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57-534: Santo Domingo Pueblo , also known Kewa Pueblo (also spelled Kiua, Eastern Keres [kʰewɑ] , Keres: Díiwʾi , Navajo: Tó Hájiiloh ) is a federally recognized tribe of Native American Pueblo people in northern New Mexico . A population of 2,456 (as of 2010 ) live in structures some of which date from circa 1700; in Sandoval County (~35 miles (56 km) northeast of Albuquerque, New Mexico , off Interstate 25 southwest of Santa Fe ) described by

114-480: A Treaty of St. Peters agreement with the native Dakota Indians, purchasing the future site of Fort Snelling . The expedition proceeded further upriver, stopping to construct a winter camp at the mouth of the Swan River , south of present-day Little Falls, Minnesota , on October 16. On December 10, they continued upstream along the frozen river on foot, visiting several British North West Company fur posts along

171-603: A phonemic distinction in duration : all vowels can be long or short. Additionally, short vowels can also be voiceless. The vowel chart below contains the vowel phonemes and allophones from the information of the Keresan languages combined from The Language of Santa Ana Pueblo (1964), The Phonemes of Keresan (1946), and Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics (1987). Notes: All Keresan short vowels may be devoiced in certain positions. The phonemic status of these vowels

228-560: A CV(V) shape. The maximal syllable structure is CCVVC and the minimal syllable is CV. In native Keresan words, only a glottal stop /ʔ/ ⟨ʼ⟩ can close a syllable, but some loanwords from Spanish have syllables that end in a consonant, mostly a nasal (i.e. /m n/ but words containing these sequences are rare in the language. Due to extensive vowel devoicing, several Keresan words may be perceived as ending in consonants or even containing consonant clusters. The only sequence of consonants (i.e. consonant cluster ) that occurs in native Keresan words

285-586: A Royal, then Imperial French Army officer who had been tasked to tour the Mississippi frontier and draw maps that France might use if it were to try and seize the lightly settled heartland territory of the Mississippi River valley basin from the nascent United States further to the East. In the summer of 1805, General-in-Chief James Wilkinson ordered young Lt. Pike to locate the northern source of

342-482: A cartographer who also acted as an interpreter. Walker transcribed and translated Pike's confiscated documents, including his journal. Spanish authorities feared the spread of both their democracy and Protestant Christian sects that might undermine their rule. During this time, Pike had access to various maps of the southwest and New Spain , and especially learned about colonial Mexico's increasing discontentment with Royal Spanish rule. Spain filed official protests with

399-575: A dot below (see table). Tone may or may not be represented in the orthography of Keresan. When represented, four diacritics may be used above the vowel. Unlike the system used for Navajo , diacritics for tone are not repeated in long vowels. Although Keresan is not normally written, there exists one dictionary of the language in which words are listed in any given order. In this dictionary of Western Keres, digraphs count as single letters, although ejective consonants are not listed separately; occurring after their non-ejective counterparts. The symbol for

456-463: A gesture of reconciliation, arriving at their winter encampment on March 5. They re-embarked in their pirogues for the downriver journey on April 7, reaching St. Louis on April 20. Pike's was the second expedition besides earlier Lewis and Clark , dispatched by the U.S. government into its new western territories , and the first to return. After Lieutenant Pike returned from this first expedition, General Wilkinson almost immediately ordered him to mount

513-531: A missing portion of Pike's confiscated journals, is usually told in two segments. The first sequence involves Pike's unlikely acquisition of a great treasure. The second is a description of Pike's discovery of the lost city "Palanor," said to be built by pre-Columbian European settlers, and his decision to hide the treasure there. As Michael Olsen shows, after Pike's death in battle, his military accomplishments were widely celebrated in terms of biographies, mourning memorials, paintings, poems, and songs, and he became

570-573: A second expedition, this time to the Southwest to explore, map, and find the headwaters of the Arkansas River and parallel Red River of the South upstream from the lower Mississippi River . Additional objectives of this exploratory expedition into the southwestern part of the new Louisiana Territory were to evaluate natural resources and establish friendly relations with Native Americans. It

627-596: A series of frontier posts, including Fort Belle Fontaine near today's St. Louis . General-in-Chief James Wilkinson (1757-1825), of the United States Army was appointed by third President Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826, served 1801-1809), as first Governor of the Upper Louisiana Territory and headquartered there, becaming young Pike's mentor. In 1796, Pike shadowed the expedition of General Georges Henri Victor Collot (1750-1805),

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684-589: A short side trip (February 12 to 14), Pike traveled to the North West Company fur post on Upper Red Cedar Lake (later renamed Cass Lake), designating the lake as the upper source of the Mississippi and taking celestial observations / calculations to determine its latitude . Pike and his men left Leech Lake on February 18, carrying diplomatic tokens from the Ojibwe chiefs to present to the Dakota chiefs as

741-623: A supporting role in Spanish colonial history. Francisco Vázquez de Coronado made first contact with Kewa in 1540. When the Spanish first came to the Rio Grande Valley, they found over 70 villages that manufactured goods and had a strong trade network. Kewa was one of these villages. After first contact, Spanish expeditions into the area continued, one of them being Juan de Oñate's expedition in 1598. Oñate arrived in Kewa Pueblo with

798-517: A total of about 85 phonemes , depending on the analysis and the language variety. Based on the classification in the World Atlas of Language Structures , Keres is a language with a large consonant inventory. The great number of consonants relates to the three-way distinction between voiceless , aspirated and ejective consonants (e.g. /t tʰ tʼ/), and to the larger than average number of fricatives (i.e. /s sʼ ʂ ʂʼ ʃ ʃʼ h/) and affricates ,

855-527: Is a verb-final language, though word order is rather flexible. Zebulon Pike Zebulon Montgomery Pike (January 5, 1779 – April 27, 1813) was an American brigadier general and explorer for whom Pikes Peak in Colorado is named. As a U.S. Army officer he led two expeditions through the Louisiana Purchase territory, first in 1805–1806 to reconnoiter the upper northern reaches of

912-411: Is a sacred language that must exist only in its spoken form. The language's religious connotation and years of persecution of Pueblo religion by European colonizers may also explain why no unified orthographic convention exists for Keresan. However, a practical spelling system has been developed for Laguna (Kʼawaika) and more recently for Acoma (Áakʼu) Keres, both of which are remarkably consistent. In

969-834: Is a sequence of a fricative /ʃ ʂ/ and a stop or affricate. Clusters are restricted to beginnings of syllables (i.e. the syllable onset ). When the alveolo-palatal consonant /ʃ/ occurs as C 1 , it combines with alveolar and palatal C 2 , whereas the retroflex alveolar /ʂ/ precedes bilabial and velar C 2 s, which suggest a complementary distribution. Consonant clusters may occur both word-initially and word-medially. shd áurákụ 'frog, toad' sht érashtʼígá 'cricket' shtʼ idyàatịshị 'plot of land' shj v 'upward' shch úmúmá 'wasp' shchʼ ísạ 'six' srb úuná 'water jug' srp àat'i 'mockingbird' srpʼ eruru 'it's full' srg ásrgáukʼa 'quail' srk v́dútsị 'mound, hill' srkʼ abíhí 'female in-law' Traditional Keresan beliefs postulate that Keres

1026-666: Is an important art form and utilitarian craft from Kewa Pueblo. Large ollas and dough bowls are common forms for Kewa potters. Many Kewa potters are women, although men can also create ceramics. In the 1920's, tourism catalyzed by a nearby railway stop in the town of Wallace, drew attention to Kewa and its pottery. Pottery would become a valuable export for Kewa during this time. The Aguilar Family , consisting of two sisters and one sister-in-law, created Kewa pottery from 1910 until approximately 1915 and became very well-known for their artwork. Robert Tenorio has continued his family legacy by making traditional Kewa pottery, and Tenorio's sister

1083-649: Is based on a split-intransitive pattern, in which subjects are marked differently if they are perceived as actors than from when they are perceived as undergoers of the action being described. The morphology of Keresan is mostly prefixing , although suffixes and reduplication also occur. Keresan distinguishes nouns , verbs, numerals and particles as word classes. Nouns in Keresan do not normally distinguish case or number , but they can be inflected for possession , with distinct constructions for alienable and inalienable possession. Other than possession, Keresan nouns show no comprehensive noun classes . Keresan

1140-532: Is commonly said that his expedition was an innocent exploration of the West, but that is not the case. This was a mission to prepare for a possible American invasion of the neighboring Royal Spanish provinces of New Mexico and Texas over the disputed southwest border from France's sale of the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. Beginning July 15, 1806, Pike led what became known as the " Pike Expedition ". In early November 1806, Pike and his team sighted and tried to climb to

1197-603: Is controversial. Maring (1967) considers them to be phonemes of Áákʼu Keres, whereas other authors disagree. There are phonetic grounds for vowel devoicing based on the environment they occur, for instance word-finally, but there are also exceptions. Vowels in final position are nearly always voiceless and medial vowels occurring between voiced consonants, after nasals and ejectives are nearly always voiced. Acoma Keres has four lexical tones : high, low, falling and rising. Falling and rising tones only occur in long vowels and voiceless vowels bear no tones: Most Keresan syllables take

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1254-612: Is located at 35°30′52″N 106°21′48″W  /  35.51444°N 106.36333°W  / 35.51444; -106.36333 (35.514483, -106.363429). The pueblo is located approximately 25 miles (40 km) southwest of Santa Fe . Interstate 25 runs 4 miles (6 km) to the east of the community. The pueblo is part of the Albuquerque Metropolitan Statistical Area . According to the United States Census Bureau ,

1311-697: Is maintained to this day by the Pike National Trail Association. Pike was honored in 1901 by General William Jackson Palmer with a marble statue placed near the main entrance of the Antlers Hotel .   Pike was later honored in 1926 with a bronze medallion portrait placed in the pavilion at Tahama Spring (named after Pike's Dakota guide, Chief Tahama ) in Monument Valley Park, Colorado Springs. For over two hundred years, historians have debated whether Pike

1368-520: Is now considered a language isolate . In the past, Edward Sapir grouped it together with a Hokan –Siouan stock. Morris Swadesh suggested a connection with Wichita . Joseph Greenberg grouped Keres with Siouan , Yuchi , Caddoan , and Iroquoian in a superstock called Keresiouan. None of these proposals has been validated by subsequent linguistic research. In 2007, there was an estimate total of 10,670 speakers. Keresan has between 42 and 45 consonant sounds, and around 40 vowel sounds, adding up to

1425-684: The Mississippi River , and then in 1806–1807 to explore the southwest to the fringes of the northern Spanish-colonial settlements of New Mexico and Texas . Pike's expeditions coincided with other Jeffersonian expeditions, including the Lewis and Clark Expedition and the Red River Expedition in 1806. Pike's second expedition crossed the Rocky Mountains into what is now southern Colorado, which led to his capture by

1482-534: The Mississippi River , explore the northern portion of the newly created and beginning to organize the Louisiana Territory , and expel any British / Canadian roving fur traders illegally trading within the new western borders of the expanded United States . Pike left St. Louis on August 9, 1805, proceeding upstream by pirogue . He and his crew reached the confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers on September 21, where he negotiated

1539-472: The New York shore of Lake Ontario , for what became his last military campaign. On this expedition, Pike commanded combat troops in the successful attack on York (now Toronto ) on April 27, 1813. Pike was killed, along with numerous other American troops, by flying rocks and other debris when the withdrawing British garrison blew up its ammunition magazine as Pike's troops approached Fort York . His body

1596-1121: The Pecos River , which had not yet been seen by Europeans. He made it as far as Pecos Pueblo , and raided it for slaves. He turned west and traveled toward modern-day Santa Fe , which had been established by the Spanish. He followed the Rio Grande river valley south. On orders of the Viceroy at Mexico City, Captain Juan Morlette found Castaño at Kewa Pueblo and arrested him. He returned him to authorities to face trial for his crimes, including his attack on Pecos Pueblo. Castaño abandoned two interpreters at Kewa Pueblo; he had kidnapped them earlier and brought them with him. Governor Juan de Oñate 's expedition recorded encountering Tomas and Cristobal at Kewa Pueblo, as it traveled north. Potters of Kewa and Cochiti Pueblos have made stylized pottery for centuries, developing styles for different purposes and expressing deep beliefs in their designs. Since

1653-588: The U.S. Census Bureau as a census-designated place . A 48 acres (19 ha) area of the pueblo was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. The listing included 80 contributing buildings . The population of the pueblo is composed of Native Americans who speak Keres, an eastern dialect of the Keresan languages . Like several other Pueblo peoples, they have a matrilineal kinship system, in which children are considered born into

1710-532: The Keres spelling system, each symbol represents a single phoneme. The letters ⟨c q z f⟩ and sometimes also ⟨v⟩ are not used. Digraphs represent both palatal consonants (written using a sequence of C and ⟨y⟩), and retroflex consonants, which are represented using a sequence of C and the letter ⟨r⟩. These graphemes used for writing Western Keres are shown between ⟨...⟩ below. Signs at Acoma Pueblo sometimes use special diacritics for ejective consonants that differ from

1767-698: The Louisiana border on July 1, 1807. Pike was promoted to the rank of captain during the southwestern expedition. In 1811, Pike fought with the 4th Infantry Regiment at the Battle of Tippecanoe under General (and future ninth President) William Henry Harrison (1773-1841). He was promoted to colonel of the 15th Infantry Regiment in July 1812. Pike's military career also included service as deputy quartermaster -general in New Orleans and inspector general during

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1824-601: The Mississippi River, through Louisiana Territory, and in New Spain, during the Years 1805–6–7 . These journals and maps gave Americans important information about trade opportunities along with the blueprints for the Santa Fe Trail. It was popular and was later translated into Dutch, French, and German editions. It became popular reading for all American explorers who followed him in the 19th century. Pike's capture by

1881-556: The Santo Domingo CDP that overlays the pueblo has a total area of 2.0 square miles (5.2 km), all land. The 2010 census found that 2,456 people lived in the CDP, while 3,519 people in the U.S. reported being exclusively Santo Domingo Puebloan and 4,430 people reported being Santo Domingo Puebloan exclusively or in combination with another group. The state of New Mexico has reported the population as 3,100. The pueblo plays

1938-605: The Spanish and travel through the Southwest gave Pike insight into the region. For example, he described the politics in Chihuahua, which led to the Mexican independence movement, and described trade conditions in the Spanish territories of New Mexico and Chihuahua. In some eastern regions of North America, a tradition or legend pervades often referred to as The Lost City of Palanor or Zebulon's Gift which has been attributed to Pike's journals. The myth, said to be derived from

1995-541: The Spanish colonial authorities near Santa Fe , who sent Pike and his men to Chihuahua (present-day Mexico) for interrogation. Later in 1807, Pike and some of his men were escorted by the Spanish through Texas and released near American territory in Louisiana . In 1810, Pike published an account of his expeditions, a book so popular that it was translated into several languages for publication in Europe. He later achieved

2052-645: The United States about Pike's exploring expedition, but since the nations were not at war (and the Kingdom of Spain was rebelling against Napoleon Bonaparte's younger brother, who was put in place to rule Spain and was also fighting Great Britain in the Peninsular War ), Commandant Salcedo released the American military men. The Spanish escorted Pike and most of his men back north, releasing them at

2109-455: The consonants of the proto -Keresan (or pre-Keresan) from Miller & Davis (1963) based on a comparison of Acoma, Santa Ana, and Santo Domingo, as well as other features of the dialects compiled from The Language of Santa Ana Pueblo (1964), Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics (1987), and The Phonemes of Keresan (1946), and the Grammar of Laguna Keres (2005). Keresan vowels have

2166-412: The early decades of the 20th century, these pots have been appreciated by a wider audience outside the pueblos. Continuing to use traditional techniques, in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, potters have also expanded their designs and repertoire in pottery, which has an international market. Kewa Indians, similar to other Indian populations in the Rio Grande region, believe their people emerged from

2223-443: The glottal stop ⟨ʼ⟩, for long vowels (e.g. ⟨aa ee ii⟩ etc.) are not treated as separate letters. Letters〈f q x z〉are not used to write Keres, whereas the letters ⟨ɨ o v⟩ are only used in some dialects. Keresan is a split-ergative language in which verbs denoting states (i.e. stative verbs ) behave differently from those indexing actions, especially in terms of the person affixes they take. This system of argument marking

2280-747: The inner earth from a place in the north called Shipap. As the legend goes, from Shipap they migrated southwards, breaking off into smaller groups along the way. These breakaway groups would go on to found other pueblos. The highest official in the pueblo is called the Cacique. Although he is the highest ranking official, he does not serve as ruler. Rather, he serves as a priest, and conducts a multitude of religious ceremonies. Kewa artists are known for their stonework jewelry, including flat disks or beads called heishi , meaning "shell bead" in Eastern Keresan, which are often made into necklaces. Pottery

2337-403: The intention of bringing Kewa and pueblos in its vicinity under Spanish rule. Soon after his visit, a mission was established and a church was built. In 1680, Kewa and other nearby pueblos rose in revolt against their Spanish colonizers, killing four priests and Spanish settlers nearby. Similar strife occurred again during the tail end of Spanish colonization in the area in 1696. In both cases,

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2394-609: The later part of the War of 1812 (1812-1815). Pike commanded the advance guard of an American force which was defeated—primarily because of the poor planning and half-hearted effort of his commander, Henry Dearborn —at the first Battle of Lacolle Mills in November 1812. Pike was promoted to brigadier general in March 1813. Along with General Jacob Brown , Pike departed from the newly fortified rural military outpost of Sackets Harbor , on

2451-416: The latter also showing the three-way distinction found in stops . The large number of vowels derives from a distinction made between long and short vowels (e.g. /e eː/), as well as from the presence of tones and voicelessness. Thus, a single vowel quality may occur with seven distinct realizations: /é è e̥ éː èː êː ěː/, all of which are used to distinguish words in the language. The chart below contains

2508-591: The military service of the United States in 1775 at the beginning of the American Revolutionary War . Through his father, he was a direct descendant of Robert Pike , who was famous being an opponent of the Salem witchcraft prosecutions of 1692 . Zebulon Pike Jr. grew to adulthood with his family at a series of outposts in Ohio and Illinois —the United States' northwestern frontier at the time. He

2565-544: The mother's family and clan , and inheritance and property pass through the maternal line. The pueblo celebrates an annual feast day on August 4 to honor their patron saint , Saint Dominic . More than 2,000 Pueblo people participate in the traditional corn dances held at this time. On the Catholic saint's day of Santo Domingo in August 1598, conquistador Juan de Oñate had his first encounter with Kewa Pueblo. The Pueblo

2622-487: The namesake for dozens of towns, counties, and ships. His memory faded after the Civil War but rebounded in 1906, at the centennial of his Southwest Expedition. His 20th-century reputation focused on his exploration, and his name appeared often on natural features, such as dams, islands, lakes, and parks. Pike's Peak remains the second most visited mountain in the world. Pike's expedition route of approximately 3,664 miles

2679-548: The new United States' desire that the Ojibwe and Dakota cease their mutual hostility and invited the chiefs to attend a peace conference back in St. Louis (all declined the invitation to travel through several hundred miles of hostile territory). On February 10, they ceremonially shot the British red ensign flag from the fur company's flag pole, replacing it with a fifteen stars and fifteen stripes Star-Spangled Banner American flag. On

2736-576: The old colonial capital of Santa Fe of the Royal Spanish province of New Mexico and on further south to the Chihuahua City capital of Chihuahua province, and presented to Commandant General Salcedo, who was governor of the state. Pike was treated well and invited to formal social dinners but still not quite given the treatment of a visiting diplomatic dignitary, and his men were kept prisoner. Salcedo housed Pike with Juan Pedro Walker,

2793-579: The rank of brigadier general in the American Army and served during the War of 1812 until he was killed during the Battle of York in April 1813, outside the British colonial capital of Upper Canada . Pike was born on January 5, 1779, in Lamington, New Jersey . He was the son of Isabella (Brown) and Zebulon Pike, and would follow in the footsteps of his father, who had begun his own career in

2850-480: The revolts were eventually quelled by the Spanish. A century later, in 1807, Lieutenant Zebulon Pike visited Kewa. In his journal, he described the church as adorned with elegantly ornamented paintings, one of which being Saint Domingo. Gaspar Castaño de Sosa , a fugitive from the Crown, was arrested at the pueblo in March 1591. Castaño, a notorious slaver , had fled capture. He pursued an illegal claims expedition up

2907-616: The summit of the peak later named after him ( Pikes Peak ). They made it as far as Mt. Rosa, located southeast of Pikes Peak, before giving up the ascent in waist-deep snow. They had already gone almost two days without food. They then continued south, searching for the Red River of the South's headwaters, and built a fort for shelter during the winter. However, they had crossed the border, whether through confusion or deliberation. Royal Spanish authorities captured Pike and some of his party on February 26, 1807. Pike and his men were taken to

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2964-614: The symbols above, as shown in the table: Vowel sounds are represented straightforwardly in the existing spellings for Keresan. Each vowel sound is written using a unique letter or digraph (for long vowels and diphthongs ). However, there are two competing representations for the vowel /ɨ/. Some versions simply use the IPA ⟨ɨ⟩ whereas others use the letter ⟨v⟩ (the sound /v/ as in veal does not occur in Keresan). Voiceless vowels have also been represented in two ways; either underlined or with

3021-512: The way. They reached the fur post at Leech Lake on February 1 and stayed nearly three weeks. Pike informed the traders they were within the new boundaries of the United States and henceforth required to abide by its American laws and regulations. Pike met with many prominent Ojibwe chiefs, prevailing on them to surrender the medals and flags given to them as tokens of allegiance by the British and offering American peace medals . He also relayed

3078-424: Was brought by ship back to Sackets Harbor, where his remains were buried at the military cemetery. The Spanish authorities confiscated some of Pike's papers, which were not recovered by the United States from Mexico until the 20th century. Pike wrote an account of his expeditions, some of which had to be recreated from memory, which was published in 1810 as The expeditions of Zebulon Montgomery Pike to Headwaters of

3135-541: Was commissioned as a second lieutenant of infantry in 1799 and promoted to first lieutenant later that same year. Pike married his cousin Clarissa Harlow Brown in 1801. They had one child who survived to adulthood, Clarissa Brown Pike, who later married President William Henry Harrison 's son, John Cleves Symmes Harrison. They had four other children who died before reaching adulthood. Pike's military career included working on logistics and payroll at

3192-781: Was part of a well-known husband-wife pottery collaboration called, Arthur and Hilda Coriz . It is in the Bernalillo Public Schools district, which operates Santo Domingo Elementary and Middle Schools, and Bernalillo High School . The school district states that Cochiti Elementary and Middle Schools in Peña Blanca and Bernalillo Middle School have students from Kewa Pueblo. Bernalillo Middle School (a zoned middle school of this community), Some elementary-aged students from Kewa Pueblo attend Algodones Elementary School in Algodones . Keresan languages Keres

3249-578: Was subsequently named "Santo Domingo". Its earliest recorded name was Gipuy . According to Pueblo Council members, the local name in their Keres language has always been Kewa. In 2009, the pueblo officially changed its name to Kewa Pueblo, altering its seal, signs and letterhead. According to the Pueblo of Acoma's Keres Online Dictionary, the Western Keresan-name for the pueblo was Díiwʾi and for its people therefore Dîiwʾamʾé . Kewa Pueblo

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