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100-827: There is no national championship for Junior B hockey in Canada, but similar championships are held in Southern Ontario ( Sutherland Cup ), Ottawa District ( Barkley Cup ), Quebec ( Coupe Dodge ), and Atlantic Canada ( Don Johnson Memorial Cup )—leaving five teams at the end of each year with a shared claim to being the best Junior B team in Canada. The Keystone Cup was donated to the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association by Keystone Sports from Selkirk, Manitoba . The inaugural tournament took place in 1983 in Portage la Prairie, Manitoba , and

200-703: A "metro area", the Census Metropolitan Area (CMA), roughly bundles together population figures from the core municipality with those from "commuter" municipalities. Note: A city's metropolitan area may actually be larger than its CMA. For example; Oshawa is part of the Greater Toronto Area ; however, it is considered its own CMA. The region is broken up into 40 census divisions , including 22 counties , eight regional municipalities , nine single-tier municipalities and depending on its inclusion, one district . The line between

300-566: A by-election in 2001, and was re-elected in the 2003 and 2007 elections. Former Ontario New Democratic Party leader Howard Hampton and former Ontario Liberal Party leader Lyn McLeod also represented Northern Ontario ridings in the provincial legislature; the six months in 1996 between Hampton's accession to the NDP leadership in June and McLeod's departure as Liberal leader in December marked

400-560: A commuter train system called the GO Train , which is supplemented by a network of bus services. There are several major international airports, including the busiest airport in the country, Toronto Pearson International Airport (ranked 15th busiest worldwide by flights in 2014), Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport , John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport , London International Airport , and Region of Waterloo International Airport . Many Southern Ontarians living close to

500-591: A controversial but now-defunct plan to ship Toronto 's garbage to the Adams Mine , an abandoned open pit mine in Kirkland Lake. In the redistribution of provincial electoral districts before the 2007 election , the province retained the existing electoral district boundaries in Northern Ontario, rather than adjusting them to correspond to federal electoral district boundaries as was done in

600-413: A letter to Prime Minister Jean Chrétien asking him to outline the necessary conditions for the region to secede from Ontario to form a new province. This movement emerged as a reaction to the government of Mike Harris , whose policies were widely unpopular in the region even though Harris himself represented the Northern Ontario riding of Nipissing in the legislature. More recently, some residents of

700-541: A second movement emerged following the creation of Alberta and Saskatchewan in 1905. In the 1940s, an organization called the New Province League formed to lobby for the creation of a new territory of "Aurora". In 1966, a committee of mayors from the region, comprising Max Silverman of Sudbury, G. W. Maybury of Kapuskasing, Ernest Reid of Fort William, Leo Del Villano of Timmins, Merle Dickerson of North Bay and Leo Foucault of Espanola, formed to study

800-587: A service and knowledge economy. Toronto is home to the country's financial sector, including the major Canadian banks and Toronto Stock Exchange . Ottawa, the national capital, is home to the Government of Canada and most government departments and agencies, in addition to having a strong technology sector. Some parts of Southern Ontario are heavily entwined with bordering cities in New York and Michigan in terms of industry and people. The focus areas are

900-649: A standalone university in 2022 dually based in Sudbury and Thunder Bay. NOSM has clinical placements throughout Northern Ontario and a special research focus on rural medicine. In 2011, Laurentian University was granted a charter to launch the McEwen School of Architecture in Sudbury, and Lakehead University was granted approval to launch the Bora Laskin Faculty of Law in Thunder Bay. As with

1000-529: Is Canada's most populated area. Toronto is notable for its multiculturalism and cosmopolitan nature: Southern Ontario also features in the literary genre of Southern Ontario Gothic , a major strand in Canadian literature. Southern Ontario has a highly developed transport system, including many highways , airports, ports, trains, and buses. The freeway system in Southern Ontario is referred to as

1100-420: Is a major vineyard region and producer of Canadian wines . While Southern Ontario has been a part of the province of Ontario since its establishment at Confederation in 1867, previously forming the colony of Upper Canada, a large portion of Northern Ontario did not become part of Ontario until 1912. The French explored and colonized Territorial Southern Ontario in the 17th century and forged relations with

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1200-478: Is exceptionally popular near James Bay. Group hunting for moose is a favourite social outing. In winter, snowmobiling, ice fishing, outdoor shinny, cross-country skiing, and snowshoeing are popular activities. The region boasts extensive snowmobiling trails and many lakes are dotted with ice hut villages throughout the winter. The region is home to numerous major cultural events, including Sudbury's La Nuit sur l'étang , Northern Lights Festival Boréal and Cinéfest ,

1300-411: Is far more densely populated and contains most of the province's cities, major roads, and institutions. Northern Ontario, in contrast, contains more natural resources and remote wilderness. Although it has no saltwater coastline, the region has an abundance of freshwater coastlines on three Great Lakes ( Huron , Erie and Ontario ), as well as smaller lakes such as Lake Simcoe and Lake St. Clair . It

1400-999: Is home to several professional sports teams, including the Ottawa Senators and Toronto Maple Leafs in the NHL ; the Toronto Blue Jays in Major League Baseball ; the NBA's Toronto Raptors ; soccer's Toronto FC in MLS and Atlético Ottawa in the Canadian Premier League ; and three teams in the Canadian Football League —the Hamilton Tiger-Cats , Ottawa Redblacks , and Toronto Argonauts . The region also hosts

1500-490: Is no single regional culinary dish. Fish and wild game, such as walleye (pickerel) and moose , can be considered regional favourites. Roadside chip trucks are popular choices for meals for locals and tourists alike, and almost every community has at least one. Poutine , which originated in Quebec with early adoption in Northern Ontario, is a core dish at these and many other restaurants. Italian cuisine has had an influence on

1600-596: Is not politically part of the District of Sudbury — is the only census division in Northern Ontario where county-level services are offered by a local government rather than the province. A portion of the Nipissing District which lies south of the geographic dividing line between Northern and Southern Ontario is considered administratively and statistically part of Northern Ontario because of its status as part of Nipissing. As well, for administrative purposes,

1700-537: Is not uncommon in the region. In the summer months, Southern Ontario is susceptible to tornadoes but far more often, straight line wind damage, hail and localized flooding from severe thunderstorms. Although the majority of tornadoes rarely cause excessive damage, the region is on the periphery of Tornado Alley and (F4) tornadoes touchdown every few decades, causing widespread damage. Southern Ontario also gets hurricane remnants, floods , ice storms , heavy fog , hail , and blizzards . Small earthquakes occur in

1800-825: Is part of the Quebec City–Windsor Corridor , which extends northeast into southern Quebec . The transitional northern area of this primary region extends north to the Mattawa River and occupies part of the Grenville Geological Province of the Canadian Shield , which also extends northeast into southern Quebec; most of Northern Ontario lies within the Superior Geological Province . Southern Ontario can be distinguished from Northern Ontario because it

1900-591: Is still based primarily on natural resources and manufacturing. Yet, in the era of government cutbacks, Thunder Bay's economy has been less prone to recession and unemployment. Sudbury trades more readily into Southern Ontario, whereas Thunder Bay has closer trade ties to Manitoba and Minnesota . Under the staples thesis of Canadian economic history, Northern Ontario is a "hinterland" or "periphery" region, whose economic development has been defined primarily by providing raw natural resource materials to larger and more powerful business interests from elsewhere in Canada or

2000-603: Is that a politician who represents a Northern Ontario riding in the House of Commons of Canada or the Legislative Assembly of Ontario must typically maintain a much higher budget for travel and office expenses than one who represents a small urban district does. Ongoing high unemployment , lack of awareness of or concern for Northern Ontario's problems, and difficulties in achieving economic diversification have led to discontent amongst Northern Ontarians; throughout

2100-567: Is the dominant city in Northeastern Ontario, and Thunder Bay is the dominant city in Northwestern Ontario. These two regions are quite distinct from each other economically and culturally, and although the two regions are adjacent, their population centres are quite distant from each other. As a result, Sudbury and Thunder Bay are each the primary city in their part of the region but neither city can be said to outrank

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2200-486: Is the third busiest airport in Ontario after Toronto Pearson International Airport and Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport , carrying some 600,000 passengers in 2004 with over 100 domestic flights and four international flights daily. Sudbury's economy, in which the largest sectors of employment are government-related fields such as education and health care, is somewhat more diversified than Thunder Bay's, which

2300-761: The Pays d'en Haut , essentially the watersheds of the Ottawa River , Lake Huron and Lake Superior , had been acquired by the British by the Treaty of Paris (1763) and became part of Upper Canada in 1791, and then the Province of Canada between 1840 and 1867. At the time of Canadian Confederation in 1867, the portion of Northern Ontario lying south of the Laurentian Divide was part of Ontario, whilst

2400-559: The 2011 election , the NDP retained nearly all of these seats with the exception of Sault Ste. Marie , where longtime incumbent MP Tony Martin was defeated despite that election's historic increase in NDP support nationwide; in the 2015 election , however, a resurgence of Liberal support under Justin Trudeau resulted in the Liberals regaining all of the region's seats except Timmins-James Bay and Algoma—Manitoulin—Kapuskasing , where

2500-461: The Buffalo–Niagara , Sarnia and Detroit–Windsor . Many people work and live on opposite sides of the border. The NEXUS program for frequent travelers across the border is increasing in popularity among bordering communities. Other areas with heavy trade traffic with Southern Ontario include Montreal and the province of Quebec , parts of northern Ohio , and western Pennsylvania . Most of

2600-519: The Canada 2021 Census , they are: It is important to note that in the Province of Ontario there are no requirements to become a city and the designation is voluntary. As a result, there are four towns in Northern Ontario that have a larger population than its smallest city Dryden . Until the City of Greater Sudbury was created in 2001, Thunder Bay had a larger population than the old city of Sudbury, but

2700-616: The Canadian Museum of History and the Royal Ontario Museum . Niagara Falls is the 6th most visited attraction by domestic and international tourists worldwide, with over 14 million tourists annually. In 2006, Toronto was the 14th most visited city by international tourists in the world, with over 4.1 million visitors in the year. Ottawa is the most visited city in Canada by domestic tourists, hosting over 6.9 million Canadian visitors per year. Southern Ontario

2800-740: The Canadian Open in golf and Rogers Cup in tennis. The area sponsors many internationally renowned festivals and events, including Toronto International Film Festival , Winterlude , Caribana , Bluesfest , Pride Week , Kitchener Oktoberfest , Havelock Jamboree , Toronto Indy , Sarnia Bayfest , Canada Day in Ottawa, International Freedom Festival in Windsor , Stratford Festival , Shaw Festival and Virgin Festival . Several large legal gambling establishments have been built throughout

2900-859: The District of Patricia , but was merged into the Kenora District in 1937. The Province of Canada began creating judicial districts in sparsely populated Northern Ontario with the establishment of Algoma District and Nipissing District in 1858. These districts had no municipal function; they were created for the provision of judicial and administrative services from the district seat . Nipissing had no district seat until 1895. Up until that date, registry office and higher court services were available at Pembroke in Renfrew County. Nipissing Stipendiary Magistrate and land registrar William Doran established his residence at North Bay in 1885. Following

3000-592: The E. C. Row Expressway . Southern Ontario also has several border crossings with the United States. The Ambassador Bridge , Detroit–Windsor Tunnel , and Blue Water Bridge connect the region with the U.S. state of Michigan , while the Peace Bridge , Rainbow Bridge , Whirlpool Rapids Bridge , Lewiston–Queenston Bridge , Thousand Islands Bridge , Ogdensburg–Prescott International Bridge , and Seaway International Bridge link Southern Ontario with

3100-746: The Festival of the Sound in Parry Sound and the Red Rock Folk Festival in Red Rock. Many communities host festivals celebrating local ethnic groups such as French, Métis, First Nations, Finnish, and Italian. Other communities have celebrations of unique local heritage such as Kapuskasing's Lumberjack Days, Mattawa's Voyageur Days, Sioux Lookout's Blueberry Festival, Elliot Lake's Uranium Heritage Days, and Red Lake's Norseman Festival. Even

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3200-658: The Great Lakes . The Niagara Escarpment offers hiking, skiing, and hundreds of waterfalls, including Niagara Falls . The Ottawa River has white-water rafting which attracts rafters and kayakers from all over the world. Ontario Parks governs all provincial parks, and Parks Canada governs all national parks . Southern Ontario is home to both Canada's capital city (Ottawa), and Canada's largest city (Toronto). Southern Ontario communities have 13 telephone area codes : 226, 249, 289, 343, 365, 382, 416, 437, 519, 548, 613, 647, 705, and 905. Statistics Canada's measure of

3300-480: The Greater Toronto Area . The area has a large manufacturing sector. Since the mid-2000s, Ontario has produced more vehicles per year than the state of Michigan . In a cross-border definition, a swath of Southern Ontario could be considered a part of the Rust Belt . Factory closings because of industry restructuring and globalization (corresponding movement of jobs overseas and to non-unionized labour markets in

3400-864: The King's highways system, or the 400 series highways . The freeways are digitally monitored by the Ministry of Transportation (Ontario) using the COMPASS-Freeway Traffic Management System With the long-awaited upgrade of Highway 406, all the freeways in Ontario are at least 4 lanes wide, fully controlled with interchanges and divided. The major freeways are 400 , 401 , 402 , 403 , 404 , 405 , 406 , 407 (Toll) , 409 , 410 , 412 , 416 , 417 , 418 , 420 , 427 , Don Valley Parkway , Gardiner Expressway , Queen Elizabeth Way , Queensway , Lincoln M. Alexander Parkway , Red Hill Valley Parkway , Conestoga Parkway , and

3500-614: The Legislative Assembly of Ontario . However, Harris himself was the only Conservative candidate elected in a true Northern Ontario riding in either the 1995 or 1999 elections (if the definition of Northern Ontario includes the Parry Sound District, then Harris was joined by Ernie Eves in Parry Sound—Muskoka). Following Eves' retirement from politics, Norm Miller was also elected in Parry Sound—Muskoka in

3600-531: The Liberal Party has traditionally taken the majority of the region's seats at both the federal and provincial levels. The New Democrats also have a significant base of support, thanks to Northern Ontario's history of labour unionism , support from First Nations communities, and the personal popularity of local NDP figures. Two Premiers of Ontario , William Hearst (1914–1919) and Mike Harris (1995–2002), represented Northern Ontario constituencies in

3700-630: The Michigan or New York State borders use either Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport or Buffalo Niagara International Airport as their local airport. Southern Ontario has a humid continental climate with four distinct seasons. The average highs in July for the region range between 25 and 29 °C (77 and 84 °F). The average high in January ranges from −6 to 0 °C (21 to 32 °F). The highest recorded temperature in Southern Ontario

3800-525: The Ministry of Northern Development and Mines (whose head office is in Greater Sudbury). As well, many of Northern Ontario's major tourist attractions (e.g. Science North , Dynamic Earth , the Sault Locks , etc.) are agencies of the provincial or federal governments. Further, much of the funding available for economic development in Northern Ontario comes from government initiatives such as

3900-602: The Parry Sound and Muskoka districts which also lie in the transitional area between northern and southern forest regions. Southern Ontario differs greatly from Northern Ontario , having a much higher population density, a different climate, and a different culture than its northern counterpart. It is broken into smaller subregions, including Central Ontario , Eastern Ontario , the Golden Horseshoe , and Southwestern Ontario . The core area of Southern Ontario

4000-502: The Regional Municipality of Sudbury was the larger Census Metropolitan Area as Sudbury had a much more populous suburban belt (including the city of Valley East , formerly the region's sixth-largest city.) However, as the former Regional Municipality of Sudbury is now governed as a single city, it is both the region's largest city and the region's largest CMA. Other municipalities in Northern Ontario include: Sudbury

4100-656: The Seven Years' War , the British wrested control of Southern Ontario, and more significant colonization efforts were spurred on by the arrival of United Empire Loyalists brought on by the American Revolution . Southern Ontario was where a large portion of the battles took place during the War of 1812 , and was a major destination for escaping slaves using the Underground Railroad . Following

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4200-527: The Superior Geological Province of the Canadian Shield , a vast rocky plateau located mainly north of Lake Huron (including Georgian Bay ), the French River , Lake Nipissing , and the Mattawa River . The statistical region extends south of the Mattawa River to include all of the District of Nipissing. The southern section of this district lies on part of the Grenville Geological Province of

4300-759: The Université de Hearst in Hearst, Kapuskasing and Timmins. All except Lakehead began as federated schools of Laurentian University, before being rechartered as independent universities at different times. The region also has six colleges: Confederation College in Thunder Bay, Sault College in Sault Ste. Marie, Northern College in Timmins, Canadore College in North Bay, and the anglophone Cambrian College and francophone Collège Boréal in Sudbury. Several of

4400-587: The Windsor , Sarnia area. Major regional ports include the Port of Hamilton and Port of Windsor, with smaller ports in Oshawa , Toronto , Goderich and Sarnia. Southern Ontario also has thousands of other freshwater lakes and rivers, as well as the Trent-Severn Waterway and Rideau Canal . Inter-city train service in the region is provided mainly by Via Rail . The Greater Toronto area also has

4500-399: The Wyandot Huron people, based around the Georgian Bay/Lake Simcoe area. Other Iroquoian speaking people to the south were the Petun and Neutral Nation , and further northeast, Algonquins inhabited the upper Ottawa River/Madawaska Valley areas and the Mississaugas moved south from northern Lake Huron, settling lands in both the Kawartha region and just west of Toronto. Following

4600-407: The tulip tree , pawpaw fruit tree, and the cucumber tree . The Carolinian forests of Southern Ontario have in large part been destroyed by development sprawl. Very few original growth areas remain. The region has the most freshwater beaches in the nation. With relatively warm waters by mid-summer due to the hot and humid summer months with significant coastlines of white sand, the major beaches in

4700-561: The 2010s calling on the province to create a new level of supraregional government that would give the Northern Ontario region significantly more autonomy over its own affairs within the province. In the 2013 Ontario Liberal Party leadership race , candidate Glen Murray similarly proposed a distinct level of supraregional government for Northern Ontario. The region is home to five universities: Lakehead University in Thunder Bay, Laurentian University in Sudbury, Nipissing University in North Bay, Algoma University in Sault Ste. Marie, and

4800-401: The 2018 Keystone Cup bringing it to a cross-border clash between the Keystone Junior Hockey League and the Lakehead Junior Hockey League, won by the host Northern Hawks. In mid-November 2019 the teams of the Prairie Junior Hockey League of Saskatchewan decided to send their provincial champion as their representative to the 2020 Keystone Cup. However, the 2020 competition was cancelled as part of

4900-420: The 2018 edition of the tournament in Thunder Bay, Ontario , teams from British Columbia and Alberta pulled out of the event. NEAJBHL President Ned Graling cited economic concerns while Kamloops Storm general manager Barry Dewar made claims about playing conditions and accommodations in Manitoba and Northwestern Ontario. The Prairie Junior Hockey League followed British Columbia and Alberta and also withdrew from

5000-427: The Canada (Ontario Boundary) Act, 1889 of the Parliament of the United Kingdom , which set the province's new northern boundary at the Albany River . The remaining northernmost portion of the province, from the Albany River to Hudson Bay , was transferred to the province from the Northwest Territories by the Parliament of Canada in the Ontario Boundaries Extension Act, 1912. This region was originally established as

5100-431: The NDP incumbents were successfully re-elected. Major political issues in recent years have included the economic health of the region, the extension of Highway 400 from Parry Sound to Sudbury, issues pertaining to the quality and availability of health care services, mining development in the Ring of Fire region around McFaulds Lake, the closure of Ontario Northland , the Algo Centre Mall roof collapse of 2012, and

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5200-477: The Northern Ontario Heritage Fund Corporation define Northern Ontario as all areas north of, and including, the districts of Parry Sound and Nipissing for political purposes, and the federal but not the provincial government also includes the district of Muskoka. The statistical region has a land area of 806,000 km (311,000 sq mi) and constitutes 88 percent of the land area of Ontario, but with just 780,000 people, it contains only about six percent of

5300-442: The Northern Ontario School of Medicine, each was the first school of its type ever established in the region, as well as the first new school of its type launched in Ontario since the 1960s. Outdoor recreation is popular in the region year-round. In summer, fishing, boating, canoeing, ATVing, and camping are enjoyed by residents. Hunting remains popular in autumn, especially for moose, whitetail deer, and grouse, although goose hunting

5400-419: The Ontario forest industry, and the perceived inaction by the provincial government, has in particular spurred support for the idea of secession. In particular, many residents feel that the industrial energy rate is too high to allow the industry to remain competitive. While also stopping short of advocating for full independence, Sudbury's Northern Life community newspaper published a number of editorials in

5500-517: The Province, with Caesars Windsor and Fallsview Casino being the two flagship casinos. In addition to casinos, Ontario has many legal horseracing facilities with slot machines . Racetrack slots are located throughout the Province. All gaming in the Province is overseen by the Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation (OLG), and the Alcohol and Gaming Commission of Ontario . Southern Ontario has many natural attractions. Wasaga Beach , Grand Bend , Sauble Beach , and Sandbanks are beaches along

5600-415: The Shield which occupies the transitional area between Northern and Southern Ontario. The extended federal and provincial quasi-administrative regions of Northern Ontario have their own boundaries even further south in the transitional area that vary according to their respective government policies and requirements. Ontario government departments and agencies such as the Growth Plan for Northern Ontario and

5700-420: The U.S. state of New York . The region has a long history of marine transportation, with hundreds of millions of tonnes of cargo moving along the Great Lakes , and Saint Lawrence Seaway each year. The Welland Canal is a vital part of the Great Lakes Waterway , allowing ships to avoid Niagara Falls . The St. Clair River and Detroit River are also well travelled rivers between Lake Huron and Lake Erie in

5800-489: The United States) have for the past few decades taken their toll. This is most evident in the region's southern tier cities, which have large automobile or associated industrial bases, such as Windsor , London , St. Thomas and St. Catharines . Still affected by these factors, but to a lesser extent, is Hamilton , the centre of steel production, and Sarnia , the centre of petrochemical production. The province's two largest cities, Toronto and Ottawa, have moved increasingly to

5900-527: The appointment of Thomas Farquhar to the Senate of Canada . In the 2008 federal election , the New Democratic Party won nearly every seat in the region, with the exception of Nipissing—Timiskaming , which was retained by its Liberal incumbent Anthony Rota , and Kenora , which was won by Conservative Greg Rickford . This sweep included several seats which were formerly seen as Liberal strongholds, including Sudbury , Algoma—Manitoulin—Kapuskasing , Thunder Bay—Rainy River and Thunder Bay—Superior North . In

6000-409: The area, forming joint ventures. While still in the exploration phase, there have been some exciting finds that could bring prosperity to the region and the First Nations communities in that area. New mining sites have also been investigated and explored in Sudbury, Timmins, Kirkland Lake, Elliot Lake and the Temagami area. In Chapleau , Probe Mines Limited is in the advanced stage of exploration and

6100-414: The city of Kenora have called for the city or the wider region to secede from Ontario and join Manitoba . A few residents throughout the region continue to suggest splitting all or part of the region into a separate province. The latter movement, known as the Northern Ontario Secession Movement, has begun to attract attention and support; most notably by the mayors of Kenora and Fort Frances. The crisis in

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6200-401: The colleges also have satellite campuses in smaller Northern Ontario communities. A large distance education network, Contact North , also operates from Sudbury and Thunder Bay to provide educational services to small and remote Northern Ontario communities. The Northern Ontario School of Medicine opened in 2005. Initially a joint faculty of Laurentian and Lakehead universities, it became

6300-523: The counties and regions of the south and the districts of the north can be considered a boundary between Southern and Northern Ontario. This is disputed, however, as the demarcation line that is referenced in provincial documents is the Nipissing Passageway, originally an Indian trail between Georgian Bay and the Ottawa River . The trail follows the French River from Georgian Bay to Lake Nipissing . At North Bay , 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) of land separates Lake Nipissing from Trout Lake. From Trout Lake,

6400-417: The culture of Northeastern Ontario, with porchetta considered a culinary signature of Sudbury and Sault Ste. Marie, while Thunder Bay's food culture is distinctively Finnish, with the Hoito restaurant known internationally for its Finnish-style pancakes and other traditional Finnish dishes. Chinese Canadian restaurants have been common in every city and many smaller settlements in Northern Ontario since

6500-418: The districts of Muskoka and Parry Sound are sometimes treated as part of Northern Ontario even though they are geographically in Southern or Central Ontario . In 2004, finance minister Greg Sorbara removed Muskoka from the jurisdictional area of the Ministry of Northern Development and Mines and the Northern Ontario Heritage Fund , to which it had been added in 2000 by his predecessor Ernie Eves , but

6600-400: The early 20th century, satisfying "the ubiquitous Northern demand for Chinese food," albeit often heavily Westernized. Although maple syrup is not produced in most of Northern Ontario, it is still made in some areas near North Bay, Sudbury, Manitoulin Island, and Sault Ste. Marie. St. Joseph Island near Sault Ste. Marie is noted for the large quantity of maple syrup produced there. Since

6700-401: The effort to minimize the COVID-19 pandemic . In Flin Flon , Manitoba – PBCN Selects host team Southern Ontario Southern Ontario is a primary region of the Canadian province of Ontario . It is the most densely populated and southernmost region in Canada, with approximately 13.5 million people, approximately 36% of Canada's population of 37 million. The region lies south of

6800-399: The enactment of Prohibition in the United States in 1919, Southern Ontario immediately became a hotbed of smuggling alcohol (spirit) across the border. Southern Ontario is home to over 94%, or 12.1 million, of Ontario's total population of 12.9 million (and about 35% of Canada's total population), compared to approximately 750,000 in Northern Ontario. This is due to many factors, including

6900-481: The feasibility of Northern Ontario forming a new province. In the late 1970s, North Bay businessman and city councillor Ed Deibel formed the Northern Ontario Heritage Party to lobby for the formation of a separate province of Northern Ontario. The party attracted only modest support and folded in 1984, but was reestablished in 2010. Both the party's original and revived forms have varied their platforms at different times, sometimes advocating for full independence of

7000-444: The federal government's Federal Economic Development Initiative for Northern Ontario (FedNor) and the provincial Northern Ontario Heritage Fund . Over the past several years, there has been a renewed interest in mining exploration. McFaulds Lake in the James Bay Lowlands has attracted the attention of junior mining exploration companies. Since the 2003 investigation of the area for diamonds, some 20 companies have staked claims in

7100-415: The first and only time in Ontario's history that all three parties in the legislature were simultaneously led by Northern Ontario MPPs. The riding of Algoma East was represented federally by Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson from 1948 to 1968. Pearson was not from the district, however, but represented the district because it had been chosen as a safe seat for him to run in a 1948 by-election following

7200-511: The heavy industrial divisions of Chatham, Lambton, and Essex, as well as the mostly recreational divisions of Huron and Prince Edward had a decrease in population. Southern Ontario has long been an international destination for higher learning. It houses numerous internationally acclaimed public universities and colleges amongst its 13 universities and 20 colleges . It is also home to numerous private post-secondary institutions. Many notable Canadians have been based in Southern Ontario, as it

7300-416: The hotly contested district town election in 1895, North Bay earned the right to become the district seat in the new Provisional District of Nipissing. After the creation of the province of Ontario in 1867, the first district to be established was Thunder Bay in 1871 which until then had formed part of Algoma District. The Ontario government was reluctant to establish new districts in the north, partly because

7400-446: The more arable land in the south, its more moderate climate, well-used transportation (water, land, and air) routes, as well as a long history of early European settlers and colonialism . For thousands of years, Ontario has been home to indigenous aboriginal communities, with numerous nations with differing languages at the time of European contact. Over 200,000 aboriginal Canadians live in Southern Ontario today. Southern Ontario

7500-820: The northern and western boundaries of Ontario were in dispute after Confederation . Ontario's right to Northwestern Ontario was determined by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in 1884 and confirmed by the Canada (Ontario Boundary) Act, 1889 of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . By 1899 there were seven northern districts: Algoma, Manitoulin, Muskoka, Nipissing, Parry Sound, Rainy River, and Thunder Bay. Five more northern districts were created between 1907 and 1922: Cochrane, Kenora, Sudbury, Temiskaming and Patricia. The Patricia District

7600-453: The other as the principal economic centre of Northern Ontario as a whole. In fact, each city has a couple of distinct advantages that the other city lacks — Sudbury is at the centre of a larger economic sphere due to the city's, and Northeastern Ontario's, larger population but Thunder Bay is advantaged by air, rail and shipping traffic due to its prime location along major continental transportation routes. The Thunder Bay International Airport

7700-505: The other districts constitute Northeastern Ontario. Northeastern Ontario contains two thirds of Northern Ontario's population. In the early 20th century, Northern Ontario was often called "New Ontario", although that name has fallen into disuse because of its colonial connotations. (In French , however, the region may still be referred to as Nouvel-Ontario , although le Nord de l'Ontario and Ontario-Nord are now more commonly used.) Those areas which formed part of New France in

7800-528: The portion north of the divide was part of the separate British territory of Rupert's Land . The province's boundaries were provisionally expanded northward and westward in 1874, whilst the Lake of the Woods region remained subject to a boundary dispute between Ontario and Manitoba . The region was confirmed as belonging to Ontario by decision of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in 1884, and confirmed by

7900-479: The province continues to treat Parry Sound as a Northern Ontario division under both programs. The federal government continues to retain both more southerly districts in the service area of FedNor . All of Northeastern Ontario is within the Eastern (UTC −5) time zone ; Northwestern Ontario is split between the Eastern and Central (UTC −6) time zones. Northern Ontario has nine cities. In order of population as of

8000-575: The province's agriculture is found here. That includes most of Ontario's berry growers, who are represented by Ontario Berries . Southern Ontario is well known for its attractions and tourism. Some popular tourist attractions include the CN Tower , Parliament Hill , Niagara Falls , National Gallery of Canada , Canada's Wonderland , CNE , Caesars Windsor , Canadian War Museum , Toronto Zoo , Hockey Hall of Fame , Ripley's Aquarium of Canada , Royal Canadian Mint , Marineland , The Rideau Canal ,

8100-515: The province's other primary region, Northern Ontario , although the exact northern boundary of Southern Ontario is disputed. However, its core region is situated south of Algonquin Park , the latter being in an area of transition between coniferous forest north of the French and Mattawa Rivers and southern deciduous forest . It covers between 14 and 15% of the province, depending on the inclusion of

8200-460: The province's population. The climate is characterized by extremes of temperature, with very cold winters and hot summers. The principal industries are mining , forestry , and hydroelectricity . For some purposes, Northern Ontario is further subdivided into Northeastern and Northwestern Ontario . When the region is divided in that way, the three westernmost districts ( Rainy River , Kenora and Thunder Bay ) constitute Northwestern Ontario, and

8300-401: The provincial government. For example, districts have provincially maintained secondary highways instead of county roads . Statistically, the districts in Northern Ontario (which appear in red on the location map) are Rainy River , Kenora , Thunder Bay , Cochrane , Timiskaming , Algoma , Sudbury , Nipissing and Manitoulin . The single-tier municipality of Greater Sudbury — which

8400-626: The region and other times lobbying for measures to increase the region's power over its own affairs within the province, including increasing the number of Northern Ontario electoral districts in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario and the creation of a special district for the region's First Nations voters. In 1999 the Northeastern Ontario Municipal Association, a committee consisting of the mayors of 14 Northern Ontario municipalities, wrote

8500-454: The region are almost all extremely large geographically. The federal electoral district of Sudbury and the provincial electoral districts of Sudbury and Sault Ste. Marie are the only ones that are comparable in size to an electoral district in Southern Ontario, while at the other extreme the districts of Kiiwetinoong and Mushkegowuk—James Bay are both geographically larger than the entire United Kingdom . One consequence of this, for example,

8600-413: The region are resource-based economies, whose economic health is very dependent on "boom and bust" resource cycles. Mining and forestry are the two major industries in the region, although manufacturing , transportation , public services and tourism are represented as well. After 2001, the major cities returned to patterns of modest growth in the censuses of 2006, 2011, 2016 and 2021, although many of

8700-459: The region are visited by millions of tourists every summer. The most popular beaches are Wasaga Beach , Grand Bend , Sauble Beach , and Sandbanks . Northern Ontario Northern Ontario is a primary geographic and quasi-administrative region of the Canadian province of Ontario , the other primary region being Southern Ontario . Most of the core geographic region is located on part of

8800-487: The region's history, there have been various movements proposing that the region secede from Ontario to form its own separate province or territory within Canada. The first to raise the issue of secession was Simon James Dawson in 1875, then the representative of the Algoma district in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. Then, a movement emerged in Sudbury in the 1890s, when the provincial government began taxing mines;

8900-523: The region. The M w   5.8 Cornwall–Massena earthquake occurred in 1944 and had a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII ( Very strong ). Many tourists visit the area in the autumn months to look at the bright, vibrant colours of fall foliage . Southern Ontario has a very different climate from the rest of the country. It is the only area of Canada that has Carolinian forest . Many trees, plants, and wildlife in Southern Ontario are not found anywhere else in Canada. Some rare trees in this region include

9000-481: The smaller towns saw further declines. The cities have, by and large, been very dependent on government-related employment and investment for their economic diversification. The Liberal government of David Peterson in the 1980s moved several provincial agencies and ministries to Northern Ontario, including the Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation (which maintains a large office in Sault Ste. Marie) and

9100-685: The smallest First Nations in the region will have an annual pow wow, which bring in many people from outside the community as well, although by far the largest and most famous powwow in the region is held in Wiikwemkoong on Manitoulin Island. In winter, many towns will host a winter carnival celebrating the cold weather; the largest of these is Sault Ste. Marie's Bon Soo Winter Carnival . As of 2017, LGBT pride events take place in Sudbury ( Sudbury Pride ), Thunder Bay ( Thunder Pride ), Sault Ste. Marie, North Bay, Timmins, Elliot Lake and Kenora. There

9200-474: The southern part of the province. Without this change, the region would have lost one Member of Provincial Parliament . For the 2018 election , the province further diverged from the federal electoral districts in the region, creating the special districts of Kiiwetinoong and Mushkegowuk—James Bay to accommodate the unique political concerns of the rural far north. Due to the region's relatively sparse population, federal and provincial electoral districts in

9300-413: The trail follows the Mattawa River to the Ottawa River . Muskoka and Parry Sound are commonly regarded as transitional regions between Southern and Northern Ontario. Both divisions may be regarded as northern districts geographically, culturally, and politically in some contexts. The 2011 census revealed that the major urban divisions of York, Halton, Peel, and Ottawa had the largest growth. While

9400-845: The winner of the Keystone Junior B League would have had to go through the Manitoba Provincial Junior B Hockey Championship , but in 2004 their only competition, the Northwest Junior Hockey League , folded. The same thing happened in the William Ryan Trophy Championship for the Thunder Bay Junior B League, as their only competition, the North of Superior Junior B Hockey League , folded in 2004. For

9500-494: The world. Northern Ontario has had difficulty in recent years maintaining both its economy and its population. All of the region's cities declined in population between the censuses of 1996 and 2001. (This coincides with the discontinuation of the operation of the subsidized government airline norOntair in March 1996.) Although the cities have tried with mixed results to diversify their economies in recent years, most communities in

9600-461: Was 45 and 52 °C (113 and 126 °F) with the humidex . During cold snaps, winter temperatures can occasionally drop below −30 °C (−22 °F). The climate found over most of southern Ontario falls within the Dfb and Dfa climate subtypes, much warmer or milder than the northern part of the province due to lower latitude, presence of bodies of water, and intense urbanization. Harsh weather

9700-585: Was colonized by the French and the British . After the area began to be developed for European settlement, especially after the American Revolutionary War, other European immigrants arrived as well, with increased immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Since the late 20th century, many immigrants have come from Asia and other parts of the world. The region is one of the top destinations for immigrants worldwide, particularly

9800-509: Was recognized in 2013 with the Ontario Prospectors Association 2013 Ontario Prospector Award. Northern Ontario has generally been one of the weakest areas in all of Canada for both the federal Progressive Conservative and Conservative parties, as well as one of the weakest areas for the provincial Progressive Conservatives . Instead, partly due to the region's significant dependence on government investment ,

9900-478: Was then merged into the Kenora District in 1927. Unlike the counties and regional municipalities of Southern Ontario , which have a government and administrative structure and jurisdiction over specified government services, a district lacks that level of administration. Districts are too sparsely populated to maintain a county government system, so many district-based services are provided directly by

10000-1163: Was won by the Selkirk Fishermen of the Manitoba Junior B Hockey League . The championship is determined through a round-robin of the winner of the Cyclone Taylor Cup in British Columbia , the winner of the Russ Barnes Trophy in Alberta , the winner of the Athol Murray Trophy in Saskatchewan , the Keystone Junior Hockey League , and the William Ryan Trophy in Northwestern Ontario . In previous years,

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