Keowee ( Cherokee : ᎫᏩᎯᏱ , romanized: Guwahiyi ) was a Cherokee town in the far northwest corner of present-day South Carolina . It was the principal town of what were called the seven Lower Towns, located along the Keowee River (Colonists referred to the lower reaches of the river as the Savannah in its lower reaches, with its mouth at the city they named Savannah). Keowee was situated on the Lower Cherokee Traders' Path, part of the Upper Road through the Piedmont . In 1752 the Cherokee established New Keowee Town nearby, off the traders' path but in a more defensible location.
64-583: Both historic sites are within present-day Oconee County, South Carolina at the foot of the Blue Ridge Mountains . European Americans developed the town of Clemson, South Carolina , south of here after they began to populate the area. When the Keowee River was dammed in a mid-20th century hydropower project, both former Keowee sites were submerged in the early 1970s beneath the waters of Lake Keowee . Before that, archeological excavation
128-619: A Combined Construction and Operating License to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission , with an announcement that it will spend $ 160 million in 2008 on the plant with a total cost of $ 5 billion to $ 6 billion. The plant was approved in 2016. In August 2017, Duke decided to seek permission from the North Carolina Utility Commission to cancel the project due to the bankruptcy of Westinghouse and "other market activity", although they retained
192-429: A campaign in which Phil Radford called on Duke Energy to abandon mountaintop removal coal, produce a third of its energy from renewable sources by 2020, and abandon coal altogether by 2030." In May 2011, Duke agreed to pay $ 30M to resolve allegations that changes made to the company pension plan disproportionately harmed employees over 40, costing many of them up to half of their accrued benefits. In December 2011,
256-549: A deal announced March 27, 2006. The Power Building was demolished February 24, 2007. Duke Energy Center at 550 South Tryon Street was announced as the company's headquarters in 2009. The company announced May 17, 2021 that the headquarters will move in 2023 to Duke Energy Plaza , across the street from the current headquarters. Childress Klein is developing the new building, which will allow Duke to sell its Church Street and College Street buildings, and end its lease at 400 South Tryon . Previously named Charlotte Metro Tower,
320-481: A household in the county was $ 36,666, and the median income for a family was $ 43,047. Males had a median income of $ 31,032 versus $ 22,156 for females. The per capita income for the county was $ 18,965. About 7.60% of families and 10.80% of the population were below the poverty line , including 14.00% of those under age 18 and 12.90% of those age 65 or over. In 2022, the GDP was $ 4.5 billion (about $ 56,008 per capita), and
384-439: A lot of unreported and underreported items and the tax claim was actually too low. In May 2013, university students launched a campaign for Brown University to divest fossil fuels, specifically referring to Duke Energy and other coal plant operators. On February 2, 2014, the massive Dan River coal-ash spill led to a grand jury investigation into Duke Energy. The initial investigation was overseen by Governor Pat McCrory , who
448-695: A new town of Keowee in 1752, further removed from the Indian Path but more defensible. Most of its inhabitants re-settled there. As tensions rose with France in the mid to late 1750s, the English built a fort east of the old Keowee town on the Savannah River . South Carolina Governor Glen had ordered this structure and named it Fort Prince George . During the French and Indian War , trader Nathaniel Gist urged one hundred Cherokee warriors to attack
512-569: A series of hydroelectric power plants, Wylie convinced James B. Duke and his partner James Blaney to invest in the Southern Power Company, founded in 1905. In 1917 James Blaney was the founder of the Wateree Power Company that was formed as a holding company for several utilities that had been founded and/or owned by Duke, and Blaney his associates, and in 1924 the name was changed to Duke Power. In 1927, most of
576-502: A subsidiary of Duke Energy, specializes in the development, ownership, and operation of various generation facilities throughout the United States. This segment of the company operates 1,700 megawatts of generation. 240 megawatts of wind generation were under construction and 1,500 additional megawatts of wind generation were in planning stages. On September 9, 2008, DERS updated its projections for future wind power capacity. By
640-484: Is land and 47.01 square miles (121.8 km ) (6.98%) is water. Three large man-made lakes provide residents with sport fishing , water skiing , and sailing as well as hydroelectric power. The largest lake is Lake Hartwell , built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers between 1955 and 1963. Lake Keowee is the second-largest lake and the Oconee Nuclear Station operates by the lake. Lake Jocassee
704-399: Is the third-largest and is a source of hydroelectric energy , but is also popular for its scenery and numerous waterfalls . Bad Creek Reservoir, located in the mountains above Jocassee, is also used for generating electricity during peak hours. The water level can fall by tens of feet per hour and, during off-peak times, water is pumped back into the lake for the next peak period. Because of
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#1732783717936768-512: Is the westernmost county in the U.S. state of South Carolina . As of the 2020 census , the population was 78,607. Its county seat is Walhalla and its largest community is Seneca . Oconee County is included in the Seneca , SC Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Greenville - Spartanburg - Anderson , SC Combined Statistical Area . South Carolina Highway 11 ,
832-587: Is translated as "place of mulberries." It was also known as "Old Keowee," to distinguish it from other, later towns of the same name. The first was established near here in a more defensible position. After the Cherokee moved south and west later in the eighteenth century, deeper into Georgia and Alabama, they named other towns Keowee. During the French and Indian War (1754–1763) (the North American front of
896-417: The 2012 Democratic National Convention . In July 2012, Duke Energy was criticized for paying former Progress Energy CEO Bill Johnson $ 44.7 million in compensation, including a $ 10 million severance, for something close to 20 minutes on the job as Duke's CEO. In 2012, Duke Energy sued Citrus County, Florida claiming its tax bill was too high. The county hired an outside appraiser who found that there were
960-688: The Midwestern United States as well. The company operates nuclear power plants, coal-fired plants, conventional hydroelectric plants, natural-gas turbines to handle peak demand, and pumped hydro storage. During 2006, Duke Energy also acquired Chatham, Ontario -based Union Gas , which is regulated under the Ontario Energy Board Act (1998). On January 3, 2007, Duke Energy spun off its gas business to form Spectra Energy . Duke Energy shareholders received 1 share of Spectra Energy for each 2 shares of Duke Energy. After
1024-875: The Piedmont , the Middle Towns of more mountainous areas and river valleys in Western North Carolina, which included Valley and Outer Towns; and the Overhill Towns on the far western side of the Appalachian Mountains. The Cherokee were highly decentralized, and their towns were the most important units of government. There were seven Cherokee towns in the Lower Towns, of which Keowee was a principal one. The leaders or chiefs of each exercised substantial authority. Keowee Town
1088-687: The Seven Years' War in Europe between Britain and France), the Cherokee allied with the British and played a significant role. The alliance was partly the result of diplomacy by Sir Alexander Cuming , who had earlier visited Keowee (the Old Towne) on March 23, 1730 and solicited the Cherokee as allies. Fearing an attack by the Muscogee (Creek), their traditional enemies, the Cherokee established
1152-659: The Shawnee tribe, allies of the French in the Ohio River region. The alliance between the Cherokee and British collapsed due to mutual suspicion. During the Anglo-Cherokee War (1758–1761), the British razed Keowee Old Towne, and launched a successful attack on Keowee New Towne, sparing the women and children. Keowee New Towne was razed during the first British campaign under the command of Archibald Montgomery . A second army under James Grant campaigned through
1216-512: The University of Massachusetts Amherst identified Duke Energy as the 46th-largest corporate producer of air pollution in the United States , with roughly 36 million pounds of toxic chemicals released annually into the air. Major pollutants included sulfuric and hydrochloric acid , chromium compounds, and hydrogen fluoride . The Political Economy Research Institute ranks Duke Energy 13th among corporations emitting airborne pollutants in
1280-778: The indie rock group the Decemberists , on their 2006 album The Crane Wife . The reference is "When I was a girl how the hills of Oconee made a seam to hem me in." Parts of the film Deliverance were filmed on the Oconee side of the Chattooga River , including specifically some scenes shot in Salem . Duke Power Duke Energy Corporation is an American electric power and natural gas holding company headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina . The company ranked as
1344-416: The real GDP was $ 3.7 billion (about $ 45,856 per capita) in chained 2017 dollars . As of April 2024 , some of the largest employers in the county include Apex Tool Group , BorgWarner , CSL Plasma , Duke Energy , Ingles , Itron , Kelly Services , Prisma Health , Sandvik , Schneider Electric , and Walmart . The Oconee region is mentioned in the song "Yankee Bayonet (I Will Be Home Then)" by
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#17327837179361408-878: The 141st largest company in the United States in 2024 – its highest-ever placement on the Fortune 500 list. Duke Energy is based in Charlotte, North Carolina. It owns 58,200 megawatts of base-load and peak generation in the United States, which it distributes to its 7.2 million customers. It has approximately 29,000 employees. Duke Energy's service territory covers 104,000 square miles (270,000 km ) with 250,200 miles (402,700 km) of distribution lines. Almost all of Duke Energy's Midwest generation comes from coal, natural gas , or oil, while half of its Carolinas generation comes from its nuclear power plants . During 2006, Duke Energy generated 148,798,332 megawatt-hours of electrical energy. Duke Energy Renewable Services (DERS),
1472-411: The 30,676 households, 28.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.8% were married couples living together, 11.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 31.2% were non-families, and 26.2% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.86. The median age was 43.4 years. The median income for a household in
1536-510: The 40-story building will be purchased when completed for up to $ 675 million by Childress Klein and CGA Capital, in the largest real estate deal in the city's history, announced in December 2019. For the fiscal year 2017, Duke Energy reported earnings of US$ 3.059 billion, with an annual revenue of US$ 23.565 billion, an increase of 3.6% over the previous fiscal cycle. Duke Energy's shares traded at over $ 79 per share, and its market capitalization
1600-489: The 600,000 tons of wood debris it needs yearly to fuel its $ 250 million biomass plant. The joint venture between electric power company Duke Energy and global nuclear services giant AREVA was created to build wood waste-to-energy power plants around the country. ADAGE president Reed Wills announced the first Northwest outpost will be in the struggling timber town of Shelton, Washington. The following pollutants are provided by DUKE-AREVA-ADAGE in their application for permit to
1664-593: The Cherokee Foothills National Scenic Highway, begins in southern Oconee County at Interstate Highway 85 at the Georgia state line. Oconee County was named after a historic Cherokee town and the word "Ae-quo-nee" , meaning "land beside the water." Oconee ( Cherokee : ᎤᏊᏄ , romanized: Uquunu ) town developed on the Cherokee trading path near present-day Oconee Station State Historic Site along Oconee Creek. The town
1728-928: The Department of Environmental Protection for a similar type of plant in Florida. Following is a list of Duke Energy's thirty conventional hydroelectric facilities, in order of average electric production. All properties are 100% owned by Duke, and all but Markland are located in North Carolina and South Carolina (Markland is located in southern Indiana ). Citing the falling cost of building solar farms, Duke Energy announced plans in 2017 to launch three new such projects in Kentucky. Two will be in Kenton County and one will be in Grant County. Together
1792-682: The Eastover Mining Company, Duke Power engaged in a lengthy contract dispute with the workers at the Brookside coal mine in Harlan County, Kentucky . For thirteen months, workers picketed the company for improved medical benefits and the right to representation by the United Mine Workers of America, while Duke Power insisted on a no-strike clause in the miner's eventual labor contract. The strike culminated in
1856-475: The North Carolina grid from 2017. On December 3, 2022, an attack was carried out on two Duke Energy substations located in Moore County, North Carolina . Damage from the attack left up to 40,000 residents without electrical power for several days, with officials closing schools and declaring a state of emergency. The Federal Bureau of Investigation supported local investigators in case the incident met
1920-488: The United States. The ranking is based on the quantity (80 million pounds in 2005) and toxicity of the emissions. This change reflects the purchase of fossil fuel-heavy Cinergy, which occurred in 2005. In early 2008, Duke Energy announced a plan to build the new, 800-megawatt Cliffside Unit 6 coal plant 55 miles (89 km) west of Charlotte, North Carolina. The plan has been strongly opposed by environmental groups such as Rising Tide North America, Rainforest Action Network,
1984-626: The air. Duke Energy completed its acquisition of Cinergy Corp in 2006. In July 2004, Duke Energy agreed to pay $ 208M to settle allegations that it had engaged in price gouging in California during the energy crisis of 2000 and 2001. In December 2009, Duke Energy agreed to spend approximately $ 93M to resolve violations of the Clean Air Act. Duke became obligated to make investments that were expected to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions by 86%. On February 14, 2011, Greenpeace launched
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2048-452: The burial ground, was planned for submersion by creation of Lake Keowee in the early 1970s in connection with a Duke Energy project. The Keowee and Little rivers were to be dammed to provide hydropower and cooling water for the Oconee Nuclear Station . These were part of a multi-million-dollar project to provide energy for upstate South Carolina. Oconee was the first of three nuclear power plants built by Duke Power . Prior to creation of
2112-556: The community-based Canary Coalition as well as the Southern Environmental Law Center , which has threatened to sue Duke if it does not halt construction plans. On April 1, activists locked themselves to machinery at the Cliffside construction area as part of Fossil Fools Day . Duke Energy has been "one of the most vocal advocates" for a " cap-and-trade " system to combat global CO 2 emissions, "and
2176-624: The company's CEO, Jim Rogers, thinks the company will profit from cap-and-trade". The company left the National Association of Manufacturers in part over differences on climate policy. In a joint venture with the French-based global energy firm AREVA, under the nominal name of ADAGE, Duke Energy has planned a "Green" biomass burning facility in Mason County, Washington and is negotiating with forestland owners to secure
2240-441: The county was $ 42,266 and the median income for a family was $ 52,332. Males had a median income of $ 40,943 versus $ 29,841 for females. The per capita income for the county was $ 24,055. About 11.8% of families and 16.6% of the population were below the poverty line , including 22.7% of those under age 18 and 9.4% of those age 65 or over. At the 2000 census , there were 66,215 people, 27,283 households, and 19,589 families living in
2304-416: The county. The population density was 106 people per square mile (41 people/km ). There were 32,383 housing units at an average density of 52 units per square mile (20 units/km ). The racial makeup of the county was 89.14% White , 8.38% Black or African American , 0.22% Native American , 0.35% Asian , 0.02% Pacific Islander , 1.06% from other races , and 0.82% from two or more races. 2.36% of
2368-627: The definition of domestic terrorism under the Patriot Act . On March 16, 2006, Duke Power announced that a Cherokee County, South Carolina site had been selected for a potential new nuclear power plant . The site is jointly owned by Duke Power and Southern Company . Duke planned to develop the site for two Westinghouse Electric Company AP1000 (advanced passive) pressurized water reactors . Each reactor would have been capable of producing approximately 1,117 megawatts. (See Nuclear Power 2010 Program .) On December 14, 2007, Duke Power submitted
2432-426: The dramatic changes in water level due to these uses, boating and swimming are prohibited in this reservoir. Oconee County is in the Savannah River basin. As of the 2020 census , there were 78,607 people, 31,530 households, and 21,214 families residing in the county. At the 2010 census , there were 74,273 people, 30,676 households, and 21,118 families living in the county. The population density
2496-586: The end of 2008, it would have over 500 MW of nameplate capacity of wind power online, and an additional 5,000 MW in development. The company began in 1900 as the Catawba Power Company when Walker Gill Wylie and his brother financed the building of a hydroelectric power station at India Hook Shoals along the Catawba River near India Hook, South Carolina . When Wylie needed additional funding to further his ambitious plan for construction of
2560-574: The first headquarters building, known as the Power Building, which was completed in 1927 at 440 South Church . It was five stories and 503,000 square feet (46,700 m ). The Electric Center at 526 South Church Street opened in 1975 with an addition in 1988. State Farm Insurance sold the Power Building in 2004 for $ 8 million to The Dilweg Cos., who anticipated significant development. Novare Group bought 5.13 acres (20,800 m ) at 408 South Church Street for $ 17 million from The Dilweg Cos. in
2624-428: The historic Cherokee built communal town houses around a central ceremonial pole and council house. The council house was a meeting place for the larger community and council. Through the centuries of their long occupancy, the Cherokee would replace the council house, and maintain and add to nearby mounds, building in distinctly colored layers of earth that are visible to archeologists. Due to its geographic position,
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2688-542: The initiative "Envision Charlotte". At the time, the group decided on a goal to reduce energy use in the "urban core of the city by 20 percent". To do so, the group focused on making energy consumption changes to commercial buildings larger than 10,000 square feet. On July 3, 2012, Duke Energy merged with Progress Energy Inc with the Duke Energy name retained along with the Charlotte, North Carolina , headquarters. Duke announced on June 18, 2013, that CEO Jim Rogers
2752-416: The lake, the sites of both the former towns of Keowee and of Fort Prince George were surveyed and archeological excavations conducted by the University of South Carolina . Thousands of artifacts, plus human and animal remains, were found at Old Keowee. More limited evidence was found at the former fort site, which had been occupied for a brief period. Oconee County, South Carolina Oconee County
2816-486: The non-partisan organization Public Campaign criticized Duke Energy for spending $ 17.47 million on lobbying . It also criticized Duke for not paying any taxes from 2008 to 2010 and receiving $ 216 million in tax rebates, in spite of turning a $ 5.4 billion profit and extensively raising executive compensations. In 2012, Greenpeace protested Duke's lobbying of the Democratic Party , including its funding of
2880-420: The option of restarting the project at some point in the future if circumstances change. This site would have been adjacent to the old site, which was never completed and abandoned in the early 1980s, and used by James Cameron as a film set for the 1989 movie The Abyss . In 2018, Duke Energy announced that they had decided not to include new nuclear power in their long-range plans. J.A. Jones designed
2944-496: The population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 26.5% were of American , 13.1% Irish , 11.9% German and 10.5% English ancestry according to Census 2000 . There were 27,283 households, out of which 28.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.80% were married couples living together, 10.10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.20% were non-families. 24.70% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.50% had someone living alone who
3008-602: The remaining Lower Towns and into the Middle Towns in 1760, destroying the Cherokee mother town of Kituwa . When American naturalist William Bartram visited the Keeowee New Towne site in South Carolina in May 1776, he noted no Cherokee lived there. Anglo colonists had razed the town in 1760 during the Anglo-Cherokee War . In the late 20th century, the former sites of Old Keowee and New Keowee towns, including
3072-494: The shooting and death of twenty-two year old miner, Lawrence D. Jones, by a foreman at the Duke Power-owned mine. Five days later, Duke Power would reach an agreement with the striking miners which included recognition of the new UMWA local, the rehiring of workers dismissed during the strike, and dropping charges related to the action. In 1988, Nantahala Power & Light Co., which served southwestern North Carolina,
3136-402: The spin-off, Duke Energy now receives the majority of its revenue from its electric operations in portions of North Carolina, South Carolina, Kentucky, Ohio, and Indiana. The spinoff to Spectra also included Union Gas, which Duke Energy acquired the previous year. In 2011, Duke Energy worked with Charlotte's business leader community to help build Charlotte into a smart city . The group called
3200-543: The stations will go into low income communities. Duke Energy has been chosen as one of The 50 Best Employers In America by Business Insider In 2002, Duke Energy was awarded the Ig Nobel Prize in Economics for "adapting the mathematical concept of imaginary numbers for use in the business world". In December 2000, Cinergy Corp agreed to pay $ 1.4B to settle allegations that its coal plants illegally polluted
3264-516: The subsidiary companies, including Southern Power Company, Catawba Power Company, Great Falls Power Company, and Western Carolina Power Company were merged into Duke Power, although Southern Public Utilities, 100% owned by Duke Power, maintained a legally separate existence for the retail marketing of Duke-generated power to residential and commercial customers. Southern Public Utilities also operated transit systems, which Duke eventually converted from streetcars to buses. In 1973, through its subsidiary,
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#17327837179363328-556: The three plants will create more than 6.7 MW of power. These join several other solar farms including: Additionally, Duke Energy added 451 MW of solar capacity to North Carolina's grid in 2017. In 2020 Duke Energy began commercial operations of several farms in Texas, operating alongside its Farm from 2010. Duke Energy announced in October 2018 that it would install 530 electric car charging stations around Florida. Ten percent of
3392-683: The town was at the intersection of the trading path and the Cherokee treaty boundary of 1777 . In 1792, the newly formed South Carolina State Militia built a frontier outpost near the town site, and named it Oconee Station. European-American settlement in this far western area of the colony did not begin until the late eighteenth century. Most did not take place until decades after the American Revolutionary War . South Carolina jurisdictions were successively called parishes, counties, judicial districts and counties again. Oconee County
3456-441: Was 118.6 inhabitants per square mile (45.8 inhabitants/km ). There were 38,763 housing units at an average density of 61.9 units per square mile (23.9 units/km ). The racial makeup of the county was 87.8% white, 7.6% black or African American, 0.6% Asian, 0.2% American Indian, 2.3% from other races, and 1.6% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 4.5% of the population. In terms of ancestry, Of
3520-458: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.85. In the county, the population was spread out, with 22.90% under the age of 18, 8.00% from 18 to 24, 27.40% from 25 to 44, 26.20% from 45 to 64, and 15.60% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.50 males. The median income for
3584-423: Was accused of intervening on Duke's behalf as he had been a Duke Energy employee for 28 years. Prosecutors went looking for any cash or items of value that might have been given to Governor McCrory and members of his administration in exchange for cheap settlements. Duke Energy was prosecuted, pled guilty to nine charges of criminal negligence , and agreed to pay $ 102 million in fines and restitutions. Duke Energy
3648-521: Was also ordered to close all of its 32 ash ponds in the state of North Carolina by 2029. In September 2016, the Government Pension Fund of Norway , then worth $ 900 billion, excluded Duke Energy and its subsidiaries from the fund, citing "risk of severe environmental damage". In August 2020, environmental watchdog EWG released a report accusing Duke Energy of charging Indiana ratepayers for $ 12 billion worth of failed projects. This
3712-401: Was conducted by specialists from the University of South Carolina to establish history and recover thousands of artifacts. Human and animal remains were also discovered at the site. In the first half of the 18th century, approximately 2100 Cherokee inhabited sixteen towns east of the Blue Ridge Mountains . The Cherokee people were geographically divided into three regions: the Lower Towns of
3776-562: Was located along the Cherokee trading path of the early 18th century between the English colonial Atlantic port of Charleston and the Mississippi River to the west. Oconee Town did not develop around an ancient platform mound like those built by ancestral peoples during the period of the Southern Appalachian Mississippian culture , approximately 1000CE to 1500CE. In their public architecture,
3840-662: Was not created until 1868, after the American Civil War and during the Reconstruction era . It was taken from part of the Pickens District and named after Oconee Town. Current residents refer to Oconee County as the "Golden Corner" due to its status as South Carolina's north-western most county. According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 673.57 square miles (1,744.5 km ), of which 626.56 square miles (1,622.8 km )
3904-613: Was purchased by Duke and is now operated under the Duke Power Nantahala Area brand. In 1990, Duke sold its remaining transit operations. Duke Power merged with PanEnergy, a natural gas company, in 1997 to form Duke Energy. The Duke Power name continued as the electric utility business of Duke Energy until the Cinergy merger. With the purchase of Cinergy Corporation announced in 2005 and completed on April 3, 2006, Duke Energy Corporation's customer base grew to include
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#17327837179363968-985: Was retiring and Lynn Good would become the new CEO. Rogers has been CEO and Chairman since 2006, while Good was Chief Financial Officer of Duke since 2009, having joined Duke in the 2006 Cinergy merger. Rogers' retirement was part of an agreement to end an investigation into Duke's Progress Energy acquisition in 2012. In 2016, Duke Energy purchased Piedmont Natural Gas for $ 4.9 billion to become its wholly owned subsidiary. Duke Energy completed selling its remaining power operations in Central and South America for $ 1.2 billion months afterwards. At one point Duke Energy had more than 4,300 megawatts of electric generation in Latin America. It operated eight hydroelectric power plants in Brazil with an installed capacity of 2,307 megawatts. The company expects to spend $ 13 billion upgrading
4032-493: Was using loopholes in the law to increase emissions. Initially, Duke prevailed at the trial court level, but in 2006 the case was argued before the Supreme Court ( Environmental Defense v. Duke Energy Corp. (05-848)). The Court unanimously ruled on April 2, 2007, that the modifications allowed the power plants to operate for more hours, increasing emissions, so Clean Air Act permits were needed. In 2002, researchers at
4096-648: Was valued at over US$ 58.8 billion in November 2018. In 1999, the United States Environmental Protection Agency commenced an enforcement action against Duke Energy for making modifications to very old and deteriorating coal-burning power plants without getting permits under the Clean Air Act . Duke asserted that a "modification" under the Clean Air Act did not require a permit. Environmental groups asserted that Duke
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