77-538: Karur ( Tamil: [kaɾuːɾ] ) is a municipal corporation in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . It is the administrative headquarters of Karur district and is administered by the Karur Municipal Corporation . It is located on the banks of the rivers Amaravathi , Kaveri and Noyyal . It is situated at about 395 km (245 mi) southwest of the state capital Chennai . The region
154-691: A Municipal Commissioner or secretary . They functions as the chief executive officer of the municipal corporation. These officials are tasked with the day-to-day operations, implementing policies, and ensuring the efficient delivery of essential services. Executive officers monitor the implementation of all the programs related to planning and development of the corporation with the coordination of mayor and councilors. The municipal corporations consists departments like health, general administration, revenue, engineering, town planning, welfare, education, etc. The officials of these departments, like health inspectors, engineers, and administrative officers, are appointed by
231-674: A British garrison until 1801. Under the British Raj , the region was annexed to the Madras Presidency and served as the headquarters of the sub-collector. The Karur municipality was constituted in 1874. After Indian Independence in 1947, the region was part of the Madras State . After the States Reorganisation Act of 1956, which re-organized state boundaries, majority of the region became part of
308-459: A Deputy Mayor is appointed by the Mayor. The tenure of the Mayor, Deputy Mayor and Council is five years. However, in seven states: Haryana , Bihar , Chhattisgarh , Jharkhand , Madhya Pradesh , Odisha , Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand ; Mayors are directly elected by the people and thus hold the executive powers of the municipal corporations. The administrative machinery is further supported by
385-698: A centre of trade during the Chera period. The Tamil epic Silapathikaram mentions that the Chera king Senguttuvan ruling from Karuvur. The archaeological excavations undertaken in Karur have yielded pottery, bricks, mud-toys, Roman Amphorae , Rasset coated ware, rings and coins belonging to various eras. Karur might have been the center for old jewellery-making and gem setting, as seen from various excavations. In 150 CE, Greek scholar Ptolemy mentioned "Korevora" as an inland trading center in South India . The region
462-591: A debate among historians of South India. The derivation of the name "Muziris" is said to be from the native name of the port, "Muciri" (Malayalam: മുചിറി). In the region, the Periyar river perhaps branched into two like a cleft lip, thus speculatively leading to the name "Muciri". It is frequently referred to as Muciri in Sangam poems, Muracippattanam in the Sanskrit epic Ramayana , and as Muyirikkottu in
539-552: A financier that concerns cargoes, especially of pepper and spices from Muziris. The fragmentary papyrus records details about a cargo consignment (valued at around nine million sesterces ) brought back from Muziris on board a Roman merchant ship called the Hermapollon . The discovery opened a strong base to ancient international and trade laws in particular and has been studied at length by economists, lawyers, and historians. The great Tamil epic Cilappatikaram ( The Story of
616-644: A large lake indicated behind Muziris, and besides which is an icon marked Templ(um) Augusti, widely taken to mean a “Temple of Augustus ". A large number of Roman subjects must have spent months in this region awaiting favourable conditions for return sailings to the Empire. This could explain why the Map records the existence of an Augustan temple. It is also possible that there was a Roman colony in Muziris. Muziris disappeared from every known map of antiquity, and without
693-633: A long wooden boat and associated bollards made of teak and a wharf made of fired brick. The most remarkable find at Pattanam excavations in 2007 was a brick structural wharf complex, with nine bollards to harbour boats and in the midst of this, a highly decayed canoe, all perfectly mummified in mud. The canoe (6 meters long) was made of Artocarpus hirsutus , a tree common on the Malabar Coast , out of which boats are made. The bollards, some of which are still in satisfactory condition, were made of teak. Three Tamil-Brahmi scripts were also found in
770-421: A municipal area is determined by the population of the city. Some seats are reserved for scheduled castes , scheduled tribes , backward classes and women. A state can choose to constitute additional committees to carry functions of urban local governance, in addition to the wards committees. In addition to the councillors elected from the wards, the legislature of a state may also choose to make provisions for
847-570: A plain topography. There are no notable mineral resources available in and around the town. The soil types are black and red that are conducive for common crops in the Cauvery delta . The climate is hot semi-arid , labelled BSh under the Köppen and Geiger classification system . The temperature ranges from a maximum of 39 °C (102.2 °F) to a minimum of 17 °C (62.6 °F) with an average of 28.7 °C or 83.7 °F. April to June are
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#1732782343993924-619: A trace, presumably because of a cataclysmic event in 1341, a "cyclone and floods" in the Periyar that altered the geography of the region. The historians Rajan Gurukkal and Dick Whittakker say in a study titled "In Search of Muziris" that the event, which opened up the present harbour at Kochi and the Vembanad backwater system to the sea and formed a new deposit of land now known as the Vypin Island near Kochi, "doubtless changed access to
1001-410: Is a divisive subject among some historians of South India. When KCHR announced the possible finding of Muziris based on Pattanam finds, it invited criticism from historians and archaeologists. Historians such as R Nagaswamy , KN Panikkar and MGS Narayanan disagreed with the identification and called for further analysis. "Whether Pattanam was Muziris is not of immediate concern to us", the chief of
1078-495: Is a major industry with various allied industries like ginning and spinning mills, dyeing factories and weaving. As of 2005, the industry had revenues of ₹ 20 billion (US$ 240 million) annually. Karur is also home to an integrated textile park. The town is a major hub for coach building, with a major share of bus coaches being built here locally. About 2000 units were engaged in making High-density polyethylene (HDPE) mono filament yarn and associated products. TNPL promoted by
1155-462: Is almost the same. The area administered by a municipal corporation is known as a municipal area. Each municipal area is divided into territorial constituencies known as wards. A municipal corporation is made up of a wards committee. Each ward has one seat in the wards committee. Members are elected to the wards committee on the basis of adult franchise for a term of five years. These members are known as councillors or corporators. The number of wards in
1232-459: Is exported pepper, which is produced in only one region near these markets, a district called Cottonara. The Periplus reveals how Muziris became the main trade port for the Chera chiefdom. The author explains that this large settlement owed its prosperity to foreign commerce, including shipping arriving from northern India and the Roman empire. Black pepper from the hills was brought to the port by
1309-841: Is maintained by the State Highways Department and 26.69 km (16.58 mi) of national highways by the national highways department. There are two national highways namely the NH 44 and NH 67 that pass via Karur. Karur bus stand is located near the center of the town. The State Express Transport Corporation operates long-distance buses to other cities. Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation operates city and moffusil busses from Karur to other parts of Tamil Nadu and neighbouring states. Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation and Kerala State Road Transport Corporation also operates few buses to Karnataka and Kerala respectively. Karur Junction railway station (station code - KRR)
1386-787: Is one of the railway junctions under the Salem division of the Southern Railway zone of the Indian Railways network. It has five active Platforms and forms the intersection between Erode - Tiruchirapalli and Salem -Karur lines. The nearest airport is the Tiruchirapalli International Airport , located 78 km (48 mi) away. There are 10 government schools including four primary schools, four middle schools and two higher secondary schools. There are several institutes of higher education in
1463-522: Is possible to arrive in forty days at the nearest market in India, Muziris by name. This, however, is not a very desirable place for disembarkation, on account of the pirates which frequent its vicinity, where they occupy a place called Nutrias; nor, in fact, is it very rich in articles of merchandise. Besides, the road stead for shipping is a considerable distance from the shore, and the cargoes have to be conveyed in boats, either for loading or discharging. At
1540-452: Is probably derived from the Hindu mythology linked with the creator God Brahma and was earlier referred to as Brahmapuri. In vernacular parlance, the town was referred by names such as Tiruvanilai and Pasupati. Cheras, one of the three kingdoms of the Sangam period (3rd century BC to 3rd century CE), ruled over the region with their capital at Vanchi-Karuvoor . Historians are divided on
1617-609: Is the head of the municipal corporation, but in most states and territories of India the role is largely ceremonial as executive powers are vested in the Municipal Commissioner . The office of the Mayor combines a functional role of chairing the Corporation council meetings as well as ceremonial role associated with being the First Citizen of the city. As per the amended Municipal Corporation Act of 1888,
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#17327823439931694-564: Is the richest municipal corporation in India. Greater Chennai Corporation of the city of Chennai in Tamil Nadu is the oldest municipal corporation in India and second oldest municipal corporation in the world only behind City of London Corporation in United Kingdom. Municipal Corporations are typically headed by a Mayor and Deputy Mayor (elected from among the councilors), and comprise elected councillors . The Mayor
1771-1035: The Indian National Congress . Karur is a part of the Karur (Lok Sabha constituency) . From 1957, the seat has been held eight times by the Congress, six times by the AIADMK, and once each by the Tamil Maanila Congress and the DMK. Law and order is maintained Karur sub division of the Tamil Nadu Police headed by a Superintendent of Police. There are four police stations for law and order, two for traffic and an all women police station. There are special units like prohibition enforcement, district crime, social justice and human rights, district crime records and special branch that operate at
1848-699: The Jewish copper plate of an 11th-century Chera ruler. A tantalizing description of Muziris is in Akanaṉūṟu , an anthology of early Tamil bardic poems (poem number 149.7-11) in Eṭṭuttokai the city where the beautiful vessels, the masterpieces of the Yavanas [Ionians], stir white foam on the Culli [Periyar], a river of the Chera, arriving with gold and departing with pepper-when that Muciri, brimming with prosperity,
1925-584: The Kerala State Department of Archaeology ) in 2006-07 and it was announced that the lost "port" of Muziris was found and started the new hypothesis. This identification of Pattanam as the ancient Muziris also sparked controversy among historians. As per texts, Kerala is known to have traded spices since the Sangam era ; it is based on this trade that some historians have implied that only foreign countries needed spices (pepper). Some historians and archaeologists criticized this view starting
2002-611: The Madurai Nayaks across various periods in history. In the later part of the 18th century, the region came under the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company annexed it to the Madras Presidency in 1799. After Indian Independence in 1947, it became pert of Madras State , the predecessor of Tamil Nadu . The economy of the town is dependent on agriculture and textiles . Hindus form
2079-780: The Palghat Gap and along the Kaveri Valley to the east coast of India. Though the Roman trade declined from the 5th century AD, the former Muziris attracted the attention of other nationalities, particularly the Persians, the Chinese and the Arabs, presumably until the devastating floods of Periyar in 1341. Earlier Muziris was identified with the region around Mangalore in southwestern Karnataka . Later hypothesis
2156-492: The Pasupatheeswarar Siva temple , there is a Vishnu temple at Thiruvithuvakkodu, sung by Kulasekaraazhvaar (7th-8th century CE) and presumably mentioned in epic Silappadikaram as the temple where Cheran Senguttuvan sought blessings before his north Indian expedition. The city has about 19% of its total area under agricultural land use. The major crops are rice , cotton , sugarcane and oil seeds , while
2233-612: The Vijayanagara Empire and the Madurai Nayaks , who were vassals of Vijayanagara earlier. In the latter part of the 17th century, the region came under the influence of the Kingdom of Mysore . In the later part of the 18th century, the place changed hands multiple times between the Mysore Kingdom and the British East India Company . In 1790, the British captured it for the third time and the Karur fort remained as
2310-2010: The state government . The Municipal corporation carries out its function through well organized divisions or departments. For example, water supply and sewage disposal Undertaking, Housing Board, Education Department and Electricity Department. Each of these Departments are looked after by experienced and qualified persons. The 74th Amendment Act defined the formations of urban local governments and their activities. Municipal corporations are referred to by different names in different states (due to regional language variations), all of which are translated to "municipal corporation" in English. These names include Nagar Nigam (in Delhi , Uttar Pradesh , Uttarakhand , Bihar , Jharkhand , Rajasthan , and Haryana ), Nagara Nigama (in Punjab ), Mahanagar Palika (in Goa and Maharashtra ), Mahanagara Palike (in Karnataka ), Mahanagar Seva Sadan (in Gujarat ), Pouro Nigom (in Assam ), Mahānagara Pālikā (in Odisha ), Pouro Nigam (in West Bengal ), Pur Porishod (in Tripura ), Nagar Palika Nigam (in Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh ), Nagara Paalaka Samstha or Mahaanagara Paalaka Samstha (in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana ), Nagara Sabha (in Kerala ) and Maanagaraatchi (in Tamil Nadu ). The Vadodara Municipal Corporation of
2387-526: The 13th and 16th century were recovered. In 1983, a large hoard of Roman coins was found at a site around six miles from Pattanam . A series of pioneering excavations from 2007 carried out by the Kerala Council for Historical Research (KCHR, an autonomous institution) at Pattanam uncovered a large number of artifacts. So far, seven seasons of excavations (2007–14) have been completed by KCHR at Pattanam. The identification of Pattanam as Muziris
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2464-487: The Anklet ) written by Ilango Adigal , a Jain poet-prince from Kodungallur (Muziris) during the 2nd century A.D., described Muziris as a place where Greek traders would arrive in their ships to barter their gold to buy pepper, and since barter trade is time-consuming, they lived in homes living a lifestyle that he termed as "exotic" and a source of "local wonder". Concerning Muziris and the Roman spice trade with Malabar,
2541-593: The Cilappatikaram describes the prevailing situation as follows: When the broadrayed sun ascends from the south and white clouds start to form in the early cool season, it is time to cross the dark, billowing ocean. The rulers of Tyndis dispatch vessels loaded with eaglewood, silk, sandalwood, spices and all sorts of camphor. Peutinger Map , is an odd-sized medieval copy of an ancient Roman road map, "with information which could date back to 2nd century AD", in which both Muziris and Tondis are well marked, "with
2618-795: The Government of Tamil Nadu is located near Karur and is one of the largest producers of paper in India. Bharat Petroleum operates a pipeline from Kochi to Karur for transporting petroleum products. The petroleum products received at the terminal in Athur is transported to other districts of Tamil Nadu through tanker trucks. Chettinad Group operates a wet process cement plant at Puliyur near Karur. The corporation maintains 412.24 km (256.15 mi) of roads including 55.2 km (34.3 mi) concrete roads, 79.33 km (49.29 mi) gravel roads and 275.3 km (171.1 mi) bituminous road. A total of 8.375 km (5.204 mi) of state highways
2695-405: The Kerala Council for Historical Research recently stated to the media. Yet, even the last field report on the excavations (2013) explicitly marks Pattanam as Muziris. While historian and academic Rajan Gurukkal has spoken in favour of the 'salvage of historic relics at Pattanam' by KCHR given the site's disturbance due to continual human habitation and activity, he thinks it [ancient Muziris]
2772-683: The Pandya prince came to besiege the port of Muciri on his flag-bearing chariot with decorated horses Riding on his great and superior war elephant the Pandya prince has conquered in battle. He has seized the sacred images after winning the battle for rich Muciri. The author of the Greek travel book Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (1st century AD) gives an elaborate description of the Chera Kingdom . ...then come Naura and Tyndis,
2849-681: The Pattanam excavations. The last Tamil-Brahmi script (dated to c. 2nd century AD, probably reading "a-ma-na", meaning "a Jaina" in Malayalam) was found on a pot-rim at Pattanam. If the rendering and the meaning is not mistaken, it establishes that Jainism was prevalent on the Malabar Coast at least from the 2nd century. This is the first time that excavators have found evidence relating to a religious system in ancient Kerala. DNA-analyses of skeleton samples discovered from Pattanam confirmed
2926-480: The Periyar river, but geologically it was only the most spectacular of the physical changes and land formation that have been going on [there] from time immemorial". According to them, for example, a geophysical survey of the region has shown that 200–300 years ago the shoreline lay about three kilometres east of the present coast and that some 2,000 years earlier it lay even further east, about 6.5 km inland. "If Muziris had been situated somewhere here in Roman times,
3003-406: The city in the 2001 census was 128 persons per hectare and the average household size was 3.95 as of 2001. Hindus form the majority of the urban population, followed by Muslims and Christians . Tamil is the main language spoken in the city, and the usage of English is common in educational institutions and offices in the service sector. Karur is the headquarters of the Karur district. The town
3080-507: The city of Vadodara in Gujarat is typically called by the name "Vadodara Mahanagar Seva Sadan" and the Greater Bangalore Municipal Corporation of the city of Bangalore in Karnataka is typically called "Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike". The detailed structure of these urban bodies varies from state to state, as per the laws passed by the state legislatures , but the basic structure and function
3157-526: The coast at that time would have run some 4-5 km east of its present line. The regular silting up of the river mouth finally forced it to cease activity as a port." A series of excavations conducted at Kodungallur starting from 1945, yielded nothing that went back to before the 13th century. Another excavation was carried out in 1969 by the Archaeological Survey of India at Cheraman Parambu, 2 km north of Kodungallur. Only antiquities of
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3234-673: The control of a municipal commissioner who is the executive head. The legislative powers are vested with the municipal council. Karur is a part of the Karur assembly constituency and it elects a member to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years. The seat has been won by the All India Anna Dravid Munnetra Kazhagam five times, twice by the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), and once by
3311-422: The corporation maintained a total of 11,875 street lamps including 3026 LED lamps. The corporation also operates a daily market, two weekly markets and two farmer markets. The town formed a part of the traditional Chera and Chola empires and has a number of temples . Karuvurar , born in medieval Karur, was one among the nine who sung the divine composition Thiruvichaippa , the ninth Thirumurai . In addition to
3388-639: The district level, headed by a Superintendent of Police . Electricity supply to Karur is regulated and distributed by the Karur Electricity Distribution Circle of the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB). A Chief Distribution engineer, stationed at the regional headquarters in Karur, is responsible for administration and management. Water supply is provided by the municipal corporation, which operates 58 overhead water tanks that store water pumped from
3465-616: The exact location of the Chera capital and have opined that it might correspond to either the present day Karur in Tamil Nadu or Kodungalur in Kerala . Karur, which was known as Karuvur, was part of the Kongu Nadu region in the ancient Tamilakam and was one of the oldest inhabited towns in the state. Archaeological excavations from Kodumanal , further along the Noyyal River from Karur, show traces of civilization from 4th century BCE. Archeological evidence points to Karur being
3542-533: The first markets of Lymrike, and then Muziris and Nelkynda , which are now of leading importance. Tyndis is of the Kingdom of Cerobothra ; it is a village in plain sight by the sea. Muziris, in the same Kingdom, abounds in ships sent there with cargoes from Arabia, and by the Greeks ; it is located on a river, distant from Tyndis by the river and sea 500 stadia , and up the river from the shore 20 stadia... There
3619-402: The historical and cultural significance of Muziris. The idea of the project came after the extensive excavations and discoveries at Pattanam by the Kerala Council for Historical Research. The project also covers various other historically significant sites and monuments in central Kerala. The nearby site of Kottappuram , a 16th-century fort, was also excavated (from May 2010 onwards) as part of
3696-541: The hottest months and December to January are the coolest. With an average of 31.5 °C or 88.7 °F, May is the hottest month, whilst the average temperature is 25.6 °C or 78.1 °F in the month of December. Karur receives an average rainfall of 590 to 600 mm (23 to 24 in) annually, which is substantially below the state average of 1,008 mm (39.7 in). The Southwest monsoon , with an onset in June and lasting up to August, brings scant rainfall to
3773-955: The hypothesis that the city was located just there. It was an important trading port for Christian and Muslim merchants arriving from other countries. Muziris was a key to the interactions between South India and Persia, the Middle East, North Africa, and the (Greek and Roman) Mediterranean region. Pliny the Elder , in his Natural History , hailed Muziris as "the first emporium of India". The important known commodities exported from Muziris were spices (such as black pepper and malabathron ), semi-precious stones (such as beryl ), pearls, diamonds, sapphires , ivory, Chinese silk , Gangetic spikenard and tortoise shells. The Roman navigators brought gold coins, peridots , thin clothing, figured linens, multicoloured textiles, sulfide of antimony , copper, tin, lead, coral, raw glass, wine, realgar and orpiment . The locations of unearthed coin-hoards from Pattanam suggest an inland trade link from Muziris via
3850-466: The local diet of rice. Pliny the Elder gives a description of voyages to India in the 1st century AD. He refers to many Indian ports in his The Natural History . However, by the time of Pliny, Muziris was no longer a favoured location in Roman trade dealing with South India . To those who are bound for India, Ocelis (on the Red Sea ) is the best place for embarkation. If the wind, called Hippalus (south-west Monsoon), happens to be blowing it
3927-518: The local producers and stacked high in warehouses to await the arrival of Roman merchants. As the shallows at Muziris prevented deep-hulled vessels from sailing upriver to the port, Roman freighters were forced to shelter at the edge of the lagoon while their cargoes were transferred upstream on smaller craft. The Periplus records that special consignments of grain were sent to places like Muziris and scholars suggest that these deliveries were intended for resident Romans who needed something to supplement
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#17327823439934004-462: The major horticultural crops are coconut , banana , betel and mango . The town is the commercial centre for trading of agricultural commodities from the nearby towns and villages. Approximately 80% of the workforce is employed in tertiary sector, 17% in primary sector and 4% in secondary sector activities. Several banks have branches in the town with private banks Karur Vysya Bank and Lakshmi Vilas Bank have their headquarters in Karur. Textiles
4081-478: The majority of the urban population, with a minor population of Muslims and Christians . Tamil is the major spoken and official language. Karur is a part of the Karur Assembly constituency that elects a member to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years. The name "Karur" came from Karuvur , the Chera capital of the same name. In Tamil , the name literally means '"embryo town"' ( Karu meaning "embryo" and "Oor" meaning "town" or "place"). It
4158-487: The medieval Muyirikode ) was an ancient harbour and an urban centre on the Malabar Coast . Muziris found mention in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea , the bardic Tamil poems and a number of classical sources. It was the major ancient port city of Cheras . The exact location of Muziris has been a matter of dispute among historians and archaeologists. However, excavations since 2004 at Pattanam in Ernakulam district of Kerala have led some experts to suggesting
4235-428: The moment that I am writing these pages, the name of the King of this place is Celebothras . Ptolemy placed the Muziris emporium north of the mouth of the Pseudostomus river in his Geographia . Pseudostomus (literally, "false mouth", in Greek ) is generally identified with the modern-day Periyar River . This Greek papyrus of the 2nd century AD documents a contract involving an Alexandrian merchant importer and
4312-422: The new Madras state, which would become Tamil Nadu in 1969. Karur is located at 10°57′N 78°05′E / 10.95°N 78.08°E / 10.95; 78.08 and has an average elevation of 101 metres or 331 feet. The town is located in Karur district , at a distance of 370 km (230 mi) from Chennai . The town is located on the banks of the rivers Amaravathi , Kaveri and Noyyal with
4389-497: The population respectively. The average literacy rate was 81.7%, higher than the national average of about 73%. The city had a total of 57,687 households. There were a total of 30,216 workers, comprising 125 cultivators, 181 main agricultural labourers, 469 in household industries, 26,660 other workers, 2,781 marginal workers, 24 marginal cultivators, 82 marginal agricultural labourers, 140 marginal workers in household industries and 2,535 other marginal workers. The population density of
4466-431: The presence of people with West Eurasian genetic imprints in Muziris in the past. This is considered to be an indication of the huge international importance the ancient port-city once held in the past. However, the ASI was more sceptical, suggesting that more research is required to confirm the Eurasian presence in the site. The Muziris Heritage Project is a tourism venture by Tourism Department of Kerala to reinstate
4543-408: The pumping stations on the Kaveri river. As of 2021-22, 31.97 million litres of water was supplied to households everyday. As per the municipal data for 2011, about 45 metric tonnes of solid waste were collected every day by door-to-door collection and subsequently the source segregation and dumping was carried out by the sanitary department of the corporation. The coverage of solid waste management in
4620-448: The region as it is situated in the rain shadow region of the Western Ghats . The majority of the rainfall comes from the Northeast monsoon in October-November. Most of the rainfall occurs in October, with an average precipitation of 166 mm (6.5 in) and the driest month is March, with only 8 mm (0.31 in) of rain. As per 2011 census , the population within the pre-expansion area of 5.96 km (2.30 sq mi)
4697-408: The region in ninth century CE. While the region was directly under the control of the Imperial Cholas till 1064 CE, the Kongu Cholas who were probably vassals or viceroys of the Cholas, ruled the region autonomously later. Temple inscriptions found near Karur dated to the period of Kulothunga Chola I mention the location as Vanchimanagarama Karuvur (Vanchi city of Karuvur). It was later ruled by
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#17327823439934774-401: The representation of persons having special knowledge or experience in municipal administration, the MPs or MLAs representing the constituencies which comprise wholly or partly the municipal area, and/or the commissioners of additional committees that the state may have constituted. If a state legislature appoints a person from the first category to a wards committee, that individual will not have
4851-420: The right to vote in the meetings of the municipal corporation, while MPs, MLAs and commissioners do have the right to vote in meetings. The largest corporations are in the ten major metropolitan cities of India, viz. Mumbai , Delhi , Hyderabad , Kolkata , Chennai , Bangalore , Ahmedabad , Lucknow , Jaipur , Kanpur . The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) of the city of Mumbai in Maharashtra
4928-402: The rumbling ocean roars, is given to me like a marvel, a treasure. . Akananuru describes Pandya attacks on the Chera port of Muciri. This episode is impossible to date, but the attack seems to have succeeded in diverting Roman trade from Muziris. It is suffering like that experienced by the warriors who were mortally wounded and slain by the war elephants. The suffering that was seen when
5005-441: The shifting and mingling crowd of a boisterous river-bank, where the sacks of pepper are heaped up-with its gold deliveries, carried by the ocean-going ships and brought to the river bank by local boats, the city of the gold-collared Kuttuvan (Chera chief), the city that bestows wealth to its visitors indiscriminately, and the merchants of the mountains, and the merchants of the sea, the city where liquor abounds, yes, this Muciri, were
5082-445: The site with the Mediterranean, Red Sea and Indian Ocean rims. Major finds include ceramics, lapidary-related objects, metal objects, coins, architectural ruins, geological, zoological and botanical remains. The major discoveries from Pattanam include thousands of beads (made of semi-precious stone), shards of Roman amphora, Chera-era coins made of copper alloys and lead, fragments of Roman glass pillar bowls, terra sigillata, remains of
5159-518: The state government. The Twelfth Schedule of the Constitution lists the subjects that municipal corporations are responsible for. Corporations may be entrusted to perform functions and implement schemes including those in relation to the matters listed in the Twelfth Schedule. Muziris Muchiri ( Malayalam: [mujiri] , Tamil: [musiri] ), commonly anglicized as Muziris ( Ancient Greek : Μουζιρίς , Old Malayalam : Muciri or Muciripattanam possibly identical with
5236-467: The town by the municipality had an efficiency of 100% as of 2001. As of 2022, the corporation maintained 23 public toilets. As of 2022, the corporation maintained a total of 88.9 km (55.2 mi) of underground storm water drains, which carry an average of 5.5 million litres of waste water per day. As of 2022, there is one government medical college hospital, one maternity clinic, one municipal Siddha centre, and two primary health centres. As of 2022,
5313-506: The town. Karur medical college was established in 2019. Municipal corporation (India) A municipal corporation is a type of local government in India which administers urban areas with a population of more than one million. The growing population and urbanization of various Indian cities highlighted the need for a type of local governing body that could provide services such as healthcare, education, housing and transport by collecting property taxes and administering grants from
5390-428: Was 70,980. Post expansion of city limits to 52.26 km (20.18 sq mi), the population including the new city limits was estimated to be 394,719 in 2023. As per 2011 census, the sex ratio was 1,032 females for every 1,000 males, above the national average of 929. About 6,147 were under the age of six including 3,162 males and 2,985 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 12.1% and 0.1% of
5467-418: Was Muziris. Had it been elsewhere, Pattanam wharf and colony would’ve found a mention in available records," he says. Archaeological research has shown that Pattanam was a port frequented by Romans and it has a long history of habitation dating back to 10th century BC. Its trade links with Rome peaked between 1st century BC and 4th century AD. A large quantity of artifacts represents the maritime contacts of
5544-419: Was besieged by the din of war. The Purananuru described Muziris as a bustling port city where interior goods were exchanged for imported gold. It seems that the Chera chiefs regarded their contacts with the Roman traders as a form of gift exchange rather than straightforward commercial dealings. With its streets, its houses, its covered fishing boats, where they sell fish, where they pile up rice-with
5621-509: Was constituted as a municipality in 1874, promoted to first-grade during 1969, selected-grade during 1983 and special-grade in 1988. The Karur Municipal corporation was established in October 2021. It is headed by a mayor, who is elected by the councillors of the 48 wards. The functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments: general administration, engineering, revenue, health, city planning, and IT. All these departments are under
5698-553: Was no more than a colony of merchants from the Mediterranean. "The abundance of material from the Mediterranean suggests that traders arrived here using favorable monsoon winds and returned using the next after short sojourns," he says. Feeder vessels transported them between their ships and the wharf, but it would be incorrect to say that it was a sophisticated port in an urban setting. The place did not have any evolved administration nor any sophistication. "I believe it [Pattanam]
5775-570: Was part of an ancient Roman trade route that extended from Muziris in the west coast to Arikamedu along the east coast of India. Early Tamil Brahmi writings have been found on coins, seals and rings obtained from Amaravati River bed near Karur. The region came under the influence of the Pandyas during the reign of Arikesari Maravarman in the seventh century CE. Later, the region was ruled by various dynasties such as Rashtrakutas and Western Gangas . The Cholas led by Aditya I , conquered
5852-549: Was ruled by the Cheras during the Sangam period and the town might have been part of the Chera capital at Vanchi-Karuvoor . It formed a part of the principal trade route between the west coast and Tamil Nadu. Archeological evidence points to Karur being a centre of trade during the Chera period. The region was ruled later by the Cholas , as evident from temple epigraphs. It was under the control of Pandyas , Vijayanagara Empire and
5929-564: Was that it was situated around present day Kodungallur , a town and Taluk in Thrissur district. Kodungallur in central Kerala figures prominently in the ancient history of southern India from the second Chola period as a hub of the Chera rulers . But later, a series of excavations were conducted at the village of Pattanam in between North Paravoor and Kodungallur by Kerala Council for Historical Research (an autonomous institution outsourced by
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