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93-523: Kasungu was the home to Malawi's first president, Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda . At the time of the 2018 Census of Malawi , the distribution of the population of Kasungu District by ethnic group was as follows: Kasungu is multi-ethnic but peaceful, an example for a multicultural society. There are nine National Assembly constituencies in Kasungu: The following are the Members of Parliament for

186-691: A B.Phil. degree in 1931. During this time he enjoyed financial support from Mrs Smith, whose husband, Douglas Smith, had made fortunes from patent medicines and Pepsodent toothpaste and as a member of the Eastman Kodak board. He then, still with financial support from these and other benefactors (including Walter B. Stephenson of the Delta Electric Company), studied medicine at Meharry Medical College in Tennessee , from which he obtained an M.D. degree in 1937. [1] Banda became

279-480: A "highly repressive autocracy ." He also received criticism for maintaining full diplomatic relations with the apartheid government in South Africa . By 1993, amid increasing domestic and international pressure, he agreed to hold a referendum which ended the one-party system. Soon afterwards, a special assembly ended his life-term presidency and stripped him of most of his powers. Banda ran for president in

372-433: A Christian name was given on the occasion of Christian baptism, with the ubiquity of infant baptism in modern and medieval Christendom . In Elizabethan England , as suggested by William Camden , the term Christian name was not necessarily related to baptism, used merely in the sense of "given name": Christian names were imposed for the distinction of persons, surnames for the difference of families. In more modern times,

465-475: A Shoestring were banned. The mass media–a single radio station, a single daily newspaper, and a single weekly newspaper – were tightly controlled and mainly served as outlets for government propaganda, while the government refused to introduce television. However, wealthier Malawians bought sets as monitors for their VCRs. Knowledge of pre-Banda history was discouraged, and many books on these subjects were burned . Banda allegedly persecuted some of

558-487: A back room and had to be silenced too. The four were later bundled into Matenje's Peugeot 604 and driven to Thambani in Mwanza District , west of Blantyre , where the accident was staged: sources reported that their car had "overturned while the men had been attempting to escape into neighbouring Mozambique". Later, it was found out they had been killed by having tent pins hammered into their heads. Banda ordered

651-554: A diploma. With his financial support now ended, Banda earned some money on speaking engagements arranged by the Ghanaian educationalist Kwegyir Aggrey , whom he had met in South Africa. Speaking at a Kiwanis club meeting he met Dr Herald, with whose help he enrolled as a pre-medical student at Indiana University , where he lodged with Mrs W. N. Culmer. At Bloomington, he wrote several essays about his native Chewa tribe for

744-593: A downward turn, but a Malawian task force spearheaded by Malawian diplomatic envoys to South Africa including SP Kachipande , and representatives in Malawi, including former diplomat, Mr. Phiri , arranged for a meeting between the two governments which resulted in Nelson Mandela 's first official visit to Malawi as president of the ANC in the early 1990s. He met with John Tembo and the president. The relations between

837-502: A friend, Dr Donal Brody, Banda said: "No one knows the hour, the date, the month or the year in which I was born, although I now accept the evidence that you give me – March or April 1898." He left his village school near Mtunthama for his maternal grandparents' home and attended Chayamba Primary School in Chikondwa. In 1908, he moved to Chilanga mission station and was baptised in 1910. The name Kamnkhwala, meaning "little medicine",

930-733: A move which he feared would result in further deprivation of rights for the Nyasaland blacks. The (as he called it) "stupid" federation was formed in 1953. It was rumoured with some excitement that he would return to Nyasaland in 1951, but he moved instead to the Gold Coast in West Africa. He went there partly because of a scandal involving his receptionist in Harlesden, Merene French (Mrs French); despite reports that she became pregnant with his child, this has never been confirmed. Banda

1023-513: A name upon the newly baptised was of Apostolic origin. For instance, the apostle of the Gentiles was called Saul before his conversion and Paul afterwards. But modern scholars have rejected this contention, since the baptism of St. Paul is recorded in Acts 9:18, but the name Paul does not occur before Acts 13:9 while Saul is found several times in the interval. There is no more reason to connect

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1116-452: A new capital city at Lilongwe , in his home region. Hence he turned to South Africa – itself playing geo-political games in the region – which gave him a soft loan of 300 million Rand . The quid pro quo was that Banda had to support South Africa's apartheid policies among fellow African leaders. Hence, on one occasion he paid a state visit to South Africa where he met his South African counterparts at Stellenbosch . Banda once noted that, "It

1209-519: A new name was not limited to baptism. Many medieval examples show that any notable change of condition, especially in the spiritual order, was often accompanied by the reception of a new name. In the 8th century, the two Englishmen Winfrith and Willibald going on different occasions to Rome received from the Pope, along with a new commission to preach, the names respectively of Boniface and Clement. Emma of Normandy when she married King Ethelred in 1002 took

1302-408: A night burial and mandated that the caskets not be opened for a last viewing. During Banda's presidency, Malawi initially refused to establish diplomatic relations with any of the communist governments of Eastern Europe or Asia (however, relations were later established with Kim Il Sung 's North Korea in 1982 and with Nicolae Ceaușescu 's Romania and Enver Hoxha 's Albania in 1985). Banda

1395-683: A parish in the Church of Scotland. Between 1941 and 1945, he worked as a doctor in North Shields , near Newcastle upon Tyne . He was a tenant of Mrs Amy Walton at this time in Alma Place in North Shields and sent a Christmas card to her every year right up until her death in the late-1960s. In 1944, he met Merene French, the daughter-in-law of one of his patients, and began a relationship with her. After World War II, he established

1488-629: A practice at the London suburb of Kilburn and became politically active by joining the Labour Party and Fabian Colonial Bureau, which was founded in 1940. Banda moved to London in 1945, buying a practice in the North London suburb of Harlesden . In 1945, at the behest of Chief Mwase of Kasungu , whom he had met in England in 1939, and other politically active Malawians, he represented

1581-484: A result, ruling until his defeat in 1994. After receiving much of his education in ethnography, linguistics, history, and medicine overseas, Banda returned to Nyasaland to speak against colonialism and advocate independence from the United Kingdom . He was formally appointed Prime Minister of Nyasaland, and led the country to independence in 1964. Two years later, he proclaimed Malawi a republic with himself as

1674-460: A role which was apparently performed by John Msonthi and later by John Tembo , who remained close to him for most of his career). He was received enthusiastically wherever he spoke, and resistance to imperialism among the Malawians became increasingly common. By February 1959, the situation had become serious enough that Rhodesian troops were flown in to help keep order, and a state of emergency

1767-627: A showing on 6 July 1958 after an absence of about 42 years. In August, at Nkata Bay , he was acclaimed as the leader of the Congress. He soon began touring the country, speaking against the Central African Federation (also known as the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland ), and urging its citizens to become members of the party. Allegedly, he was so out of practice in his native Chichewa that he needed an interpreter,

1860-402: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Hastings Kamuzu Banda Hastings Kamuzu Banda ( c.  1898 – 25 November 1997) was the leader of Malawi from 1964 to 1994. He served as Prime Minister from independence in 1964 to 1966, when Malawi was a Dominion / Commonwealth realm . In 1966, the country became a republic and he became the first president as

1953-409: Is forbidden. Christian name A Christian name , sometimes referred to as a baptismal name , is a religious personal name given on the occasion of a Christian baptism , though now most often given by parents at birth. In English-speaking cultures , a person's Christian name is commonly their first name and is typically the name by which the person is primarily known. Traditionally,

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2046-428: Is law...literally law." Within Malawi, views on him ranged from cult-like devotion to fear. In 1983, three ministers – Dick Matenje , Twaibu Sangala , Aaron Gadama – and Member of Parliament David Chiwanga died in what was labelled officially as a "traffic accident". Banda had invited an "internal debate on pending multiparty democracy" in Malawi. During a cabinet meeting, the three ministers had voiced support for

2139-458: Is only contact like this [between South Africa and Malawi] that can reveal to your people that there are civilized people other than white..." Banda's staunch anticommunism also influenced his decision to seek warm relations with South Africa. After the apartheid era ended and the ANC came to dominate South African politics during the 1990s, relations between Malawi and South Africa threatened to take

2232-530: The Malawi Congress Party , remains a major force in Malawian politics. In 1995, Banda was arrested and charged with the murder, ten years previously, of former cabinet colleagues. He was acquitted due to lack of evidence. Banda remained quite unrepentant in his opinion of Malawians, calling them "children in politics" and saying they would miss his iron-fisted rule. A statement of apology

2325-738: The Nyasaland African Congress at the Fifth Pan-African Congress in Manchester . This conference was attended by other future African leaders, Jomo Kenyatta and Kwame Nkrumah . With help from sympathetic Britons, he also lobbied in London on behalf of the Congress. Banda was actively opposed to the efforts of Sir Roy Welensky , a politician in Northern Rhodesia , to form a federation between Southern and Northern Rhodesia with Nyasaland,

2418-540: The Protestant Reformation . In the registers of Oxford University from 1560 to 1621, the more common names used by the students in order of popularity were: John, 3826; Thomas, 2777; William, 2546; Richard, 1691; Robert, 1222; Edward, 957; Henry, 908; George, 647; Francis, 447; James, 424; Nicholas, 326; Edmund, 298. In Italy and Spain it has been common practice to call a child after the saint upon whose feast they are born. The practice of adopting

2511-968: The Witwatersrand Deep Mine on the Transvaal Reef for several years. During this time, he met Bishop William Tecumseh Vernon of the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) who offered to pay his tuition fee at a Methodist school in the United States if he could pay his own passage. In 1925, he left for New York . Banda studied in the high school section of the Wilberforce Institute, an African American AME college (a member of AME), now known as Central State University , in Wilberforce, Ohio , and graduated in 1928 with

2604-478: The democratic elections that followed and was defeated. He died in South Africa in 1997. Kamuzu Banda was born Akim Kamnkhwala Mtunthama Banda near Kasungu in Malawi (then British Central Africa ) to Mphonongo Banda and Akupingamnyama Phiri. His date of birth is unknown, as it took place when there was no birth registration documentation, but Banda himself often gave his date of birth as 14 May 1906. Later, when presented with evidence of certain tribal customs by

2697-428: The encomium " ... pediatrician to his infant nation". However, this image masked a regime that was rigidly authoritarian even by African standards of the time. While the constitution nominally guaranteed all manner of civil liberties, his government paid little attention to them in practice. Banda himself bluntly summed up his approach to ruling the country by saying, "Everything is my business. Everything. Anything I say

2790-636: The "stupid federation" was a smokescreen he used to reject the proposed Bangula Hydro-electric dam – proposed to be bigger than the Gezira Dam in Khartoum – that Welensky's Federation had sought and obtained funding for from the British government. Banda went on to blame everything including snails (likely to cause widespread Bilharzia) to abort the project. In turn, the British denied Banda the funding and budgetary support he needed to build his pet dream of

2883-428: The 1970s, prospective visitors to the country were informed of the following requirement for obtaining visas : Female passengers will not be permitted to enter the country if wearing short dresses or trouser-suits, except in transit or at Lake Holiday resorts or National parks. Skirts and dresses must cover the knees to conform with Government regulations. The entry of 'hippies' and men with long hair and flared trousers

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2976-731: The 1980s, Banda supported both the government and the guerrilla movement during the Mozambique civil war . He successfully gave the Malawi Army and Malawi Young Pioneers opposing missions in Mozambique from 1987 to 1992. He had the Malawi Army support the Mozambican government, controlled by FRELIMO after the country's independence in 1975, to defend Malawi's interests in Mozambique. This was done formally through an agreement in 1984 with Samora Machel . Simultaneously, Banda used

3069-556: The Apostles. The name of Mary occurs occasionally in the catacomb inscriptions towards the end of the 4th century, for example, in the form LIVIA MARIA IN PACE , and there is a martyr Maria assigned to the date AD 256. In the Acts of St. Balsamus, who died AD 331, there is an early example of the connection between baptism and the giving of a name. "By my paternal name", this martyr is said to have declared, "I am called Balsamus, but by

3162-786: The MYP as couriers and active supporters of the Mozambican National Resistance ( RENAMO ), which had been fighting against Machel's government since the late 1970s. Malawi was used to channel foreign aid from South Africa's apartheid government. Machel issued a dossier to Frontline States with evidence that Banda was still supporting the insurgents in spite of the 1984 agreement to stop. By September 1986, Machel, Robert Mugabe , and Kenneth Kaunda visited Banda to persuade him to stop supporting RENAMO. Machel's successor, Joaquim Chissano , continued to complain of Malawi's lack of willingness to stop supporting RENAMO. Banda however

3255-700: The Malawi Censorship Board and edited for content. Nudity and other socially or politically unacceptable content were barred and movies could not even show couples kissing. Videotapes had to be sent to the Censorship Board to be viewed. Once edited, the film was given a sticker stating that it was now suitable for viewing and sent back to the owner. Items to be sold in bookshops were also edited. Pages, or parts of pages, were cut out of magazines like Newsweek and Time . Communist literature, erotic magazines, and Lonely Planet 's Africa on

3348-555: The Organization of African Unity until Banda left power. Banda responded by accusing other African countries of hypocrisy, saying in a public speech to his parliament: "There is no terror, Cassius, in your threats" ( Julius Caesar ). He told them to concentrate on convincing the South African government that apartheid was unnecessary. Furthermore, he added that "[African leaders] practice disunity, not unity, while posing as

3441-590: The Portuguese colonial government by appointing Jorge Jardim as Malawi's Honorary Consul in Mozambique in September 1964. He also worked against Liberation Front of Mozambique ( FRELIMO ) forces in Malawi in continued support of the Portuguese colonial forces. The Organization of African Unity had designated Malawi as one of the Frontline States to help independence movements in Mozambique. By

3534-574: The Republic of Malawi, Ngwazi Dr. H. Kamazu Banda." The title "ngwazi" means "saviour" or "conqueror" in Chichewa. Banda was mostly viewed externally as a benign, albeit eccentric, leader, an image fostered by his English-style three-piece suits , matching handkerchiefs , walking stick and fly-whisk . In June 1967, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Massachusetts with

3627-584: The UK met with Banda at the Port of Liverpool , Liverpool , where he was making arrangements to return to Ghana. He agreed to return, but asked for some time to sort out a few private matters. The delegation returned without him and proceeded to make arrangements for his imminent return. After two false starts, including a fracas between the police and African crowds threatening to storm a BOAC aeroplane rumoured to be carrying Dr Banda at Chileka Airport , Banda finally made

3720-422: The campuses. In April 1992, Chakufwa Chihana , a labour unionist, openly called for a national referendum on the political future of Malawi. He was arrested before he finished his speech at Lilongwe International Airport. By October 1992, this mounting pressure from within and from the international community forced Banda to concede to hold a referendum on whether to maintain the one-party state. The referendum

3813-415: The conferring of a name, presumably at baptism, ought to be regulated by some idea of Christian edification, and he implies that such had been the practice of earlier generations. For example, he says: "When it comes to giving the infant a name, caring not to call it after the saints, as the ancients at first did, people light lamps and give them names and so name the child after the one which continues burning

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3906-516: The country had already been a de facto one-party state since independence. The new constitution effectively turned Banda's presidency into a legal dictatorship. In 1970, a congress of the MCP declared Banda its president for life. In 1971, the legislature declared Banda President for Life of Malawi as well. For the next quarter century, his full title was "His Excellency the Life President of

3999-531: The country's infrastructure and maintained a good educational system relative to other African countries. However, he presided over one of the most repressive regimes in Africa, an era that saw political opponents regularly tortured and murdered. Human rights groups estimate that at least 6,000 people were killed, tortured and jailed without trial. As many as 18,000 people were killed during his rule, according to one estimate. His rule has been characterised as

4092-634: The diminutive is Concha , as well as Asunción, Encarnación, Mercedes, Dolores etc. in Spanish, and in Italian Assunta, Annunziata, Concetta , etc. The name Mary has not always been a favourite for girls. In England in the 12th century, Mary as a Christian name was rare. The name George, often given in recognition of the Saint George the patron saint of England, was not common in the 13th and 14th centuries, though it grew in popularity after

4185-600: The district, as of August 2024. Kasungu District is notable for housing Kamuzu Academy , an elite international high school situated approximately 42 minutes from Kasungu Central Business District. The academy is renowned for its high academic standards and has produced many prominent Malawian leaders and professionals. Other schools include Chayamba Secondary School, Kasungu Teacher's Training College and BOMA CDSS (Community Day Secondary School). 13°00′S 33°25′E  /  13.000°S 33.417°E  / -13.000; 33.417 This Malawi location article

4278-524: The first president. He consolidated power and later declared Malawi a one-party state under the Malawi Congress Party (MCP). In 1970, the MCP made him the party's President for Life . In 1971, he became president for Life of Malawi itself. A renowned anti-communist leader in Africa, he received support from the Western Bloc during the Cold War . He generally supported women's rights , improved

4371-568: The folklorist Stith Thompson , who introduced him to Edward Sapir , an anthropologist at the University of Chicago , to which, after four semesters, he transferred. During his period there, he collaborated with the Afro-American anthropologist and linguist Mark Hanna Watkins , providing information on his native Chewa language . This led to the publication of a grammar book of the language. In Chicago, he lodged with an African-American, Corinna Saunders. He majored in history, graduating with

4464-410: The future in our endeavours to reconstruct and reconcile if we have to move forward at all. All adult citizens were required to be members of the MCP. Party cards had to be carried at all times and presented at random police inspections. The cards were sold, often by Banda's Malawi Young Pioneers (MYP). In some cases, these youths even sold cards for unborn children. The Malawi Young Pioneers were

4557-612: The government of Nyasaland (to facilitate his return there as a doctor) and from the Church of Scotland ; neither of these benefactors was aware of the other. (There are conflicting accounts of this. He might still have been funded by Mrs Smith.) When he enrolled for courses in tropical diseases in Liverpool , the Nyasaland government terminated his stipend. He was forced to leave Liverpool when he refused on conscientious grounds to be conscripted as an Army doctor. He also became an elder of

4650-404: The imposition of a new name at baptism had become general. Every child had necessarily to receive some name or other, and when baptism followed soon after birth this allowed public recognition of the choice made. In the thirtieth of the supposed Arabian Canons of Nicaea : "Of giving only names of Christians in baptism"; but the sermons of St. John Chrysostom assume in many different places that

4743-540: The indexes of legal proceedings which have been edited in modern times, while ordinary names without religious associations, such as William, Robert, Roger, Geoffrey, Hugh, etc. are common (around the year 1200, William was by far the most common Christian name in England), there are also a number of exceptional names which have apparently no religious associations at all. These include Ademar, Ailma, Ailward, Albreza, Alditha, Almaury, Ascelina, Avice, Aystorius (these come from

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4836-504: The insurgents, essentially pitting the two against each other. The end of the Cold War sounded the death knell for Banda's naked autocracy. Western leaders and international aid donors no longer had any use for authoritarian anti-Communist regimes in the Third World, all of which came under mounting pressure to democratize. Donors told Banda that he had to implement reforms aimed at making his government transparent and accountable to

4929-577: The knees. The only exception to this was at vacation resorts and country clubs, where they could not be seen by the general public. Banda explained that these restrictions were not designed to oppress women, but instill respect and dignity for them. Men's hair had to be no longer than collar length, and foreign visitors at the airport were given mandatory haircuts if necessary. Any man who ventured into public with long hair could also be seized by police and subjected to an involuntary haircut. Even foreigners coming into Malawi were subject to Banda's dress code. In

5022-479: The liberators of Africa. While they play in the orchestra of Pan Africanism, their own Romes are burning". Banda was the only African ruler to establish diplomatic ties with South Africa during apartheid as well as the Portuguese regime in Mozambique. After the cabinet crisis in 1964, Banda became increasingly isolated in African politics. On the other hand, his antipathy for Roy Welensky and what he denounced as

5115-401: The lists of martyrs . At a later date the names are of a most miscellaneous character. The following classification is one that has been worked out by J. Bass Mullinger founded on Martigny. This category may be divided as follows: These include the following: Though the recurrence of such names as Agnes, Balbina, Cornelius, Felicitas, Irenaeus, Justinus, etc. may be due to veneration for

5208-439: The lists of those cured at the shrine of St. Thomas of Canterbury ). A rubric in the official " Rituale Romanum " mandates that the priest ought to see that names of deities or of godless pagans are not given in baptism ( curet ne obscoena, fabulosa aut ridicula vel inanium deorum vel impiorum ethnicorum hominum nomina imponantur ). A pronouncement from Bourges (1666) addressing parents and godparents urges: "Let them give to boys

5301-473: The longest, from thence conjecturing that he will live a long time" (Hom. in Cor., xii, 13). Similarly he commends the practice of the parents of Antioch in calling their children after the martyr Meletius ( P.G. 50, 515) and urges his hearers not to give their children the first name that occurs, nor to seek to gratify fathers or grandfathers or other family connections by giving their names, but rather to choose

5394-653: The martyrs who first used these names, the names of the New Testament are rarely found while those of the Hebrew Bible are more common. Susanna, Daniel, Moses, Tobias, occur frequently, but towards the end of the 4th century the name of the Blessed Lady becomes as familiar as those of the Apostles. Paulus may be an intentional reference to St. Paul, and Johannes, Andreas, and Petrus with derivatives such as Petronia, Petrius, Petronilla, etc. may also refer to

5487-413: The ministers. Other ministers resigned in sympathy. The dissidents fled the country. Malawi adopted a new constitution on 6 July 1966, in which the country was declared a republic. Banda was elected the country's first president for a five-year term; he was the only candidate. The new document granted Banda wide executive and legislative powers, and also formally made the MCP the only legal party. However,

5580-742: The most repressive regimes in Africa to democracy was fairly peaceful. Operation Bwezani was a Malawi Army operation to disarm the Malawi Young Pioneers at the height of the political transition in December 1993. Bwezani means "give back." The MYP had a strong network of spies and supporters countrywide at all levels in society. They were Banda's personal security bodyguards and were all trained and indoctrinated in Kamuzuism and military training. The Malawi Army did not infiltrate this group before receiving encouragement by protests by

5673-492: The multiparty idea, effectively challenging Banda's claim to life presidency. Angered, Banda promptly "dissolved cabinet" and announced that parliament would meet immediately. At the end of that sitting of parliament, everyone in the chambers was effectively stripped of their political status. The three men were then rounded up at the Zomba Parliament buildings for questioning. Chiwanga happened on them being tortured in

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5766-590: The name Paul with the Apostle's baptism than there is to account in the same way for the giving of the name Cephas or Peter , which is due to another cause . In the inscriptions of the Catacombs of Rome and in early Christian literature, the names of Christians in the first three centuries did not distinctively differ from the names of the pagans around them. A reference to the Epistles of St. Paul indicates that

5859-431: The name of nationhood, I offer my sincere apologies. I also appeal for a spirit of reconciliation and forgiveness amongst us all...Our beautiful country has been nicknamed ` The Warm Heart of Africa ' and we have been admired for our warmth and spirit of hardwork. This admiration calls not only for a need for us to look at our past and present and draw lessons from it, but there is even a greater need for us to look forward to

5952-506: The name Ælfgifu; while the reception of a new, monastic name upon entering a religious order remains almost universal. At confirmation , in which the interposition of a godfather emphasizes the resemblance with baptism, it has been customary to take a new name, but usually, use made of it is infrequent. In the case of Henry III , King of France, godson of the English Edward VI had been christened Edouard Alexandre in 1551,

6045-428: The name Æthelstan. Various Fathers and spiritual writers and synodal decrees have exhorted Christians to give no names to their children in baptism but those of canonized saints or of the angels of God, but at no point in the history of the Church were these injunctions strictly attended to. They were not observed during the early or the later Middle Ages . In extensive lists of medieval names, such as those found in

6138-535: The names of holy men conspicuous for virtue and for their courage before God (P.G. 53, 179). There are other historic examples of such a change of name in adult converts. Socrates (Hist. Eccl., VII, xxi) wrote of Athenais who married the Emperor Theodosius the Younger , and who previously to marriage was baptized (AD 421) receiving the name Eudoxia. Bede wrote that King Caedwalla went to Rome and

6231-602: The names of male saints and to girls those of women saints as right order requires, and let them avoid the names of festivals like Easter ( Pâques ), Christmas ( Noël ), All Saints ( Toussaint ) and others that are sometimes chosen." Despite such injunctions "Toussaint" has become a common French Christian name and "Noël" has also found popularity abroad. The addition of Marie, especially in the form Jean-Marie, for boys, and of Josèphe (Marie-Josèphe), for girls, may be found in present-day France. In Spain and Italy Marian festivals have also created names for girls: Concepción , of which

6324-632: The names of pre-Christian gods and goddesses were used by his converts after their conversion as before. Hermes occurs in Romans 16:14, with a number of other purely pagan names, Epaphroditus in Phil. 4:18, Phoebe , the deaconess, in Romans 16:1. Similar names are found in the Christian inscriptions of the earlier period and in the signatories appended to such councils as Nicaea or Ancyra , or again in

6417-533: The northern tribes (particularly the Tumbuka), banning their language and books as well as teachers from certain tribes. Foreigners who broke any of these rules were often declared Prohibited Immigrants and deported. His government supervised the people's lives very closely. Early in his rule, Banda instituted a dress code rooted in his socially conservative predilections. Women were not allowed to wear see-through clothing, to have visible cleavages, trousers, and were not allowed to wear skirts or dresses that went above

6510-418: The notorious paramilitary wing of the MCP, used to intimidate and harass the public. The Pioneers bore arms, conducted espionage and intelligence operations, and were trusted bodyguards for Banda. They helped foster the culture of fear that prevailed during his rule. Banda was the subject of an extensive cult of personality . Every business building was required to have an official picture of him hanging on

6603-423: The people and the international community as a condition for further aid. The British government also stopped their financial support. In March 1992, Catholic bishops in Malawi issued a Lenten pastoral letter that criticized Banda and his government. Students of the University of Malawi at Chancellor College and the Polytechnic joined protests and demonstrations to support the bishops, forcing authorities to close

6696-557: The people. After some questions about his health, Banda ran in Malawi's first truly democratic presidential election in 1994 . He was roundly defeated by Bakili Muluzi , a Yao from the southern region of the country. Banda quickly conceded defeat. ″I wish to congratulate him wholeheartedly and offer him [Muluzi] my full support and cooperation,″ he said on state radio, marking an end to Malawi's 30 years of one-party rule . The party Banda led since taking over from Orton Chirwa in 1960,

6789-539: The same French prince at confirmation received the name of Henri, and subsequently reigned under this name. In England after the Reformation, the practice of adopting a new name at confirmation was still used, as Sir Edward Coke wrote that a man might validly buy land by his confirmation name , and he recalled the case of a Sir Francis Gawdye , late Chief Justice of the Common Pleas , whose name of baptism

6882-565: The same name as the Apostle John , who on account of their love for him, and because they admired and emulated him, and desired to be loved by the Lord as he was, took to themselves the same name, just as many of the children of the faithful are called Paul or Peter." The assumption of any such new name would take place formally at baptism, in which the catechumen , then probably as now, had to be addressed by some distinctive appellation, and

6975-681: The second Malawian person to receive a medical degree, following Daniel Sharpe Malekebu . While studying at Meharry Medical College in Tennessee, Banda married Robertine Edmonds in 1934. To practise medicine in territories of the British Empire , however, Banda was apparently required to gain a second medical degree; he attended the University of Edinburgh and was subsequently awarded a Scottish triple conjoint diploma (with post-nominals LRCP(Edin) , LRCS(Edin) and LRCPSG ) in 1941. His studies were funded by stipends of £300 per year from

7068-519: The so-called Native Courts , ended certain colonial agricultural tariffs and made other reforms. In December 1962, R. A. Butler , British Secretary of State for African Affairs, essentially agreed to end the Federation. It was Banda himself who chose the name "Malawi" for the former Nyasaland; he had seen it on an old French map as the name of a "Lake Maravi" in the land of the Bororos , and liked

7161-507: The sound and appearance of the word as "Malawi". On 6 July 1964, exactly six years after Banda's return to the country, Nyasaland gained independence and renamed itself Malawi. Barely a month after independence, Malawi suffered the Cabinet Crisis of 1964 . Banda had already been accused of autocratic tendencies. Several of Banda's ministers presented him with proposals designed to limit his powers. Banda responded by dismissing four of

7254-523: The spiritual name which I received in baptism, I am known as Peter." The assumption of a new name was fairly common amongst Christians. Eusebius the historian took the name Pamphili from Pamphilus , the martyr whom he especially venerated. Earlier still St. Cyprian chose to be called Cyprianus Caecilius out of gratitude to the Caecilius to whom he owed his conversion. St. Dionysius of Alexandria (c. 260) declared, "I am of opinion that there were many of

7347-409: The terms have been used interchangeably with given name , first name and forename in traditionally Christian countries, and are still common in day-to-day use. Strictly speaking, the Christian name is not merely the forename distinctive of the individual member of a family, but the name given to the person (generally a child) at their christening or baptism. In pre- Reformation England, the laity

7440-476: The two governments continued to be cordial after it was revealed that Banda was secretly helping the ANC during the apartheid era. The Malawi government and South African government continued diplomatic relations. Banda's involvement in Mozambique dated back to Portuguese colonial days in Mozambique when Banda supported the Portuguese colonial government and guerrilla forces that worked for it. Following independence in Malawi, Banda strengthened his relationship with

7533-553: The wall, and no poster, clock or picture could be higher than his portrait. Before every film, a video of Banda waving to the people was shown while the anthem played. When Banda visited a city, a contingent of women were expected to greet him at the airport and dance for him. A special cloth, bearing the president's picture, was the required attire for these performances. Houses of worship required government approval to operate, and some faiths such as Jehovah's Witnesses were banned entirely. All films shown in cinemas were first viewed by

7626-400: The wishes of and aspirations of the people...During my term of office, I selflessly dedicated myself to the good cause of Mother Malawi in the fight against Poverty, Ignorance and Disease among many other issues; but if within the process, those who worked in my government or through false pretence in my name or indeed unknowingly by me, pain and suffering was caused to anybody in this country in

7719-573: Was baptized by the Pope Sergius who gave him the name of Peter. Dying soon afterwards he was buried in Rome and his epitaph beginning Hic depositus est Caedwalla qui est Petrus was pointed out (Bede, "Hist. Eccl.", V, vii). Later Guthrum the Danish leader in England after his long contest with King Alfred was eventually defeated, and consenting to accept Christianity was baptized in 878, taking

7812-431: Was cited as co-respondent in the divorce of Mr French and accused of adultery with Mrs French. She followed Banda to West Africa, but he wanted nothing more to do with her. She died in 1976. Several influential Congress leaders, including Henry Chipembere , Kanyama Chiume , Dunduzu Chisiza and T.D.T. Banda (no relation) pleaded with him to return to Nyasaland to take up leadership of their cause. A delegation sent to

7905-740: Was declared. On 3 March, Banda, along with hundreds of other Africans, was arrested in the course of " Operation Sunrise ". He was imprisoned in Gwelo (now Gweru ) in Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe ), and leadership of the Malawi Congress Party (the Nyasaland African Congress under a new name) was temporarily assumed by Orton Chirwa , who was released from prison in August 1959. The mood in Britain, meanwhile, had long been moving towards decolonisation due to pressure from its colonies. Banda

7998-492: Was earned through his education. Around 1915–16, he left home on foot with Hanock Msokera Phiri, an uncle who had been a teacher at the nearby Livingstonia mission school, for Hartley, Southern Rhodesia (now Chegutu , Zimbabwe). He apparently wanted to enroll at the famous Scottish Presbyterian Lovedale Missionary Institute in South Africa but completed his Standard 8 education without studying there. In 1917, he left on foot for Johannesburg in South Africa. He worked at

8091-429: Was held on 14 June 1993, resulting in an overwhelming vote (64 percent) in favour of multiparty democracy. After this, political parties besides the MCP were formed and preparation for the general elections began. Banda worked with the newly forming parties and the church, and made no protest when a special assembly stripped him of his title of President for Life, along with most of his powers. The transition from one of

8184-476: Was issued on 4 January 1996 in the name of H. Kamuzu Banda to the people of his nation shortly after being acquitted in the Mwanza Trials. The statement was met with controversy, suspicion and disdain. It was also questioned whether Banda wrote the statement himself or if someone wrote it on his behalf. In it, he noted that: Systems of government are dynamic and they are bound to change in accordance with

8277-523: Was one of the few African leaders to support the United States in the Vietnam War , a position he adopted in part due to his hatred of communism. While many southern African nations traded with apartheid -era South Africa out of economic necessity, Malawi was the only African nation that recognised South Africa and established diplomatic relations with it, including a trade treaty which angered other African leaders. They threatened to expel Malawi from

8370-498: Was released from prison in April 1960 and was almost immediately invited to London for talks aimed at bringing about independence. Elections were held in August 1961. While Banda was technically nominated as Minister of Land, Natural Resources and Local Government, he became de facto Prime Minister of Nyasaland – a title granted to him formally on 1 February 1963. He and his fellow MCP ministers quickly expanded secondary education, reformed

8463-505: Was replaced with Kamuzu, which means "little root". The name Kamuzu was given to him because he was conceived after his mother had been given root herbs by a medicine man to cure infertility. He took the Christian name of Hastings after being baptised into the Church of Scotland by Dr George Prentice , a Scot, in 1910, naming himself after John Hastings, a Scottish missionary working near his village whom he admired. The prefix "doctor"

8556-528: Was taught to administer baptism in case of necessity with the words: "I christen thee in the name of the Father" etc. To "christen" in this context is therefore to "baptise", and "Christian name" means "baptismal name". In view of the Hebrew practice of giving a name to the male child at the time of his circumcision on the eighth day after birth ( Luke 1:59), it has been maintained that the custom of conferring

8649-529: Was trying to keep Malawian interests in the Port of Nacala in Mozambique and did not want to rely on Tanzania and South Africa ports for its imports and exports due to the expense. Mozambique and Malawi came to an agreement to place troops from both countries in Nayuchi near the port. Incidents of Malawi Army members being killed over the course of four years angered the Army because MYP members were involved with

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