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55-466: One of its uses is as a diversion airport if a twin-engine airliner experiences engine problems while flying over Siberia; however, the airport is only equipped for landings during good weather. This article about an airport in Russia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Russian military article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Armed Forces of

110-547: A global nuclear war . It also operates a secure communications system for senior government officials. The FSO is a powerful institution with a range of rights and powers, including the right to conduct searches and surveillance without warrants, make arrests, and give orders to other state agencies. The FSO is organized into the following services: One of the FSO units is the Kremlin Regiment . A more recent addition to

165-490: A military academy or the ROTC . Students of Russian civilian institutions of higher education wishing to join the reserve officer training program cannot choose a military occupational specialty, because each civilian specialty taught by civilian university is attached to a particular military occupational specialty taught by the military training center of the same university by the rector 's order. It also differs from

220-431: A Russian passport. Under a 2010 Defence Ministry plan, foreigners without dual citizenship would be able to sign up for five-year contracts and will be eligible for Russian citizenship after serving three years. The change could open the way for CIS citizens to get fast-track Russian citizenship, and counter the effects of Russia's demographic crisis on its army recruitment. Each soldier in duty receives an Identity Card of

275-480: A contract [with the armed forces] in 2007, and now there are only slightly more than 11,000 of them, including 4,300 officers of various rank." Lt. Col. Yelena Stepanova, the chief of the social processes monitoring department at the Russian armed forces' sociological research center, said. This trend [was] "not ..special" but correspond[ed] with the general .. reduction of the Russian armed forces." On 28 May 2022, on

330-447: A crisis in the conscript service where there simply were not sufficient able-bodied men to draft and was forced to halve its conscription. In March 2013, Defence Minister Sergey Shoygu promised that all army quarters would have showers by the end of the year. In 2013, it was reported that: "Compared to 2007, the number of female officers and warrant-officers has dropped by nearly two thirds. There were over 30,000 women serving under

385-539: A decree of President Medvedev on 14 July 2010. In July 2011, an Operational-Strategic Command of Missile-Space Defence has also been established on the basis of the former Special Purpose Command of the Russian Air Force . A Presidential decree of January 2011 named commanders for several of the new organisational structures. Russian security bodies not under the control of the Ministry of Defence include

440-479: A military position in particular military units and are involved in all operational, mobilization, and combat activities of these military units. As a rule, in peacetime time reservists perform their duties 2–3 days per month and during an annual military camp training of 20 to 30 days. The exact number of reservists is unknown because a relevant paragraph of the Presidential Decree which determines

495-571: A new decree was signed in March 2007, which cut the conscription service term from 24 to 18 months. The term was cut further to one year on 1 January 2008. Thirty percent of Russian Armed Forces' personnel were contract servicemen at the end of 2005. For the foreseeable future, the Armed Forces will be a mixed contract/conscript force. The Russian Armed Forces need to maintain a mobilization reserve to have manning resources capable of reinforcing

550-530: A number of other important cities and regions. In Moscow alone 15,000 personnel expressed their desire to service in the new Russian Army, mostly former Soviet Armed Forces servicemen. In the end, President Yeltsin tabled a decree "On the temporary position of the Russian Guard", but it was not put into practice. After signing the Belavezha Accords on 21 December 1991, the countries of

605-562: Is a paramilitary organization of the Federal Security Service , the country's main internal intelligence agency. Both organizations have significant wartime tasks in addition to their main peacetime activities and operate their own land, air and maritime units. The number of personnel is specified by decree of the President of Russia . On 1 January 2008, a number of 2,019,629 units, including military of 1,134,800 units,

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660-596: Is carried out by taking into account the age category under the article 53 of Federal Law of 28 March 1998, No.53-FZ "About military duty and military service": in order from first category to third category. Federal Protective Service (Russia) The Federal Guard Service of the Russian Federation (Russian: Федеральная служба охраны Российской Федерации , IPA: [fʲɪdʲɪˈralʲnəjə ˈsluʐbə ɐˈxranɨ rɐˈsʲijskəj fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨɪ] (Federal'naya sluzhba okhrany Rossiyskoy Federatsii)), also known as

715-521: Is used in Russia; the term of service is 12 months; and the eligible age is between 18 and 27 years old. Deferments are provided to undergraduate and graduate students, men supporting disabled relatives, parents of at least two children and—upon Presidential proclamation—to some employees of military-oriented enterprises. Men holding a Ph.D., as well as sons and brothers of servicemen killed or disabled during their military service, are released from conscription. There were widespread problems with hazing in

770-600: The American military education system in which students can choose between available types of ROTC . The Russian military education system includes: Russian Armed Forces have reserves ( Russian : запас; transliteration : zapas) which includes 2 components: By default, at the end of active duty each military personnel is enrolled as a mobilization human resource . This applies equally to conscripts and volunteers regardless of ranks . Furthermore, graduates of civilian institutions of higher education, who have graduated

825-892: The Border Guard of the Federal Security Service , the National Guard , the Ministry of Internal Affairs , the Federal Protective Service , the Foreign Intelligence Service , and the Ministry of Emergency Situations . Armed forces under the Ministry of Defence are divided into: There are additionally two further separate troop branches , the National Guard and the Border Service . These retain

880-703: The FGS of Russia (Russian: ФСО России , IPA: [ɛf ɛs ˌo rɐˈsʲiɪ] ), is a federal government agency concerned with the tasks related to the protection of several high-ranking state officials, mandated by the relevant law, including the President of Russia , as well as certain federal properties. It traces its origin to the USSR's Ninth Chief Directorate of the KGB and later Presidential Security Service (SBP) led by KGB general Alexander Korzhakov . On May 27, 1996,

935-624: The Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (now the National Guard of Russia 's National Guard Forces Command ), the Border Guard Service of Russia (part of the Federal Security Service ), the Kremlin Regiment and the rest of the Federal Protective Service , and the Ministry of Emergency Situations , the country's civil defence service since 1995 and successor to earlier civil defence units. The Navy consists of four fleets and one flotilla : Conscription

990-943: The Main Military-Political Directorate of the Russian Armed Forces was created, restoring a responsibility for ideological training that had been done away with in the Soviet Armed Forces . The Russian military is divided into three services: the Russian Ground Forces , the Russian Navy , and the Russian Aerospace Forces . In addition there are two independent arms of service : the Strategic Missile Troops and

1045-924: The Russian Airborne Troops . The Armed Forces as a whole are traditionally referred to as the Army ( armiya ), except in some cases, the Navy is specifically singled out. Since late 2010, the Ground Forces as well as the Aerospace Forces and Navy are distributed among four military districts : Western Military District , Southern Military District , Central Military District , and the Eastern Military District which also constitute four Joint Strategic Commands—West, South, Central, and East. Previously from 1992 to 2010,

1100-418: The military training centers of their almae matres, trained under reserve officer program , are enrolled as mobilization Human Resources after their promotion to officer's rank (unlike graduates of such centers, trained under active duty officer program, who are due to be enrolled for active duty after their promotion to officer's rank). Mobilization human resource are replenished with males who reach

1155-621: The world's fifth largest military force , with 1.15 million active-duty personnel and close to two million reservists . They maintain the world's largest stockpile of nuclear weapons , possess the world's second-largest fleet of ballistic missile submarines , and are the only armed forces outside the United States and China that operate strategic bombers . As of 2024, Russia has the world's third-highest military expenditure , at approximately US$ 130 billion, or over six percent of GDP, compared to approximately to US$ 86.5–$ 109 billion

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1210-532: The Army, known as dedovshchina , where first-year draftees are abused by second-year draftees, a practice that appeared in its current form after the change to a two-year service term in 1967. According to Anna Politkovskaya , in 2002, "a complete battalion, more than five hundred men, had been killed not by enemy fire but by beatings". Over a period of 9 months in 2003, 2,500 personnel were accused of dedovshchina, of which half were sentenced. To combat this problem,

1265-436: The Ground Forces were divided into six military districts : Moscow , Leningrad , North Caucausian , Privolzhsk-Ural , Siberian and Far Eastern , with the seventh military district: Kaliningrad formed in 1997; in service until 2010. Russia's four naval fleets and one flotilla were organizations on par with the Ground Forces' Military Districts. These seven MDs were merged into the four new MDs, which now also incorporate

1320-829: The Russian Armed Forces , Railway Troops , Signal Troops and Construction Troops . The Ministry of Defence incorporated the Main Directorate of the Military Police Since 1 December 2012. The Main Directorate of the Military Police oversees subordinated military districts regional directorates of military police . The Chief of the General Staff is currently General of the Army Valery Gerasimov . In July 2018,

1375-624: The Russian Armed Forces . On 20 September 2022 the State Duma passed a bill which would make Russian citizenship available to foreign soldiers upon 12 months service in the AFRF; previously the service requirement had been set at three years. Awards and decorations of the Armed Forces are covered at the Awards and Emblems of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation . On 17 November 2011, General Nikolai Makarov said that Russia had reached

1430-806: The Russian Federation The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation , commonly referred to as the Russian Armed Forces , are the military of Russia . They are organized into three service branches—the Ground Forces , Navy , and Aerospace Forces —two independent combat arms (the Strategic Rocket Forces and Airborne Forces ), and the Special Operations Forces Command . The Russian Armed Forces are

1485-712: The Supreme Commander of NATO Allied Forces Europe Christopher Cavoli : "The Russians are very cleverly adapting technologically and procedurally to many of the challenges that they run into in Ukraine". Cavoli also said in April 2024 that the Russian military has replaced its troop and equipment losses and is larger than it was before the start of the conflict. On June 26, 2024, the UK -based Royal United Services Institute think tank reported that Russia continues to increase

1540-484: The U.S. and China). The Soviet Union officially dissolved on 25 December 1991. For the next year various attempts to keep its unity and to transform it into the military of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) failed. Over time, some units stationed in the newly independent republics swore loyalty to their new national governments, while a series of treaties between the newly independent states divided up

1595-602: The UN-brokered deal to resume Ukraine's Black Sea grain exports, Russia bombed the Port of Odesa . According to Forbes Moscow had committed, as of the end of July 2022, 10 of its Combined Arms Armies to the invasion. The Wagner Group has made a name for itself as Putin's "private army." In June 2023, Putin backed the Ministry of Defense's plan to make mercenary groups sign contracts, which Wagner leader Yevgeny Prigozhin pushed against: these contracts would have placed

1650-528: The Wagner Group under the Ministry's command structure as subordinates and limited Prigozhin's own influence. Later in June, the Wagner Group turned against the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the Ministry of Defense until a peace deal was reached. According to Prigozhin, part of the reason for his march against Russia was to stop the government from "[dismantling] PMC Wagner." By July 2024, according to

1705-602: The administrative body of the Armed Forces. Since Soviet times, the General Staff has acted as the main commanding and supervising body of the Russian armed forces. "[T]he Soviet General Staff without the MoD is conceivable, but the MoD without the General Staff is not." Other departments include the Main Intelligence Directorate , the personnel directorate as well as the Logistical Support of

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1760-604: The aerospace forces and naval forces. There is one remaining Russian military base, the 102nd Military Base , in Armenia left of the former Transcaucasus Group of Forces and is incorporated into the Southern Military District. In mid-2010 a reorganisation was announced which consolidated military districts and the navy's fleets into four Joint Strategic Commands (OSC). In 2014 the Northern Fleet

1815-458: The age of 27 years old and were not in military service for any reason. Enrolling in the mobilization human reserve is voluntary and implies the special contract. This possibility is available for each persons, who is in the mobilization human resource already. The initial contract is concluded for 3 years period. Military personnel of mobilization human reserve (reservists) perform part-time duties in military units. Reservists are appointed to

1870-576: The armed forces (with, for comparison, the total defence budget for 2001 being 214 billion rubles). Areas of particular concern identified by a researcher at the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment in 2007 included the State Defence Order (perhaps 10-15% realised in 2004); " ghost soldiers ," as "it is generally acknowledged that the number of actually serving personnel differs substantially from

1925-502: The authorized number of personnel," and officers at various levels can pocket excess money for themselves; and "the domestic purchases of goods and services, where corrupt officers overpay civilian providers in return for bribes." On 24 February 2022, Russian president Vladimir Putin gave the execute order to for the Armed Forces to begin the Russian invasion of Ukraine . On 10 April 2022 General Aleksandr Dvornikov assumed command of

1980-426: The background of the ongoing invasion of Ukraine , Vladimir Putin signed the law which removed the upper age limit for signing first contract for the performance of voluntary military service (earlier this limit was 40 years old). In November 2024, following heavy personnel losses, Russia reduced payments to troops injured in the invasion of Ukraine amidst the Russian government facing increasing war costs due to

2035-589: The end of 2024, which will make it the second largest active military force after China. Despite its perceived military strength, deficiencies have been noted in Russia's overall combat performance and its ability to effectively project hard power . The ongoing invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 has exposed weaknesses such as endemic corruption , rigid command and control structure , inadequate training, and poor morale; Russian Armed Forces have experienced successive losses of occupied/annexed territory ,

2090-495: The entire period of being in mobilization human resource can not exceed 12 months, and a person may be enlisted in such training no more than once every three years. As of 2009, the number of citizens who can be used for mobilization deployment on an involuntary basis in the case of wartime mobilization was estimated at 31 million. Reservists are subject to mobilization in wartime first of all. Non-reservists are subject to mobilization secondarily. The mobilization of non-reservists

2145-458: The event of nuclear war . It reportedly uses advanced domestic technical developments. Since May 18, 2000, and until May 26, 2016, the agency was headed by General Evgeny Murov; since May 26, 2016, the head of the service is General Dmitry Kochnev. The FSO has roughly 50,000 uniformed personnel plus several thousand plain-clothed personnel. It controls the Cheget that can be used in the event of

2200-691: The former Soviet Republics. In late 2000 Gazeta.ru reported that of 600,000 personnel planned to be dismissed from the various "power ministries," the Armed Forces would be reduced by 365,000. Both in Soviet and Russian times, corruption has been a significant impediment to the Armed Forces. "The change from Yeltsin to Putin ..had minimal effect on Russian military corruption. Putin, despite his desire to rebuild Russian strength, has not shown himself willing or able to seriously deal with" corruption. From 1991 to 2001, Russian authorities uncovered at least 350 billion rubles' (US$ 11.5 billion) worth of corruption in

2255-466: The large amount of injuries. The Russian military education system, inherited from the Soviet Union , trains officer-specialists in narrowly-defined military occupational specialties. In this it differs greatly from the American military education system in which newly qualified second lieutenants receive particular specialties in the framework of their "career branch" only after graduation from

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2310-548: The large-scale destruction and squandering of their equipment, and a notably high casualty rate. Researchers from the U.S.-funded RAND Corporation have observed that Russia continues struggling with military professionalization, but remains capable of rapidly reconstituting its capabilities. Directly controlled by the Security Council of Russia , the Russian Armed Forces form part of the country's defence services under Russian law, fulfilling this capacity alongside

2365-560: The law "On State Protection" reorganized the GUO (Glavnoye Upravlenie Okhrani) into the FSO (Federal Protection Service). Under article 7 of the law, "the President of the Russian Federation, while in office, shall not be allowed to forego state protection." FSO includes the Russian Presidential Security Service . The FSO includes an estimated 50,000 troops and controls the " black box " that can be used in

2420-468: The legal status of "Armed Forces", while falling outside of the jurisdiction of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation . The National Guard is formed on the basis of the former Internal Troops of Russia . The new structure has been detached from the Ministry of Internal Affairs into a separate agency, directly subordinated to the President of Russia . The Border Service

2475-661: The military's assets. Apart from assuming control of the bulk of the former Soviet Internal Troops and the KGB Border Troops , seemingly the only independent defence move the new Russian government made before March 1992 involved announcing the establishment of a National Guard . Until 1995, it was planned to form at least 11 brigades numbering 3,000 to 5,000 each, with a total of no more than 100,000. National Guard military units were to be deployed in 10 regions, including in Moscow (three brigades), (two brigades), and

2530-484: The newly formed CIS signed a protocol on the temporary appointment of Marshal of Aviation Yevgeny Shaposhnikov as Minister of Defence and commander of the armed forces in their territory, including strategic nuclear forces. On 14 February 1992 Shaposhnikov formally became Supreme Commander of the CIS Armed Forces. On 16 March 1992 a decree by Boris Yeltsin created the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation,

2585-694: The next few years, Russian forces withdrew from central and eastern Europe, as well as from some newly independent post-Soviet republics. While in most places the withdrawal took place without any problems, the Russian Armed Forces remained in some disputed areas such as the Sevastopol naval base in the Crimea as well as in Abkhazia , South Ossetia and in Transnistria . The Armed Forces have several bases in foreign countries, especially on territory of

2640-436: The number of reserve troops is classified. The military units manned by reservists are determined by General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation , and this information is classified too. The persons who are in mobilization human resource (non-reservists) may be enlisted to military camp trainings in peacetime. The duration of each training can not exceed 2 months, herewith the total duration of such trainings for

2695-406: The operation. In July 2022, at the same time as the Armed Forces began suffering severe casualties , the Ground Forces began to site ammunition in or near structures which are frequented by civilians due to the human shield benefit, ostensibly because Ukrainian HIMARS had tilted the odds of his strategy of attrition by artillery. Within hours after Defence Minister Sergei Shoigu 's signature on

2750-579: The operational control of Allied High Command and the Ministry of Defence, which was headed by President . Finally, on 7 May 1992, Yeltsin signed a decree establishing the armed forces and Yeltsin assumed the duties of the Supreme Commander. In May 1992, General Colonel Pavel Grachev became the Minister of Defence, and was made Russia's first Army General on assuming the post. By August or December 1993 CIS military structures had become CIS military cooperation structures with all real influence lost. In

2805-575: The permanent readiness forces if the permanent readiness forces cannot deter or suppress an armed conflict on their own. Recruitment into the Russian military are also open to non-Russian citizens of the Commonwealth of Independent States , of which Russia is the largest member. By December 2003, the Russian parliament had approved a law in principle to permit the Armed Forces to employ foreign nationals on contract by offering them Russian citizenship after several years service yet, up to 2010, foreigners could only serve in Russia's armed forces after getting

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2860-401: The production and sophistication of its main weapons and its defense industry remained highly dependent on foreign imports of critical components. The Ukrainian Commander-in-Chief Colonel General Oleksandr Syrskyi said on 24 July 2024 that Russians were much better resourced now but also suffer three times higher losses than Ukraine. The Defence Ministry of the Russian Federation serves as

2915-556: The year before. Its military budget is set to expand by 30 percent, to US$ 145 billion, in 2025. The Russian military is a hybrid system that combines conscripts with contracted volunteers ; with certain exceptions, Russian law mandates one year of military service for all male citizens aged 18–27. Despite efforts to professionalize its ranks since the early 2000s, it remains heavily reliant on conscripts, with contract soldiers being concentrated in cadre and elite units . Russia plans to expand its active personnel to 1.5 million by

2970-531: Was reorganized in separate Joint Strategic Command. Since 1 January 2021, this Command has the status of military district. Geographically divided, the five commands/districts are: The plan was put in place on 1 December 2010 and mirrors a proposed reorganisation by former Chief of the General Staff Army General Yuri Baluyevsky for a Regional Command East which was not implemented. The four commands were set up by

3025-949: Was set. In 2010 the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) estimated that the Russian Armed Forces numbered about 1,027,000 active troops and in the region of 2,035,000 reserves (largely ex-conscripts). As opposed to personnel specified by decree, actual personnel numbers on the payroll was reported by the Audit Chamber of Russia as 766,000 in October 2013. According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute , between 2005–2009 and 2010–2014, Russian exports of major weapons increased by 37 percent; Russia spent $ 66.4 billion on arms in 2015, then $ 69.2 billion in 2016, having taken 3rd place (after

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