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45-588: Khariton Laptev was born in a gentry family , Laptev family which was a branch of the Lopukhin family , in the village of Pokarevo near Velikiye Luki (in the southern part of today's Pskov Oblast ), just a year before his cousin Dmitry Laptev was born in the nearby village of Bolotovo. Khariton Laptev started his career in the Russian Navy as a cadet in 1718. By 1730, he was already in charge of

90-543: A certain locality over several generations (see List of political families in the United Kingdom ). Owning land was a prerequisite for suffrage (the civil right to vote) in county constituencies until the Reform Act 1832 ; until then, Parliament was largely in the hands of the landowning class. The gentry ranked above the agricultural sector's middle class: the larger tenant farmers , who rented land from

135-523: A disproportionate influence over the nation's political, educational, religious, and other institutions. Of all social classes, members of the upper class also have a strong sense of solidarity and 'consciousness of kind' that stretches across the nation and even the globe. Since the 1970s, income inequality in the United States has been increasing, with the top 1% (largely because of the top 0.1%) experiencing significantly larger gains in income than

180-431: A family. Moreover, the deference which was once automatically given to members of this class by most British people has almost completely dissipated as its wealth, political power and social influence have declined, and other social figures such as celebrities have grown to take their place in the public's interest. Upper class Upper class in modern societies is the social class composed of people who hold

225-415: A few number of professionals , are considered members of this class by contemporary sociologists, such as James Henslin or Dennis Gilbert . There may be prestige differences between different upper-class households. An A-list actor, for example, might not be accorded as much prestige as a former U.S. President , yet all members of this class are so influential and wealthy as to be considered members of

270-508: A living, as they were supported by earned or inherited investments (often real estate ), although members of the upper class may have had less actual money than merchants. Upper-class status commonly derived from the social position of one's family and not from one's own achievements or wealth. Much of the population that composed the upper class consisted of aristocrats, ruling families, titled people, and religious hierarchs . These people were usually born into their status and historically there

315-681: A military ship, and in 1734 participated in the siege of Gdańsk . In 1739–1742, Khariton Laptev led one of the parties of the Second Kamchatka expedition . Together with Semion Chelyuskin , N. Chekin , and G. Medvedev , Laptev described the Taimyr Peninsula from the mouth of the Khatanga River to the mouth of the Pyasina river and discovered a few of the islands in the area. After the expedition, he participated in

360-469: A pattern in many families that while the eldest son would inherit the estate and enter politics, the second son would join the army, the third son go into law, and the fourth son join the church. A newly rich man who wished his family to join the gentry (and they nearly all did so wish), was expected not only to buy a country house and estate, but often also to sever financial ties with the business which had made him wealthy in order to cleanse his family of

405-483: A person from an undistinguished background into a member of the upper class as one must be born into a family of that class and raised in a particular manner to understand and share upper class values, traditions, and cultural norms. The term is often used in conjunction with terms like upper-middle class , middle class , and working class as part of a model of social stratification . Historically in some cultures, members of an upper class often did not have to work for

450-430: A word indicating high birth, high status, or gentleness. The term gradually came to be used for the lower ranks of the aristocracy , which along with the peerage had previously been considered part of the nobility . In the 16th and 17th centuries, writers referred to the peerage as the nobilitas major ( Latin for "greater nobility") and the gentry as the nobilitas minor (Latin for "minor nobility"). Eventually,

495-558: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Landed gentry The landed gentry , or the gentry (sometimes collectively known as the squirearchy ), is a largely historical British social class of landowners who could live entirely from rental income , or at least had a country estate . It is the British element of the wider European class of gentry . While part of the British aristocracy , and usually armigers ,

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540-698: Is estimated to constitute less than 1% of the population. By self-identification, according to this 2001–2012 Gallup Poll data, 98% of Americans identify with the five other class terms used, 48–50% identifying as "middle class". The main distinguishing feature of the upper class is its ability to derive enormous incomes from wealth through techniques such as money management and investing, rather than engaging in wage-labor salaried employment, although most upper-class individuals today will still hold some sort of employment, which differs from historical norms. Successful entrepreneurs , CEOs , investment bankers , venture capitalists , heir to fortunes, celebrities, and

585-423: Is one step down from the gentry, but above, say, a husbandman . So while yeoman farmers owned enough land to support a comfortable lifestyle, they nevertheless farmed it themselves and were excluded from the "landed gentry" because they worked for a living, and were thus "in trade" as it was termed. Apart from a few "honourable" professions connected with the governing elite (the clergy of the established church ,

630-485: Is synonymous with peer . However, this popular usage of nobility omits the distinction between titled and untitled nobility. The titled nobility in Britain are the peers of the realm, whereas the untitled nobility comprise those here described as gentry. David Cannadine wrote that the gentry's lack of titles "did not matter, for it was obvious to contemporaries that the landed gentry were all for practical purposes

675-581: The feudal lordship of the manor , and the less formal name or title of squire , in Scotland laird . Generally lands passed by primogeniture , while the inheritances of daughters and younger sons were in cash or stocks, and relatively small. Typically the gentry farmed some of their land through employed managers, but leased most of it to tenant farmers . They also exploited timber and minerals (such as coal), and owned mills and other sources of income. Many heads of families also had careers in politics or

720-477: The "Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage, and Companionage". As well as listing genealogical information, these books often also included details of the right of a given family to a coat of arms . They were comparable to the Almanach de Gotha in continental Europe. In the 1830s, one peerage publisher, John Burke , expanded his market and his readership by publishing a similar volume for people without titles, which

765-485: The "taint of trade", depending somewhat on what that business was. However, during the 18th and 19th centuries, as the new rich of the Industrial Revolution became more and more numerous and politically powerful, this expectation was gradually relaxed. Persons who are closely related to peers are also more correctly described as gentry than as nobility, since the latter term, in the modern British Isles,

810-405: The 17th century, the gentry was divided into four ranks: In a historiographical survey, Peter Coss describes a number of approaches to deciding who was gentry. One is to view the gentry as those recognised legally as possessing gentility. However, Coss finds this method unsatisfactory because it "seems certain that gentility was widely felt and articulated within society long before legislation

855-670: The Peerage of Ireland granted by the British monarch have no recognition in the Irish Constitution. Contemporary Ireland is generally perceived to have a two-tier social class system composed of working class and middle class (with the exception of a small number of wealthy billionaires). The American upper class is a social group within the United States consisting of people who have the highest social rank primarily due to economic wealth . The American upper class

900-568: The UK. The book series Burke's Landed Gentry records the names of members of this class. The designation landed gentry originally referred exclusively to members of the upper class who were both landlords and commoners (in the British sense)—that is, they did not hold peerages . But by the late 19th century, the term was also applied to peers, such as the Duke of Westminster , who lived on landed estates. The term gentry derives from gentrice ,

945-707: The creation of the "General Map of the Siberian and Kamchatka Coast", and continued his military service in the Baltic Fleet . The sea coastline of the Taimyr Peninsula, a cape on the Chelyuskin Peninsula and other landmarks bear his name. The Laptev Sea was also named after him (and his cousin Dmitry Laptev ). The 1962-built icebreaker Ledokol-3 was renamed Khariton Laptev in 1966 in his honor. This article about an explorer

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990-433: The end of the 19th century, together with the introduction in the 20th century of increasingly heavy levels of taxation on inherited wealth, put an end to agricultural land as the primary source of wealth for the upper classes. Many estates were sold or broken up, and this trend was accelerated by the introduction of protection for agricultural tenancies, encouraging outright sales, from the mid-20th century. So devastating

1035-550: The equivalent of continental nobles, with their hereditary estates, their leisured lifestyle, their social pre-eminence, and their armorial bearings". British armigerous families who hold no title of nobility are represented, together with those who hold titles through the College of Arms , by the Commission and Association for Armigerous Families of Great Britain at CILANE . Through grants of arms, new families are admitted into

1080-690: The expression Landed Gentry as a description of the untitled upper classes in England (although the book also included families in Wales, Scotland and Ireland, where, however, social structures were rather different). Burke's Landed Gentry continued to appear at regular intervals throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. A review of the 1952 edition in Time noted: Landed Gentry used to limit itself to owners of domains that could properly be called "stately" (i.e. more than 500 acres or 200 hectares). Now it has lowered

1125-486: The gentry had three main characteristics: (1) landownership, (2) a nobility or gentility (shared with the peerage) that distinguished them from the rest of the population, and (3) a territorial-based collective identity and power over the larger population. From the late 16th-century, the gentry emerged as the class most closely involved in politics, the military and law. It provided the bulk of Members of Parliament , with many gentry families maintaining political control in

1170-410: The gentry ranked below the British peerage (or "titled nobility" ) in social status. Nevertheless, their economic base in land was often similar, and some of the landed gentry were wealthier than some peers. Many gentry were close relatives of peers, and it was not uncommon for gentry to marry into peerage. With or without noble title, owning rural land estates often brought with it the legal rights of

1215-419: The highest social status, usually are the wealthiest members of class society , and wield the greatest political power . According to this view, the upper class is generally distinguished by immense wealth which is passed on from generation to generation. Prior to the 20th century, the emphasis was on aristocracy , which emphasized generations of inherited noble status , not just recent wealth. Because

1260-490: The landowners, and yeoman farmers, who were defined as "a person qualified by possessing free land of forty shillings annual [feudal] value, and who can serve on juries and vote for a Knight of the Shire . He is sometimes described as a small landowner, a farmer of the middle classes." Anthony Richard Wagner , Richmond Herald wrote that "a Yeoman would not normally have less than 100 acres" (40 hectares) and in social status

1305-527: The merchant class and were ennobled between the 14th and 19th centuries while intermarrying with the old nobility and gentry. Since the Second World War , the term has come to encompass rich and powerful members of the managerial and professional classes as well. In the years since Irish independence in 1922 the upper class has all but vanished in the Republic of Ireland. Aristocratic titles within

1350-403: The military, and the younger sons of the gentry provided a high proportion of the clergy , military officers , and lawyers . Successful burghers often used their accumulated wealth to buy country estates, with the aim of establishing themselves as landed gentry. The decline of the gentry largely began with the 1870s agricultural depression ; however, there are still many hereditary gentry in

1395-491: The nation and preserved as monuments to the lifestyles of their former owners (who sometimes remained in part of the house as lessees or tenants) by the National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty . The National Trust, which had originally concentrated on open landscapes rather than buildings, accelerated its country house acquisition programme during and after the Second World War , partly because of

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1440-500: The officer corps of the British Armed Forces , the diplomatic and civil services , the bar or the judiciary ), such occupation was considered demeaning by the upper classes, particularly by the 19th century, when the earlier mercantile endeavours of younger sons were increasingly discontinued. Younger sons, who could not expect to inherit the family estate, were instead urged into professions of state service. It became

1485-555: The prevalence of titles of nobility varied widely from country to country. Some upper classes were almost entirely untitled, for example, the Szlachta of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . In Great Britain and Ireland , the "upper class" traditionally comprised the landed gentry and the aristocracy of noble families with hereditary titles. The vast majority of post-medieval aristocratic families originated in

1530-565: The property qualification to 200 acres (0.81 km ) for all British families whose pedigrees have been "notable" for three generations. Even so, almost half of the 5,000 families listed in the new volume are in there because their forefathers were: they themselves have no land left. Their estates are mere street addresses, like that of the Molineux-Montgomeries, formerly of Garboldisham Old Hall, now of No. 14 Malton Avenue, Haworth. The Great Depression of British Agriculture at

1575-558: The rest of society. Alan Greenspan , former chair of the Federal Reserve , sees it as a problem for society, calling it a "very disturbing trend". According to the book Who Rules America? by William Domhoff , the distribution of wealth in America is the primary highlight of the influence of the upper class. The top 1% of Americans own around 34% of the wealth in the U.S. while the bottom 80% own only approximately 16% of

1620-628: The terms nobility and gentry came to refer to completely separate classes. The gentry were aristocratic landowners who were not peers. According to historian G. E. Mingay , the gentry were landowners whose wealth "made possible a certain kind of education, a standard of comfort, and a degree of leisure and a common interest in ways of spending it". Leisure distinguished gentry from businessmen who gained their wealth through work. The gentry, did not enterprise or marketeer but were known most for working in management of estates; their income came largely from rents paid by tenant farmers living these estates. By

1665-417: The untitled nobility regularly, thus making the gentry a class that remains open both legally and practically. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the names and families of those with titles (specifically peers and baronets , less often including those with the non-hereditary title of knight ) were often listed in books or manuals known as "Peerages", "Baronetages", or combinations of these categories, such as

1710-501: The upper class. At the pinnacle of U.S. wealth, 2004 saw a dramatic increase in the numbers of billionaires. According to Forbes Magazine , there are now 374 U.S. billionaires. The growth in billionaires took a dramatic leap since the early 1980s, when the average net worth of the individuals on the Forbes 400 list was $ 400 million. Today , the average net worth is $ 2.8 billion. Upper-class families... dominate corporate America and have

1755-400: The upper classes of a society may no longer rule the society in which they are living, they are often referred to as the old upper classes, and they are often culturally distinct from the newly rich middle classes that tend to dominate public life in modern social democracies. According to the latter view held by the traditional upper classes, no amount of individual wealth or fame would make

1800-403: The wealth. This large disparity displays the unequal distribution of wealth in America in absolute terms. In 1998, Bob Herbert of The New York Times referred to modern American plutocrats as " The Donor Class " (list of top donors) and defined the class, for the first time, as "a tiny group – just one-quarter of 1 percent of the population – and it is not representative of the rest of

1845-472: The widespread destruction of country houses in the 20th century by owners who could no longer afford to maintain them. Those who retained their property usually had to supplement their incomes from sources other than the land, sometimes by opening their properties to the public. In the 21st century, the term "landed gentry" is still used, as the landowning class still exists, but it increasingly refers more to historic than to current landed wealth or property in

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1890-608: Was called A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland, enjoying territorial possessions or high official rank , popularly known as Burke's Commoners . Burke's Commoners was published in four volumes from 1833 to 1838. Subsequent editions were re-titled A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry; or, Commons of Great Britain and Ireland or Burke's Landed Gentry. The popularity of Burke's Landed Gentry gave currency to

1935-436: Was in place to tell us so". Other historians define gentry by land ownership and income level, but there is still the problem of whether this should include professionals and town dwellers. Rosemary Horrox argues that an urban gentry existed in the 15th century. For some historians of early modern England, the gentry included families with coats of arms , but Coss notes that not all gentry were armigerous . Coss proposes that

1980-482: Was not much movement across class boundaries. In many countries, the term "upper class" was intimately associated with hereditary land ownership. Political power was often in the hands of the landowners in many pre-industrial societies despite there being no legal barriers to land ownership for other social classes. Upper-class landowners in Europe were often also members of the titled nobility , though not necessarily:

2025-464: Was this for the ranks formerly identified as being of the landed gentry that Burke's Landed Gentry began, in the 20th century, to include families historically in this category who had ceased to own their ancestral lands. The focus of those who remained in this class shifted from the lands or estates themselves, to the stately home or " family seat " which was in many cases retained without the surrounding lands. Many of these buildings were purchased for

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