence on early Japanese gardens. In or around 552 CE, Buddhism was officially installed from China, via Korea, into Japan. Between 600 and 612 CE, the Japanese emperor sent four legations to the court of the Chinese Sui dynasty . Between 630 and 838 CE,

3690-502: The concept of habitat water, the new enclosures for seals and penguins were handed over to their destination in August 2009 after one and a half years of construction. Thus, seals and Californian sea lions now find space for their activities on almost 900 m2 on land and in the water. €4.4 million was raised for the modernization of the enclosures, which is reflected in the enlargement of pools and outdoor areas, but above all also increased

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3780-448: The construction of the enclosure, the four polar bears were lost, who were outsourced to Nuremberg for the duration of the measure and were able to escape there after an act of sabotage and were shot. Thus, the new and forward-looking enclosure first had to be equipped with two elderly females, on loan from Rotterdam . Today's occupation Vitus, Nika and Larissa came to Karlsruhe from Rostock , Vienna and Stuttgart . In continuation of

3870-431: The design of other zoos, which now wanted to show all panoramic landscapes or at least outdoor facilities. In 1913, the first sea lions moved into an outdoor facility, which is now the oldest still existing facility in Karlsruhe Zoo. In 1914, combined with the construction and commissioning of Karlsruhe Central Station , the garden area of the zoo, the so-called city garden, was significantly expanded. Among other things,

3960-422: The east, to enter the garden, pass under the house, and then leave from the southeast. In this way, the water of the blue dragon will carry away all the bad spirits from the house toward the white tiger. The Imperial gardens of the Heian period were water gardens , where visitors promenaded in elegant lacquered boats, listening to music, viewing the distant mountains, singing, reading poetry, painting, and admiring

4050-647: The emperors and the rivalry of feudal warlords resulted in two civil wars (1156 and 1159), which destroyed most of Kyoto and its gardens. The capital moved to Kamakura , and then in 1336 back to the Muromachi quarter of Kyoto. The emperors ruled in name only; real power was held by a military governor, the shōgun . During this period, the government reopened relations with China, which had been broken off almost three hundred years earlier. Japanese monks went again to study in China, and Chinese monks came to Japan, fleeing

4140-535: The end of the 16th century referring to isolated tea houses. It originally applied to the simple country houses of samurai warriors and Buddhist monks, but in the Edo period it was used in every kind of building, from houses to palaces. The sukiya style was used in the most famous garden of the period, the Katsura Imperial Villa in Kyoto. The buildings were built in a very simple, undecorated style,

4230-461: The end of the war, the reconstruction of the zoo began with the construction of new animal enclosures. In 1949, the zoo including the city garden was reopened. The animal population was continuously expanded and at the beginning of the 1960s the zoo had surpassed the pre-war level. The following years were devoted to the intensive preparation of the 1967 Federal Garden Show in Karlsruhe. In 1965,

4320-462: The exotic house was built in the summer of 2015 after two and a half years of conversion of a former indoor pool, the Tullabades. With around 2000 animals in almost 100 animal species, the exotic house offers a large variety of different animals. The largest community is formed by the animals living freely in the large hall – over 30 species of birds, liss monkeys and white-faced sakis . In 2018,

4410-445: The exotic house, zoo pedagogy now also has its own event rooms for the first time. Areas for kindergartens, classrooms for schools are set up, there is a seminar room for lecture series, workshops or even holiday courses. South outside the exotic house a parrot aviary can be found. Another enclosure for flamingos and facilities for Asian elephants and hippos can be found in the zoo's pachyderm house. The elephants shown here live in

4500-417: The expansion of the elephant facility – was completed. In the 1980s, mainly existing renovation measures and some small construction projects were completed. In June 1984, the zoo restaurant burned. It was believed to be negligent or intentional arson . The property damage amounted to one million German marks . In July 1984, three hippos died from circulatory collapse because a playing elephant had opened

4590-411: The expansion of the zoo. Once the private founders could no longer bear the costs, on 30 November 1868, a newly founded zoo association took over the park and applied for financial support from the city. This support was granted with loans and annual grants, and the zoo was able to expand at a more rapid pace. In 1869, 50,000 people visited the zoo, whose livestock could be continuously expanded through

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4680-455: The form of unusual rocks or trees marked with cords of rice fiber ( shimenawa ) and surrounded with white stones or pebbles, a symbol of purity. The white gravel courtyard became a distinctive feature of Shinto shrines, Imperial Palaces, Buddhist temples, and Zen gardens . Although its original meaning is somewhat obscure, one of the Japanese words for garden— niwa —came to mean a place that had been cleansed and purified in anticipation of

4770-459: The foundations of the Grand Duke and donations from the population. In 1877, the entire inventory and the animal facilities became municipal property. At the same time, the site was expanded and the first larger garden was created. Under the direction of the garden director Friedrich Ries, the park developed into a well-known and popular excursion destination. In 1899, the first rose garden

4860-562: The garden should be left unswept for several hours before the ceremony, so that leaves would be scattered in a natural way on the path. Notable gardens of the period include: During the Edo period , power was won and consolidated by the Tokugawa clan , who became the shōgun , and moved the capital to Edo , which became Tokyo . The emperor remained in Kyoto as a figurehead leader, with authority only over cultural and religious affairs. While

4950-399: The garden, with fixed stopping points for viewing. Specialized styles, often small sections in a larger garden, include the moss garden , the dry garden with gravel and rocks, associated with Zen Buddhism , the roji or teahouse garden, designed to be seen only from a short pathway, and the tsubo-niwa , a very small urban garden. Most modern Japanese homes have little space for

5040-461: The garden. Edo promenade gardens were often composed of a series of meisho , or "famous views", similar to postcards. These could be imitations of famous natural landscapes, like Mount Fuji , or scenes from Taoist or Buddhist legends, or landscapes illustrating verses of poetry. Unlike Zen gardens, they were designed to portray nature as it appeared, not the internal rules of nature. Well-known Edo-period gardens include: The Meiji period saw

5130-408: The gardens of nobles in the capital, the gardens of villas at the edge of the city, and the gardens of temples. The architecture of the palaces, residences and gardens in the Heian period followed Chinese practice. Houses and gardens were aligned on a north-south axis, with the residence to the north and the ceremonial buildings and main garden to the south, there were two long wings to the south, like

5220-443: The gardens of the Edo period were either promenade gardens or dry rock Zen gardens, and they were usually much larger than earlier gardens. The promenade gardens of the period made extensive use of borrowed scenery ( shakkei ). Vistas of distant mountains are integrated in the design of the garden; or, even better, building the garden on the side of a mountain and using the different elevations to attain views over landscapes outside

5310-521: The hot water supply to the neighboring hippo pool through a slider. In September 1984, a baby sea lion was sucked into a drain pipe and died. On an October night in 1985, three flamingos were killed by unknown persons. In August 1987, four wolves broke out of their enclosure. One of them died of an overdose of the anesthetic used to capture it. In the 1990s, the African Savannah, a new chimpanzee facility, and new outdoor enclosures at

5400-445: The inevitable turnover of plants, in a way that is extremely rare in the West. Awareness of the Japanese style of gardening reached the West near the end of the 19th century, and was enthusiastically received as part of the fashion for Japonisme , and as Western gardening taste had by then turned away from rigid geometry to a more naturalistic style, of which the Japanese style was an attractive variant. There were immediately popular in

5490-425: The islands, and by the four distinct seasons in Japan, including hot, wet summers and snowy winters. Japanese gardens have their roots in the national religion of Shinto , with its story of the creation of eight perfect islands, and of the shinchi , the lakes of the gods. Prehistoric Shinto shrines to the kami , the gods and spirits, are found on beaches and in forests all over the island. They often took

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5580-506: The main entrance (Kasse Süd). One facility to which the zoo attaches particular importance is the facility for polar bears opened in 2000: The replica of the Arctic and tundra habitat is divided into three enclosure sections in order to be able to separate polar bear mothers with children from the adult animals. The iceberg replicas are particularly striking. Through viewing windows, the animals can also be observed swimming underwater. During

5670-465: The main pavilion, or from the "Hall of the Pure View", located on a higher elevation in the garden. In the east of the garden, on a peninsula, is an arrangement of stones designed to represent the mythical Mount Horai. A wooden bridge leads to an island representing a crane, and a stone bridge connects this island to another representing a tortoise, which is connected by an earth-covered bridge back to

5760-421: The modernization of Japan, and the re-opening of Japan to the West. Many of the old private gardens had been abandoned and left to ruin. In 1871, a new law transformed many gardens from the earlier Edo period into public parks, preserving them. Garden designers, confronted with ideas from the West experimented with western styles, leading to such gardens as Kyu-Furukawa Gardens , or Shinjuku Gyoen . Others, more in

5850-575: The natural, serpentine course of the Kyuseki stream garden may be far less formal than what existed in Tang China. Whatever their origins, both the To-in and Kyuseki clearly anticipate certain developments in later Japanese gardens. In 794 CE, at the beginning of the Heian period (794–1185 CE), the Japanese court moved its capital to Heian-kyō (present-day Kyoto ). During this period, there were three different kinds of gardens: palace gardens and

5940-503: The north entrance was inaugurated. For the 150th anniversary in 2015, the zoo received, among other things, a new petting enclosure, the Himalayan mountain world and in the anniversary year itself the coatis facility and the exotic house in the former Tullabad. In May 2019, the expanded outdoor area of the elephant facility was opened, which is also used by the hippos at night in summer at appropriate temperatures. The conversion into

6030-442: The north of Japan kept to Edo period blueprint design. A third wave was the naturalistic style of gardens, invented by captains of industry and powerful politicians like Aritomo Yamagata . Many gardeners soon were designing and constructing gardens catering to this taste. One of the gardens well-known for his technical perfection in this style was Ogawa Jihei VII , also known as Ueji. Notable gardens of this period include: During

6120-456: The observation possibilities for the audience. The enclosures for Bennett kangaroos and emus in the wildlife area of Australia are designated as other animal paddocks. The giraffe house contains animals of the African Savannah such as zebras , antelopes , ostriches and meerkats . The African savannah area also shows Watussi cattle . As a giraffe species, the Karlsruhe Zoo holds net giraffes. The zoo also shows hooved animals north of

6210-487: The peninsula. The garden also includes a waterfall at the foot of a wooded hill. One characteristic of the Momoyama period garden visible at Sanbō-in is the close proximity of the buildings to the water. The Momoyama period also saw the development of chanoyu (tea ceremony), the chashitsu (teahouse), and the roji (tea garden). Tea had been introduced to Japan from China by Buddhist monks, who used it as

6300-400: The period still existing is Sanbō-in , rebuilt by Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1598 to celebrate the festival of the cherry blossom and to recreate the splendor of an ancient garden. Three hundred garden-builders worked on the project, digging the lakes and installing seven hundred boulders in a space of 540 square metres (5,800 sq ft). The garden was designed to be seen from the veranda of

6390-418: The political center of Japan was now Tokyo, Kyoto remained the cultural capital, the center for religion and art. The shōgun provided the emperors with little power, but with generous subsidies for building gardens. The Edo period saw the widespread use of a new kind of Japanese architecture, called sukiya-zukuri , which means literally "building according to chosen taste". The term first appeared at

6480-530: The ponds and streams are carefully placed according to Buddhist geomancy , the art of putting things in the place most likely to attract good fortune. The rules for the placement of water were laid out in the first manual of Japanese gardens, the Sakuteiki ("Records of Garden Making") , in the 11th century. According to the Sakuteiki , water should enter the garden from the east or southeast and flow toward

6570-407: The porch of the residence the abbot of the monastery. There have been many debates about what the rocks are supposed to represent, but, as garden historian Gunter Nitschke wrote, "The garden at Ryōan-ji does not symbolize. It does not have the value of representing any natural beauty that can be found in the world, real or mythical. I consider it as an abstract composition of "natural" objects in space,

6660-460: The savannah area in its own enclosure. On the southeast slope of the Lauterberg, the plant ensemble Bergwelt Himalaya is set up. There, visitors can see snow leopards and red pandas , around since 2011 and 2013 respectively. Located on the southern slope of the Lauterberg, the redesigned facility for Persian goiter cells is presented afterwards. Bird aviaries for owls are located above on

6750-577: The scenery. The social life in the gardens was memorably described in the classic Japanese novel The Tale of Genji , written in about 1005 by Murasaki Shikibu , a lady-in-waiting to the empress. The traces of one such artificial lake, Osawa no ike, near the Daikaku-ji temple in Kyoto, still can be seen. It was built by the Emperor Saga , who ruled from 809 to 823, and was said to be inspired by Dongting Lake in China. A scaled-down replica of

6840-657: The so-called "senior residence", which was put into operation in 2019. 48°59′52″N 8°24′06″E  /  48.99778°N 8.40167°E  / 48.99778; 8.40167 City Gardens Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.132 via cp1112 cp1112, Varnish XID 923293436 Upstream caches: cp1112 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 08:41:56 GMT Japanese garden Japanese literature on gardening goes back almost

6930-404: The south, which represents fire, which are opposites ( yin and yang ) and therefore will bring good luck. The Sakuteiki recommends several possible miniature landscapes using lakes and streams: the "ocean style", which features rocks that appear to have been eroded by waves, a sandy beach, and pine trees; the "broad river style", recreating the course of a large river, winding like a serpent;

7020-476: The southern slope of the Lauterberg. Since April 2015, the subsequent 450m² outdoor facility for coatis , one of the largest facilities of its kind in Germany, can be visited. To the northwest of it is a lynx paddock. On the northwest edge of the Lauterberg there are various small enclosures that offer space for dwarf otters and several kinds of meerkat. Ponds with ducks and other water birds from all over

7110-636: The west, because the east is the home of the Green Dragon ( seiryu ), an ancient Chinese divinity adopted in Japan, and the west is the home of the White Tiger, the divinity of the east. Water flowing from east to west will carry away evil, and the owner of the garden will be healthy and have a long life. According to the Sakuteiki , another favorable arrangement is for the water to flow from north, which represents water in Buddhist cosmology, to

7200-621: The west. In the lake in front of the temple is a small island of white stones, representing Mount Horai, the home of the Eight Immortals of the Daoists, connected to the temple by a bridge, which symbolized the way to paradise. It was designed for mediation and contemplation, not as a pleasure garden. It was a lesson in Daoist and Buddhist philosophy created with landscape and architecture, and a prototype for future Japanese gardens. Notable existing or recreated Heian gardens include: The weakness of

7290-413: The world, monkey islands for lemurs and cling monkeys from South America are also available. In addition to chimpanzees – as the only great ape species kept – other monkey species from Africa are shown in the monkey house. The predator house houses, among other mammals and reptiles , Chinese leopards and salt cats. Until 2022, the lioness Safo also lived here. In the northeast of the city garden,

7380-478: The zoo grounds was feared, all four animals were shot. The new polar bear enclosure was opened in October 2000. On the night of the 13th of November 2010, there was a fire in which 26 animals died. The fire destroyed the petting zoo and killed all the animals in it before it spread to the elephant house and caused severe burns to the animals housed there. Already in the summer of 2011, a new, larger, petting zoo at

7470-534: The zoo housed the largest group of polar bears in Europe at that time. The new monkey house was opened in 1968. In April 1973, four brown bears broke out of their enclosure when it was likely improperly closed. The largest bear bit an employee's leg when it was loaded into a box and was then shot by a police officer. In 1975, the parrot house – the South American house, which was demolished in 2018 due to

7560-634: Was created with around 3600 rose plants in 800 varieties. In 1887, the construction of an artificial hill with a built-in high reservoir for the water supply of the city was decided for the city garden area. The project was completed in June 1893 and used until November 1967. The resulting Lauterberg is the highest elevation of Karlsruhe 's core city with 154 meters. The opening of the Hagenbeck Zoo in Stellingen near Hamburg in 1907, with its mostly grid-less animal facilities, also influenced

7650-568: Was originally the villa of Fujiwara Michinaga (966–1028), who married his daughters to the sons of the Emperor. After his death, his son transformed the villa into a temple, and in 1053 built the Hall of Phoenix, which still stands. The Hall is built in the traditional style of a Chinese Song dynasty temple, on an island in the lake. It houses a gilded statue of the Amitābha Buddha, looking to

7740-529: Was responsible for the building of the zen gardens of Nanzen-ji , Saihō-ji (the Moss Garden), and Tenryū-ji . Notable gardens of the Kamakura and Muromachi periods include: The Momoyama period was short, just 32 years, and was largely occupied with the wars between the daimyō , the leaders of the feudal Japanese clans. The new centers of power and culture in Japan were the fortified castles of

7830-556: Was taken up and pursued in 1864. The Grand Duke , Friedrich I of Baden complied with a request for funding and had the southern part of the Sallenwäldchen provided together with Lake Ludwig for an annual rent of three guilders for the construction of a zoo. The necessary capital for the establishment would be raised through debt securities. The owners of these bonds formed the Tiergartengesellschaft , which

7920-406: Was the Zen garden, dry garden , or Japanese rock garden . One of the finest examples, and one of the best-known of all Japanese gardens is Ryōan-ji in Kyoto. This garden is just 9 metres (30 ft) wide and 24 metres (79 ft) long, composed of white sand carefully raked to suggest water, and fifteen rocks carefully arranged, like small islands. It is meant to be seen from a seated position on

8010-485: Was to operate the newly founded Tiergarten together with the poultry breeding association. The construction of the first plants took only a few months. In addition to funds, the Grand Duke also provided some animals from his collection. However, the planned financing ceiling of 50,000 guilders could not be raised until the opening. Only shares had been issued for a total of 25,000 guilders. The financing gap inhibited

8100-407: Was used for religious ceremonies and dances for the welcoming of the gods. The layout of the garden itself was strictly determined according to the principles of traditional Chinese geomancy , or Feng Shui . The first known book on the art of the Japanese garden, the Sakuteiki ( Records of Garden Keeping ), written in the 11th century, said: It is a good omen to make the stream arrive from

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