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129-558: Kigamboni Municipal Council is divided into three sections on an administrative level. Additionally, these divisions are subdivided into 67 subwards (referred to as "Mitaa") by 9 wards. There are 15 councilors in the municipal council, and two of them are lawmakers. The Zaramo initially colonised the area that is now Kigamboni. Later, they were influenced and some of them settled in Swahili communities in settlements like Mbuamaji , Kimbiji , Old Mjimwema, and Mbutu Bandarini all located in

258-944: A Bantu ethnic group native to the central eastern coast of Tanzania , particularly Dar es Salaam Region and Pwani Region . They are the largest ethnic group in and around Dar es Salaam , the former capital of Tanzania and the 7th largest city in Africa. Estimated to be about 0.7 million people, over 98% of them are Muslims , more specifically the Shafi'i school of Sunni Islam. Zaramo people are considered influential in Tanzania popular culture, with musical genres like Sengeli originating from their community in Kinondoni District. Their culture and history have been shaped by their dwelling in both urban and rural landscapes. The original Zaramo language, sometimes called Kizaramo ,

387-472: A liwali . The British first established a Township Authority made up of selected Europeans and Asians before experimenting with a number of "native administrations." The town was made into a separate district and divided into six wards, one under each elder. Finally, in 1941, the Township Authority received a native affairs sub-committee and its first African members. These measures included making

516-632: A mangrove forest reserve and the islands of Kendwa, Makatube, Fungu Baraka, and Sinda Island. Also Kigamboni Zoo and holiday resorts along the shoreline. Kigamboni is the ancestral home of several Ndengereko communities especaill in the south west area of the District as well as the Zaramo people, like the majority of Dar es Salaam. Islam and Christianity were found to be the two main religions in Kigamboni. The findings showed that, with 64.3 percent of

645-464: A river . Floodplains stretch from the banks of a river channel to the base of the enclosing valley, and experience flooding during periods of high discharge . The soils usually consist of clays, silts , sands, and gravels deposited during floods. Because of regular flooding, floodplains frequently have high soil-fertility since nutrients are deposited with the flood waters. This can encourage farming ; some important agricultural regions, such as

774-458: A 65 km long coastline. It is one of Dar es Salaam City's biggest municipal councils. With a height of 20 to 50 meters above sea level and a large portion of flat land, Kigamboni Municipal Council is made up of swampy areas in the center and close by shorelines. When compared to other wards, Pembamnazi Ward has the largest land area with 209 km squared, while Kigamboni Ward has the smallest at 4 km squared. Geological formations from

903-411: A Zaramo headman the chief of the entire township, establishing a council of six elders, each of whom represented a grouping of tribes from one direction, and making the town a separate district. Population increase altered Dar es Salaam's entire character. Many Zaramo settlements, particularly Buguruni, were subsumed by the shanty cities the immigrants established. Magomeni had a population density that

1032-533: A boom in the production of food crops (Table 24). In general, crop production increased and reached records in 2016, 2017, and 2018 of 25,338.8 Mt, 33,537.69 Mt, and 42,693.3 Mt, respectively. In Kigamboni wards, there have been some noticeable changes in the amount of land planted with important food crops between 2014 and 2018. According to Table 3.2, the land area used to produce pads has been decreasing, going from 1,478.5 ha in 2014 to 1,131 ha in 2018. Table 3.2 shows that, in comparison to other wards, Kisarawe II has

1161-407: A channel. Sediments from the crevasse spread out as delta -shaped deposits with numerous distributary channels. Crevasse formation is most common in sections of rivers where the river bed is accumulating sediments ( aggrading ). Repeated flooding eventually builds up an alluvial ridge, whose natural levees and abandoned meander loops may stand well above most of the floodplain. The alluvial ridge

1290-673: A deficit of 522 teachers. There was a rise in the number of students enrolled in government primary schools from 26,421 in 2017 to 30,100 in 2019, when examining the total number of students from grade I to VII by sex. In 2017, there were 700 males registered in the Kimbiji Ward and 2,516 boys enrolled in the Mjimwema Ward. There were also 2,598 more girls enrolled in Mjimwema than in Kimbiji. Kimbiji Ward enrolled 778 girls, which

1419-800: A few of the television stations that are conveniently available in Kigamboni Municipality. In Kigamboni Municipality, there are numerous radio stations available for the community's entertainment and education. In comparison to a peak demand of 18 to 20MW, Kigamboni Municipality's supply capacity to the National Grid is 17MW. A little over 56% of the studied homes have access to the TANESCO electrical network. The remaining 44% rely on solar energy and generators as backup energy sources. 32,735 consumers are currently active, including 42 significant clients and 32,687 lesser ones. According to

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1548-554: A flood-prone property to qualify for government-subsidized insurance, a local community must adopt an ordinance that protects the floodway and requires that new residential structures built in Special Flood Hazard Areas be elevated to at least the level of the 100-year flood. Commercial structures can be elevated or floodproofed to or above this level. In some areas without detailed study information, structures may be required to be elevated to at least two feet above

1677-445: A floodplain. The quantity of sediments in a floodplain greatly exceeds the river load of sediments. Thus, floodplains are an important storage site for sediments during their transport from where they are generated to their ultimate depositional environment. When the rate at which the river is cutting downwards becomes great enough that overbank flows become infrequent, the river is said to have abandoned its floodplain. Portions of

1806-458: A girl's female power and her fertility. A girl has a reproductive cycle within society-one that starts with her first menses, continues to her initiation, marriage, birth of her children, and finally ends with the puberty of her grandchildren, at which point her reproductive cycle is over. The girl novice, also called mwali, is secluded in her mother's house for anywhere between two weeks and one year. Earlier documentation states that this process in

1935-928: A higher importance being placed upon sufficient grave marking. Traditional Zaramo grave figures have a variety of names: mwana hiti (no longer in contemporary use,) nguzo za makaburi (translated to "grave posts,") mashahidi wa makaburi (translated to "grave witness.") These figures are considered witnesses or representation of the deceased. Mwana hiti grave figures are separate from mwana hiti initiation figures, and were mainly used for headmen or chief graves. Sometimes grave markers are created as marionette-like, wooden puppets called motto wa bandia to become mnemonic honorary devices. Staffs, aside from their use as walking supports, are used as ritual aids, titular symbols, and representations of power. Specific staffs are usual signifiers of chiefs, diviners, and linguists. Literally translated to "small stick," kifimbo staffs are small staffs used mainly for military authority. It

2064-475: A large number of homes. However, it is noteworthy that neither Shomvi nor Zaramo had much real estate because Dar es Salaam's explosive growth from humble beginnings had engulfed both native groups. Nobody took Shomvi and Zaramo seriously when they both occasionally asserted that they "owned" the town. Shomvi were primarily fishermen, while Zaramo, who came from a less developed educational region, were "very submerged"—a characteristic that set Dar es Salaam apart from

2193-592: A reduction in enrollment from 2017 to 2019 for the period of time. In government secondary schools, there were more boy pupils enrolled in 2017 than there were girls, but this scenario changed in 2018 and 2019, when there were more girls enrolled than boys in both years. Zaramo people Dar es Salaam Region ( Temeke District , Ilala District , Ubungo District , Kinondoni District , Kigamboni District ) Pwani Region The Zaramo people , also referred to as Dzalamo or Saramo ( Wazaramo , in Swahili ), are

2322-664: A result of Zaramo's disregard. Resources for resistance were offered by indigenous religious organizations like the Kubandwa Cult and the Uwuxala Society. Long-established populations were not always opposed to Christianity, though. Only eleven of the 150–200 waalimu in Uzaramo were reported to be able to interpret the Koran rather than merely recite it in 1912, when it was claimed that students at Koran schools learned

2451-446: A subpar water distribution system within the district are the main causes of municipal water scarcity. The majority of Kigamboni people manage waste on-site using either pit latrines or WC systems, according to the data that is currently available. Only 1.4% of homes are connected to the central sewage system. Large corporations that have an impact on both the social and economic development of Kigamboni Municipality maintain and oversee

2580-567: A substantial economic contribution to the Kigamboni Municipal Council. Small-scale farmers run the industry, and the majority of them engage in subsistence farming to ensure their existence by relying mostly on rain-fed agriculture. The yield per hectare is hence quite poor. The council prioritizes food crops such as cassava, maize, pads, legumes, and various kinds of fruits including mangoes and watermelons, according to agronomical considerations. Roads and water (ferries) are

2709-526: A three-day flood of the Meuse and Rhine Rivers in 1993 found average sedimentation rates in the floodplain of between 0.57 and 1.0 kg/m . Higher rates were found on the levees (4 kg/m or more) and on low-lying areas (1.6 kg/m ). Sedimentation from the overbank flow is concentrated on natural levees, crevasse splays , and in wetlands and shallow lakes of flood basins. Natural levees are ridges along river banks that form from rapid deposition from

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2838-506: A total of 21 secondary schools in Kigamboni Municipal, of which 14 are community-based public secondary schools and 7 are privately owned. The number of secondary schools, both public and private, has not increased for the previous three years in a row, according to the council.In Kigamboni Municipality, there are 14 secondary schools, 11 of which are connected to the national grid and 3 of which use alternate energy sources. In

2967-547: Is Bantu , belonging to the Niger-Congo family of languages. However, in contemporary Tanzania, only a few speak it, and most speak Swahili language as their first language, as it is the trading language of the East African coast and the national language of Tanzania. Kizaramo is still used in many Zaramo rituals, such as the mwali rites, though they often appear alongside Swahili translations. By oral tradition,

3096-537: Is tropical , with high temperatures, light breezes, high humidity, and no distinct cold season. Kigamboni District experiences temperatures that range from 18 °C in July to 32 °C in February. With a mean daily range of only 4 °C, the average yearly temperature is 26 °C. The mean seasonal range is only about 4 °C, with only minor seasonal variations. The average daily maximum humidity in Kigamboni

3225-417: Is 96 percent at dawn, while the average daily low humidity is 67 percent in the afternoons. Between March and May, there is substantial rainfall in the municipality, while there is moderate rainfall from November through December. However, rainfall patterns are incredibly erratic and varied. The temperature fluctuates between 18 °C and 32 °C, and there is over 1000 mm of annual rainfall. Prior to

3354-535: Is a common wind direction in the East African region. Kigamboni's landscape is undulating, like that of many other areas of the Dar es Salaam Region. The plains , which are flat to slightly sloping, were built on an old alluvial terrace. In wards near the coast, the terrain rises from sea level to a maximum of 120m above mean sea level in a few locations in the Kisarawe II and Kibada wards. In places like Kimbiji Ward,

3483-441: Is a physically strenuous task, which is the main reason a woman may retire from the practice. Good clay is the most essential part of Zaramo pottery, with many potters choosing to mix several types of clay to achieve maximum durability through the firing process. A pottery wheel is not used; instead, "pinch pot" techniques (generally for smaller vessels) and coiling methods (generally for larger vessels) are used. After being formed,

3612-546: Is a problem in freshwater systems. Much of the phosphorus in freshwater systems comes from municipal wastewater treatment plants and agricultural runoff. Stream connectivity controls whether phosphorus cycling is mediated by floodplain sediments or by external processes. Under conditions of stream connectivity, phosphorus is better able to be cycled, and sediments and nutrients are more readily retained. Water in freshwater streams ends up in either short-term storage in plants or algae or long-term in sediments. Wet/dry cycling within

3741-406: Is advantageous for the rapid colonization of large areas of the floodplain. This allows them to take advantage of shifting floodplain geometry. For example, floodplain trees are fast-growing and tolerant of root disturbance. Opportunists (such as birds) are attracted to the rich food supply provided by the flood pulse. Floodplain ecosystems have distinct biozones. In Europe, as one moves away from

3870-498: Is any area subject to inundation by a 100-year flood. A problem is that any alteration of the watershed upstream of the point in question can potentially affect the ability of the watershed to handle water, and thus potentially affects the levels of the periodic floods. A large shopping center and parking lot, for example, may raise the levels of 5-year, 100-year, and other floods, but the maps are rarely adjusted and are frequently rendered obsolete by subsequent development. In order for

3999-434: Is continued into death, in which the spirits of the dead, mizimu , only bring misfortune upon the living. Illness, death, infertility, and poor agriculture can all be attributed to the spitefulness of mizimu. Tambiko are funeral rites where the family clean the grave and offer food and drink to each other and the deceased. Sometimes a temporary hut is built around the grave to act as a shrine. After Tanzanian independence in

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4128-663: Is directly correlated to that of chiefs in Tanzania. By the early-mid-20th century, much of Zaramo pottery consisted of internal creations and imports from Europe, Japan, and India. Most of Zaramo pottery consists of ceramic water jars and earthenware cooking pots and dishes. Pottery is generally made for kitchen-use, thus resulting in two main types/uses: vessels for liquid (narrow-rimmed) and vessels for cooking and serving food (open and curved rims.) Cooking dishes may range from 5-12 inches in diameter and 2-3 inches in height, usually topped with an open, flared rim. General cooking pots are called chungu, while dishes made specifically for

4257-444: Is either held in the hand or tucked between the upper arm and the torso. Kifimbo hold no functional use, and are considered purely symbolic. Traditional kome staffs are tall staffs made from blackwood ( mpingo ) and are carved to possess animal and human (women) decoration. Mwana hiti were common top decorations before Tanzanian independence. Kome staffs are typically associated with chief power, and so their decreased presence

4386-488: Is important to Zaramo agriculture because it can grow with very little rain. For Zaramo people who live on the coast, fishing is also popular for both personal consumption and trade. Some Zaramo may also choose to brew beer, make charcoal, or dig for copal for a living. Those with specialized professions, mafundi , or as healers and diviners, mganga , rarely work those positions full time, often working agriculturally to supplement. The independence of Tanganyika in 1961 and

4515-565: Is largely a result of flood control, hydroelectric development (such as reservoirs), and conversion of floodplains to agriculture use. Transportation and waste disposal also have detrimental effects. The result is the fragmentation of these ecosystems, resulting in loss of populations and diversity and endangering the remaining fragments of the ecosystem. Flood control creates a sharper boundary between water and land than in undisturbed floodplains, reducing physical diversity. Floodplain forests protect waterways from erosion and pollution and reduce

4644-456: Is present) or white beads as jewelry. Mwali hiti are meant to spark a "nurturing consciousness" within the mwali to instill a desire to have children. They also act as the main socializing for the mwali during her seclusion, measuring her skills as a future mother and teaching her the responsibilities of womanhood (i.e. taking care of oneself and children.) Mwali must treat the mwana hiti as her child, bathing it, oiling it, dressing

4773-425: Is seen as a job that complements the agricultural and domestic responsibilities assigned to women. Apart from most of Africa, Zaramo women do not sell their pottery in markets, instead operating on an order/commission system. While any women may choose to practice pottery, many women are taught by older relatives when they are mwali , a time when girls are secluded in the home and normally learn domestic skills. Pottery

4902-424: Is simpler to map out Islam's political stance by the 1950s. Not only was it growing almost as quickly as Christianity, but Muslims also appeared to be adhering to their religion more rigidly than before. However, a lot of cultural resistance endured. Few Zaramo Muslims frequented mosques, and their female rituals remained largely non-Islamic. Urban Islam was occasionally quite superficial, notably in Dar es Salaam. Even

5031-440: Is termed as nhulu or "growth." The initiation process takes place during the dry season and about once every three years. Each novice, mwali, have a designated instructor, mhunga, who guides the youth through the circumcision process, teaches Zaramo sex lore and practice. Once the mwali are circumcised, they are brought to an initiation hut, kumbi, where they are taught, and then are not permitted to bathe for two weeks. Once

5160-402: Is then carried to a mkole tree where is circumcised as well by an operator, or mnhunga. She is then returned to her family and she is celebrated with an mbwelo dance. Mwana Hiti figures may also be referred to as mwana nya kiti, mwana nya nhiti, or mwana mkongo. These names stem from mwana, meaning "child," and nya kiti and nya nhiti meaning "wood" and "chair." Mkongo refers to

5289-708: Is topped by a channel belt formed by successive generations of channel migration and meander cutoff. At much longer intervals, the river may abandon the channel belt and build a new one at another position on the floodplain. This process is called avulsion and occurs at intervals of 10–1000 years. Historical avulsions leading to catastrophic flooding include the 1855 Yellow River flood and the 2008 Kosi River flood . Floodplains can form around rivers of any kind or size. Even relatively straight stretches of river are capable of producing floodplains. Mid-channel bars in braided rivers migrate downstream through processes resembling those in point bars of meandering rivers and can build up

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5418-610: The Belgian Congo branch and the son of slave parents, was one of the committee members. He also had a significant home. Two notable leaders were from the Zaramo: Ramadhani Ali, the first vice-president and a trader, and Ali Saidi, a building inspector who served as the association's treasurer during the 1930s. Both later served as leaders of the Wazaramo Union, with Ramadhani Ali serving as King of

5547-555: The Dar es Salaam Marine Reserve (DMRS) It has five major rivers located in the district: the Mwera River, Ukooni River, Mbalajangi River, Mumani River, and Potea River, which are located in the Kisarawe II and Mjimwema wards, Kisarawe II, and Somangila wards, respectively. There are 84 artificial ponds for fish spread over many wards in the district. Farming is the second-largest economic activity after commerce and trade, and it makes

5676-563: The Kosi River of India. Overbank flow takes place when the river is flooded with more water than can be accommodated by the river channel. Flow over the banks of the river deposits a thin veneer of sediments that is coarsest and thickest close to the channel. This is described as vertical accretion , since the deposits build upwards. In undisturbed river systems, overbank flow is frequent, typically occurring every one to two years, regardless of climate or topography. Sedimentation rates for

5805-497: The Neogene , Quaternary , and Recent deposits cover Kigamboni. The Neogene deposits are composed of pure sand, clay, and limestone in some areas and sandy clay and clayey sand in others. Most of the soil is sandy clay interspersed with worn limestone. However, the geology beneath appears to be characterized by calcareous sand and sandy clay intercalated with limestone, according to drill data currently available. Kigamboni's climate

5934-463: The Nile and Mississippi river basins , heavily exploit floodplains. Agricultural and urban regions have developed near or on floodplains to take advantage of the rich soil and freshwater. However, the risk of inundation has led to increasing efforts to control flooding . Most floodplains are formed by deposition on the inside of river meanders and by overbank flow. Wherever the river meanders,

6063-557: The Yellow River in China – see list of deadliest floods . The worst of these, and the worst natural disaster (excluding famine and epidemics), was the 1931 China floods , estimated to have killed millions. This had been preceded by the 1887 Yellow River flood , which killed around one million people and is the second-worst natural disaster in history. The extent of floodplain inundation depends partly on flood magnitude, defined by

6192-463: The mwali are allowed to bathe again, their mothers in the village hold a village dance, mbiga. After eight more days the mwali return to the village and their instructors burn the kumbi and anything else related to the initiation. The mwali are now men of society and celebrate with mlao, a dance of emergence. Female initiation begins with a girl's first menses. The rituals associated with female initiation are performed to protect and enrich

6321-570: The mwana hiti can also double as a tambiko , or "sacrifice," as a means to create stronger ties with the spiritual world. Men are the carvers of mwana hiti , many creating reputations for their highly sought after figures. Mwana hiti are only commissioned, and there cannot be more than one figure commissioned by a family at a time. Carvers also cannot create mwali hiti if a family already possesses one. The carver creates mwana hiti out of one piece of wood (or gourd) that he picks out, though any decorations for hair or jewelry must be provided by

6450-453: The mwana hiti vary, the average being around 10 centimeters. They can be projections of a child, a woman with a child, or an mwali. Mwana hiti are cylindrical figures with depictions of a head and torso of relatively equal size and usually no arms, legs or genitalia. Breasts and a navel are often present as well as hair. Facial features are simple and abstract, occasionally not being present. These figures may be decorated with metal (if hair

6579-747: The return period . In the United States, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) manages the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). The NFIP offers insurance to properties located within a flood-prone area, as defined by the Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM), which depicts various flood risks for a community. The FIRM typically focuses on the delineation of the 100-year flood inundation area, also known within

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6708-601: The 1960s, an increasing number of Zaramo people have requested to be buried in their home villages on private land or on church grounds. The influence of Islam and the increase of urbanization and literacy have been marked as responsible for the decline in traditional Zaramo figure grave posts. The majority of contemporary grave markers are slab markers with written sentiments and notifiers. Decreasing land availability in Dar Es Salaam has led to an increase in unmarked grave sites holding multiple bodies, which has resulted in

6837-496: The 19th century. Conversion to Islam among the coastal Zaramo people began in the 19th century. These historic events, states Stockreiter, have influenced the politics and inter-ethnic relations in 20th-century Tanzania. Initiation rituals are required for the youth of the Zaramo people to become full-fledged members of adult society. Theses rituals generally happen around puberty and the female's first menses. The male ceremony

6966-568: The District. However, only 4,955.9 ha (23.6%) of the arable land was used to grow food and cash crops in 2016. The maximum usage in the three years was 19,341.94 ha (92.1%) in 2017. But in 2018, cultivation fell to 10,166 ha (48.4%). Subsistence farming , which is typically practiced by peasants (small-holder farmers), is the predominant type of agriculture in the region. These farmers grow a variety of products, including fruits , vegetables, cereals, root crops, and legumes. Coconut and cashew nuts are two additional crops. In 2016, 1,853.4 ha of land

7095-903: The Indian Ocean. The names of the three large wetlands are Ubaka (Tungi), Boko or Chaboko (Vijibweni), and Mjimwema and Kimambani (Mjimwema), and they are located in the wards of Tungi, Vijibweni, and Mjimwema. There are two significant wetlands in Kigamboni Municipality; the first is in Somangila, while the second connects Kimbiji and Pembemnazi. Rivers in Kigamboni District are Mwera River, Mbalajangi River, Mumani River, Potea River Kidete River, Nguva River, Pumbweni River, Ukoni River, Mbaranyange River, Mkomosi River, Msinga River and Shungu River. Islands in Kigamboni are Latham Island , Kimbubu Island , Kendwa Island , Sinda Island and Makatumbi Islands . The latter three are protected under

7224-550: The Kaguru, Kwere, Kutu, Kami, Sagara, Luguru, Ngulu and Vidunda peoples. The majority of the peoples of Tanganyika were patrilineal , but there are signs that many of them were once matrilineal . Some of these matrilineal peoples, like the Zaramo, Luguru, Mwera, and Makonde , were able to survive in the south-east where tsetse may have prevented men from acquiring cattle to pass on to their sons. The Zaramo society has been historically victimized by slave raids and slave trading by

7353-573: The Koran in Arabic without grasping its meaning. Magic and literacy frequently intertwined. It was customary to read the entire Koran aloud to honor ancestors or to purify a community. A passage from the Koran served as a standard amulet, and ink diluted in water served as a standard medication. A Zaramo Muslim immigrant worker named Abdulrahman Saidi Mboga is credited with introducing superior rice varieties and irrigation methods to South Pare . It

7482-511: The Marini and one of the most prominent Africans in Dar es Salaam. These men had completely different interests and unifying principles than Watts or Matola did. The organisation was split throughout the 1930s between proponents of a territorial alliance of educated men and supporters of harmony between the various social classes in the city. Africans in the town were governed by the Germans via

7611-532: The Municipal in 2018, with 33 being owned by the government and 22 being privately operated. There were 33,557 students overall in those 55 primary schools in 2019 (17,060 males and 16,479 girls), including in public and private schools. There were 6,761 students in private schools (3,387 boys and 3,374 girls). There were 40,318 students enrolled in both public and private schools. The Kigamboni Municipal Council need 631 instructors, but currently only has 109, leaving

7740-649: The Municipality, there are 4,284 formally registered business people, of which 76.4% are situated in the five major market regions (Tuamoyo, Urasa, Ungindoni, Tundwi Songani, and Ferry). However, only the Ferry, Urasa, and Toamoyo marketplaces are flourishing, with Tundwi Songani and Ungindoni still underutilized. The National Bank of Commerce (NBC), National Micro Finance Bank (NMB), Community and Rural Development Bank (CRDB), Twiga Bank, Dar es Salaam Commercial Bank (DCB), Equity Bank, and Tanzania Postal Bank (TPB) are

7869-560: The NFIP as the Special Flood Hazard Area. Where a detailed study of a waterway has been done, the 100-year floodplain will also include the floodway, the critical portion of the floodplain which includes the stream channel and any adjacent areas that must be kept free of encroachments that might block flood flows or restrict storage of flood waters. Another commonly encountered term is the Special Flood Hazard Area, which

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7998-465: The Nyerere Bridge, while 18% use both roads and ferries and the remaining (6) use water (ferries) solely. The entire length of the road network in the Dar es Salaam Region is 3,861.88 kilometers, of which 700.7 kilometers are tarmac roads. The growth of the road network in terms of road classification is covered in this section. It provides comprehensive data on the length of the road network in

8127-618: The Shomvi could not meet his demands, they offered for him and his family to live with them on the coast, where they would receive an annual tribute instead. The war and its results were said to be the founding of the Zaramo. Undoubtedly after the Maji Maji rebellion, it was a period of significant Islamic expansion. Before 1914, the Ngindo , Zaramo, and Zigua peoples in the coastal hinterland had been heavily influenced by Islam. Since then,

8256-499: The Swahili-Arab traders of Zanzibar . To resist this persecution, they developed stockade-fortified villages. Many ran away from the coast, and would return during the daytime to farm and fish. Zanzibar Arabs, state William Worger, Nancy Clark and Edward Alpers, however pursued their slave raiding into the mainland, where they would seize pagan Zaramo adults and children, gag them so they would not cry out, and then sell them to

8385-688: The Zanzibar Archipelago in 1963 and their subsequent formation of the United Republic of Tanzania led to a significant shift in Tanzanian culture, as well as the Zaramo culture. In 1963, 132 chiefs and headmen were removed from their political positions as government executives. The decreased status of chiefs and headmen has led to the dwindling of their numbers and traditions associated with them. Zaramo people hold their dead with high respect and reverence. They believe that life

8514-487: The Zaramo are said to be descendants of the Shomvi people under the lead of the warrior-hero, Pazi in the early 19th century. The Shomvi, a mercantile clan living in what is present-day Dar Es Salaam were attacked by an offshoot group of Kamba people from Kenya . The Shomvi sought help from the warrior, Pazi, who lived in the hinterlands. When Pazi defeated the Kamba, he asked for salt, cloth, and other luxuries in return. When

8643-400: The abandoned floodplain may be preserved as fluvial terraces . Floodplains support diverse and productive ecosystems . They are characterized by considerable variability in space and time, which in turn produces some of the most species-rich of ecosystems. From the ecological perspective, the most distinctive aspect of floodplains is the flood pulse associated with annual floods, and so

8772-480: The act of frying are called kaango or kikaango (depending on size), with smaller bowls being referred to as bakuli. Chetezo or Kitezo are shallow dishes made to be placed on shrine pedestals to hold incense offerings. Mtungi are large pots, sometimes reaching 2 feet high, that are made particularly to hold water for bathing and drinking; a household generally has two of these vessels, one for each use. Sometimes mtungi are replaced with buckets or oil drums,

8901-511: The advantages provided by the richness of the alluvial soil of the floodplain are severely offset by frequent floods brought on by cyclones and annual monsoon rains. These extreme weather events cause severe economic disruption and loss of human life in the densely-populated region. Floodplain soil composition is unique and varies widely based on microtopography. Floodplain forests have high topographic heterogeneity which creates variation in localized hydrologic conditions. Soil moisture within

9030-421: The aforementioned square kilometers, Kigamboni now occupies an area of 596.3 km2. There are significant variations in population density between the census year of 2012 and the year 2018. There are 379.1 people per square meter on average. Comparing Kibada, Vijibweni, and Kigamboni to other wards like Kisarawe II, Somangila, Mjimwema, and Tungi, these former three have the largest population densities. According to

9159-589: The area used for production is growing, with 1,853.4 ha cultivated in total in 2016, 3,965.64 ha in 2017, and 8,437.0 ha in 2018. All food crops are thus experiencing an increase in production. Sweet potatoes (3,173 Mt) were the main crop produced in 2016, followed by cassava (17,051.0 Mt) in 2017 and 2018. As a result of the decline in land area, which is mostly responsible for the decline in crop production, pad production has decreased from 1,183.8 tons in 2014 to 903.4 tons in 2018, as shown in Table 3.5. Kisarawe 2 produced

9288-554: The coastal area's major religion. By 1913, Muslims were up half of the Zaramo population. Both from the coast and up north from the Rufiji, where Zaramo tracked the boys' jando initiation ceremony that contributed significantly to the spread of Islam, proselytizing had taken place. Zaramo started performing Islamic circumcision. Islam in the coastal region and its hinterland typically made it difficult for missions to be effective. The Benedictines relocated their operations inland as

9417-460: The communication network inside the municipality. With more than 60 network towers, the main telecommunications providers in the Municipality include Airtel , Vodacom , Halotel , Tigo , and TTCL . In the Municipality, almost all newspapers and periodicals are distributed. ITV, TBC , Star TV, East Africa Television, DSTV, Azam TV, ZBC, Capital Television, and other international broadcasting companies like CNN, BBC, Sky News, and Aljazeera are just

9546-482: The data, children under the age of 15 make up 34.7% of the population in Kigamboni Municipal Council, and those over the age of 65 make up 2.2% of the total. 34 dispensaries are working in the Municipality of Kigamboni, with 19 of them being publicly owned and 15 being privately owned. There is just one hospital running in the Municipality of Kigamboni, which is publicly owned and is situated in Vijibweni. According to

9675-515: The direction of the meander without changing significantly in width. The point bar is built up to a level very close to that of the river banks. Significant net erosion of sediments occurs only when the meander cuts into higher ground. The overall effect is that, as the river meanders, it creates a level flood plain composed mostly of point bar deposits. The rate at which the channel shifts varies greatly, with reported rates ranging from too slow to measure to as much as 2,400 feet (730 m) per year for

9804-734: The district. In 2015 the Temeke Municipal Council was divided into Temeke Municipal Council and Kigamboni Municipal Council in order to create Kigamboni Municipal Council. The council was established in 2015 and instructed to begin operations in April 2016 by the Government Notes (GN) Number 512 of 6 November 2015. The establishment was carried out in accordance with Sections 8 and 9 of the 1982 Local Government (Urban Authorities) Act No. 8. Kigamboni Municipal Council covers an area of 577.86 km2, or 57,786.8 hectares, and has

9933-683: The encounter between the African people, Arab-Swahili trader intermediaries and the European powers, but it broadly coopted the older slave-driven, social stratification model. According to Elke Stockreiter – a professor of History specializing on Africa, the slaves seized from Zaramo people and other ethnic groups such as Yao, Makonde and Nyamwezi peoples from the mainland and brought to the coastal Tanzania region and Zanzibar sought social inclusion and attempted to reduce their treatment as inferiors by their slave owners by adopting and adapting to Islam in

10062-567: The family. The Zaramo people have borrowed from the general Swahili and the once-occupying Arab culture in terms of dress such as wearing a skull cap, Islamic festivals and Muslim observances, but they continue some of their pre-Islam traditions such as matrilineal kinship, while a few pursue the Kolelo fertility cult and the worship of their ancient deity Mulungu . The traditional practice of Mganga or medicine man, along with Muslim clerics offering services as divine healers, remains popular among

10191-506: The findings of the socioeconomic study, 91% of the residents who were questioned had monthly incomes of less than TZS 600,000. Only 8% and 1% of people, respectively, had monthly incomes between TZS 600,000 and TZS 1,500,000. This indicates that the majority of households in KGMC are low income households because it is below the national average, which is 3.8% for the group earning more than TZS 1,500,000. There are 21,000 acres of arable land in

10320-477: The findings, Kigamboni Municipality has to make a deliberate effort to either develop health centers or boost the number of dispensaries. Similar to how they efficiently serve the community, private health institutions in the council need to be expanded. When excluding Assistant Medical Officers, the Municipal had 15 Medical Doctors and 12 Assistant Medical Officers in 2019, with an average patient population per doctor of 15062 (Doctor Patient Ratio: 1:15062). Currently,

10449-448: The floodplain ecosystem is defined as the part of the river valley that is regularly flooded and dried. Floods bring in detrital material rich in nutrients and release nutrients from dry soil as it is flooded. The decomposition of terrestrial plants submerged by the floodwaters adds to the nutrient supply. The flooded littoral zone of the river (the zone closest to the river bank) provides an ideal environment for many aquatic species, so

10578-462: The floodplain has a big impact on phosphorus availability because it alters water level, redox state, pH, and physical properties of minerals. Dry soils that were previously inundated have reduced availability of phosphorus and increased affinity for obtaining phosphorus. Human floodplain alterations also impact the phosphorus cycle. Particulate phosphorus and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) can contribute to algal blooms and toxicity in waterways when

10707-599: The floodplain. Other smaller-scale mitigation efforts include acquiring and demolishing flood-prone buildings or flood-proofing them. In some floodplains, such as the Inner Niger Delta of Mali , annual flooding events are a natural part of the local ecology and rural economy , allowing for the raising of crops through recessional agriculture . However, in Bangladesh , which occupies the Ganges Delta ,

10836-404: The flowing water erodes the river bank on the outside of the meander. At the same time, sediments are simultaneously deposited in a bar on the inside of the meander. This is described as lateral accretion since the deposition builds the point bar laterally into the river channel. Erosion on the outside of the meander usually closely balances deposition on the inside so that the channel shifts in

10965-412: The government, urging instead a paramount chief to guide the Zaramo toward progress. Urban ethnicity was not just a means of survival, but also a productive effort to forge groups that could work well together in colonial society. The term, "Zaramo," in scholarly studies also reflects a macro-ethnic group. The larger Zaramo group consists of Zaramo proper, but includes a number of related peoples such as

11094-411: The hair (of which the mwali wears the same style,) and feeding it. If she fails to complete these motherly tasks she may be denied fertility in the future. Fertility is prized in Zaramo culture as children are seen as economic and cultural goals for prosperity and legacy. If a woman encounters fertility after her initiation is over, she may choose to repeat seclusion and mwana hiti rites. This means

11223-465: The impact of floodwaters. The disturbance by humans of temperate floodplain ecosystems frustrates attempts to understand their natural behavior. Tropical rivers are less impacted by humans and provide models for temperate floodplain ecosystems, which are thought to share many of their ecological attributes. Excluding famines and epidemics , some of the worst natural disasters in history (measured by fatalities) have been river floods, particularly in

11352-469: The impoverished Zaramo communities. The Zaramo people are settled farmers who also keep livestock and fish. They also are migrant workers to Tanzania's capital city and tourist sites, considering business, or biashara, their job. They live in pangone or shanty clusters of villages. They produce staple foods such as rice, millet, maize, sorghum, and cassava, as well as cash crops such as coconuts, legumes, cashews, pineapples, oranges, and bananas. Cassava

11481-547: The largest area for producing pads, which is 370 Ha. Okra is one of the main crops grown in Kigamboni, albeit the amount of land used for its cultivation has been declining as a result of recent conversions of agricultural property to residential usage. Okra production decreased from 1,846.5 Ha in 2014 to 880 Ha in 2018, as seen in Table 3.3. Kisarawe 2 has the largest area (220 Ha) for cultivating okra in comparison to other wards. The district grows food crops like maize , paddy , cassava , sweet potatoes, and legumes . In fact,

11610-405: The lighter northern monsoons is in February. An almost complete clockwise current system that adapts its characteristics to the shifting wind is combined with this wind system. Wind speeds in Kigamboni during the northeast monsoons range from 1.4 to 7.8 m/s. The wind picks up during the southeast monsoons, reaching a peak of about 8 m/s. Both seasons have a strong southerly breeze, which

11739-424: The livestock that the Kigamboni Municipal Council has. The industry serves as an additional source of revenue. 15,766 cattle , 11,562 goats , 3,451 sheep , 1,296 pigs, and 189,503 poultry were present in 2017. In Kigamboni Municipal in 2019, there were 139,961 chickens (broilers and layers), 42,516 indigenous chickens, 19,925 cattle, 11,562 goats, 3,415 sheep, 1,296 pigs, and 3,415 sheep. A little more than 1.9% of

11868-564: The majority of Kigamboni is between 20 and 50 meters above sea level. The low lying sections in the wards of Vijibweni, Kigamboni, Tungi, Mjimwema, Somangira, and Pembamnazi range in height from 1 to 25 meters. The land is located in the Municipality's Migombani sections near flood plains . Gardening and other urban agricultural pursuits are feasible on the land. But the region is distinguished by haphazard settlements that are vulnerable to flash flooding . Kisarawe II, Amani Gomvu, Kimbiji, and Chekeni Mwasonga's southern lowlands. Sandy soil covers

11997-466: The majority of the area. Mangrove trees, Miombo woodland, coastal marshes , and coastal shrubs make up the majority of the area's natural vegetation. Water bodies in Kigamboni Municipal include the ocean, streams , rivers , wetlands , and swamps . The eastern (Kigamboni, Tungi and Vijibweni Wards), western (Somangila, Kimbiji and Pembamnazi Ward), and northern (Mjimwema, Kigamboni and Tungi Ward) portions of Kigamboni Municipal are all flanked by

12126-617: The makeup towards ash (49%) with maple increasing to 14% and oak decreasing to 25%. Semiarid floodplains have a much lower species diversity. Species are adapted to alternating drought and flood. Extreme drying can destroy the ability of the floodplain ecosystem to shift to a healthy wet phase when flooded. Floodplain forests constituted 1% of the landscape of Europe in the 1800s. Much of this has been cleared by human activity, though floodplain forests have been impacted less than other kinds of forests. This makes them important refugia for biodiversity. Human destruction of floodplain ecosystems

12255-540: The manufactured alternatives being more durable, though they keep the water less cool. Mtungi tend to have more fragile necks prone to cracking and chipping. There is not much distinction between pottery for everyday use and pottery for rituals, such as ceremonial mwali bathing, healing rituals, and grave offerings. Everyday pottery may be used, though many ceremonies require the vessel to be new. The majority of potters in Zaramo culture are women, who are called fundi wa kufinyanga or "masters of making pottery." Pottery

12384-560: The mkongo tree, of which many mwana hiti are carved from. All of these names refer to the mwana hiti as a "child of wood." Mwana hiti may be represented in other forms besides figures such as walking sticks, staff, stool, musical instruments, and grave posts among others. Mwana hiti don't belong to individuals, but to families, and they are passed down generations, sometimes up to 40 or 50 years. Mwana hiti are usually made of wood, however some Zaramo traditions say they should be made of gourds as gourds are symbols of fertility. Sizes of

12513-584: The most okra production (220 tons), while Kigamboni recorded the lowest production (6 tons). 2019 saw the sale of 3,123,000 kg of maize and okra for TZS 5,621,400,000. A total of TZS 1,296,000,000 worth of maize and okra, totaling 720,000 kg, were sold in Somangila Ward. The Kigamboni ward sold the least amount of maize and okra (56,000 kg), generating a total of 100,800,000 TZS. Okra, sweet pepper, hot pepper, sweet potato leaves ( matembele ), Chinese, cabbage, and pumpkin leaves are among

12642-422: The most pads (370 Tons), whereas Vijibweni produced the fewest tons of pads. The primary cash crops farmed in Kigamboni Municipal Council are a variety of egg plants , watermelon , Chinese cabbages, spinach , tomatoes , and sweet peppers . Since 2014, Kigamboni's okra production has undergone a discernible change. In 2018, 880 tons of okra were produced compared to 1.846.5 tons in 2014. In 2018, Kisarawe II had

12771-408: The national doctor-patient ratio is 1:18982. Acute diarrhea is the most frequent cause of morbidity in people under the age of five (33%), while hypertension is the leading cause of morbidity in people above the age of five. Neonatal asphyxia, which accounts for 33.3% of deaths in children under the age of five, and head injuries, which account for 11.8% of deaths in children above the age of five, are

12900-489: The near future, this council will have 15 government secondary schools, including the new secondary school that is now being constructed in Kigamboni Ward as of 2019. In terms of enrollment in government secondary schools, there were 2,989 students enrolled in secondary education in 2017, 2,829 students enrolled in secondary education in 2018, and 2,840 students enrolled in secondary education in 2019. Table 5.40 shows

13029-762: The nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratios are altered farther upstream. In areas where the phosphorus load is primarily particulate phosphorus, like the Mississippi River, the most effective ways of removing phosphorus upstream are sedimentation, soil accretion, and burial. In basins where SRP is the primary form of phosphorus, biological uptake in floodplain forests is the best way of removing nutrients. Phosphorus can transform between SRP and particulate phosphorus depending on ambient conditions or processes like decomposition, biological uptake, redoximorphic release, and sedimentation and accretion. In either phosphorus form, floodplain forests are beneficial as phosphorus sinks, and

13158-650: The ostensibly Muslim Ngindo rarely performed Islamic marriage. During the British period, the founding members of the African Association included representatives from the three most influential African communities in Dar es Salaam in the 1920s: the Manyema , and Zaramo. Effendi Plantan, the former head of the ex-askari community, had raised its secretary, Kleist Sykes. Mzee Sudi, the Manyema leader for

13287-445: The other capitals of East Africa. The trible associations of the 1950s were heavily focused on rural improvement in addition to urban welfare. The Wazaramo Union was the best illustration. The Zaramo did not require an association to bury or care for them because he lived so near to the town. However, the Wazaramo Union was home to about 3,500 of the 6,500 tribal union members who were enrolled in Dar es Salaam in 1955. Its main priority

13416-415: The output of watermelons increased from 6,204 Mt to 10,290 Mt in 2018, the production of mangoes and cucumbers was on the down. Cashew nuts and coconut are two additional crops grown in the area. Since 2016, less space has been used to grow these crops. According to the information available, Pembamnazi, Somangila, and Kisarawe II wards are excelling at maintaining livestock . Individual families own most of

13545-442: The overbank flow. Most of the suspended sand is deposited on the levees, leaving the silt and clay sediments to be deposited as floodplain mud further from the river. Levees are typically built up enough to be relatively well-drained compared with nearby wetlands, and levees in non-arid climates are often heavily vegetated. Crevasses are formed by breakout events from the main river channel. The river bank fails, and floodwaters scour

13674-481: The past could have taken up to five years. The mwali's paternal aunt is usually assigned as her shangazi , or the one who takes over the mwali's teachings and ceremonies. The initiate is taught domestic responsibilities such as housekeeping, childcare, sexual and moral behavior, and mature interaction in society. During seclusion, the mwali is not allowed to speak, work, or go outside, to symbolize her death and put emphasis on her re-emergence as symbolic birth. She

13803-464: The people who live in Kigamboni Municipal Council are formally employed in commerce, particularly in the unregulated market. They can be found in a number of locations, including the Magogoni and Kigamboni Ferry areas, which have markets, bus stops, parking lots for boda bodas and bajajs , and streets where vendors sell their wares. Also there is an oil refinary TIPER located in the district. In

13932-553: The population was Muslim , with Christians making up 35.7 percent. The council has a total population of 162,932 as per the Population and Housing Census for the year 2012, with 81,199 men and 81,733 women. The projected population for the year 2018 is 225,938, with 112,597 men and 113,341 women, growing at a pace of 5.4% each year. In comparison to other wards, Kigamboni, Vijibweni, and Mjimwema have comparatively significant populations. Comparing Kisarawe II to other wards, it has

14061-423: The pottery are left to dry out for two to seven days before being fired, not in a kiln, but a wood fire. The vessels are placed on top of a fire, and more wood and plant material are placed on top of the vessels. Firing lasts two to three hours. If the pottery is to be colored, they are colored directly after firing. Floodplain A floodplain or flood plain or bottomlands is an area of land adjacent to

14190-612: The region has primarily become Islamic, with the exception of Maasai, some of Bonde (whom had a long history of missions), and to a lesser extent, Matumbi . The last barrier to the Islamization of the Digo in the north was eliminated by the destruction of Lutheran artifacts. When missionary work began in the south after many Mwera and Makua stopped practicing Christianity, polygynous marriages and other barriers made it difficult for many converts to return, which led to Islam becoming

14319-511: The river, the successive plant communities are bank vegetation (usually annuals); sedge and reeds; willow shrubs; willow-poplar forest; oak-ash forest; and broadleaf forest. Human disturbance creates wet meadows that replace much of the original ecosystem. The biozones reflect a soil moisture and oxygen gradient that in turn corresponds to a flooding frequency gradient. The primeval floodplain forests of Europe were dominated by oak (60%) elm (20%) and hornbeam (13%), but human disturbance has shifted

14448-635: The roads need extensive repairs, huge sums of money are required. In Kigamboni Municipality, the daily average water demand is 17.4 m3 million (80 liters per person). Government-owned water wells typically have a daily production capacity of 8.89 million m3, or 51.1%. Water sellers, water boozers, and privately owned wells supply the remaining population. The Municipal has 88 deep wells in total, of which 27 are used for public purposes and 61 are owned by public institutions (35 elementary schools, 9 secondary schools, and 17 dispensaries). Water infrastructure shortages, population growth (5.6 growth rate each year), and

14577-423: The seven commercial banks that conduct daily financial transactions, such as money transfers, loan issuance to borrowers, and currency exchange, among others. The most important small-scale enterprises are those that manufacture bricks, clothes, aluminum, timber, milling machines, bakeries, electrical equipment, and ice blocks. Other options include small businesses that process a variety of culinary items to enhance

14706-668: The smallest population. Kigamboni Municipal is anticipated to have a total population of 238,591 in 2019, consisting of 118,905 men and 119,686 women. With a population density of 1,733.2 people per square kilometer in Kigamboni ward in 2011, the population of Kigamboni is unequally distributed. Per square kilometer, there were 4 people in Vijibweni, 2381 in Kibada, 177.2 in Kisarawe II, 257.1 in Somangila, 1,481.7 in Kimbiji, 1,219.3 in Pembamnazi, 275.5 in Mjimwema, and 146.7 in Tungi. Based on

14835-585: The socioeconomic survey conducted by Ardhi University in October 2018 for the Kigamboni Master Plan, 71% of the citizens in Kigamboni who were interviewed had monthly incomes between TZS 50,000 and 200,000, 28% between TZS 50,000 and 100,000, 21% between TZS 100,000 and 200,000, and 22% between TZS 200,000 and 400,000. Only 15% of the residents who were interviewed have incomes over 400,000 TZS, and 14% have incomes below 50,000 TZS. According to

14964-408: The spawning season for fish often coincides with the onset of flooding. Fish must grow quickly during the flood to survive the subsequent drop in water level. As the floodwaters recede, the littoral experiences blooms of microorganisms, while the banks of the river dry out and terrestrial plants germinate to stabilize the bank. The biota of floodplains has high annual growth and mortality rates, which

15093-799: The start of the rainy season, in September/October and January/February, respectively, the temperatures reach their highest points. The majority of the year, the winds are from the east to the west, and the rains typically stop in early June. The region's wind patterns are characteristic of the Western Indian Ocean's wind regime, which is defined by north-easterly winds (NE monsoons ) from November to March and south-easterly winds (SE monsoons) from June to October. The region's wind speeds, which range from 1.4 to 7.8 m/s, are very low. The SSE and SE monsoons are often very powerful, reaching their heights in April and July. Peak speed for

15222-459: The surrounding grade. Many State and local governments have, in addition, adopted floodplain construction regulations which are more restrictive than those mandated by the NFIP. The US government also sponsors flood hazard mitigation efforts to reduce flood impacts. California 's Hazard Mitigation Program is one funding source for mitigation projects. A number of whole towns such as English, Indiana , have been completely relocated to remove them from

15351-512: The traders. Sometimes during famines, such as in the 19th-century rule of Barghash bin Said of Zanzibar , desperate Zaramo people pawned and sold each other to survive. The Zaramo society's history has long been influenced by the coastal encounter between the Arab-Persian and African populations typical of East Africa, since the 8th century. During the colonial era, the influence came from

15480-465: The two most prevalent diseases. Acute diarrhea is the most frequent cause of morbidity in people under the age of five (33%), while hypertension is the leading cause of morbidity in people above the age of five. Neonatal asphyxia , which accounts for 33.3% of deaths in children under the age of five, and head injuries, which account for 11.8% of deaths in children above the age of five, are the two most prevalent diseases. There were 55 primary schools in

15609-421: The two primary modes of transportation used by the Kigamboni Municipality to connect it to neighboring Dar es Salaam Municipalities. In contrast to the ferry that connects Kigamboni with Kinondoni Municipal, roads connect Kigamboni with Temeke Municipal. The road network is the primary means of transportation in Kigamboni Municipality. According to a government survey report, 76% of residents use roads, including

15738-672: The upper 30 cm of the soil profile also varies widely based on microtopography which affects oxygen availability. Floodplain soil stays aerated for long stretches of time in between flooding events, but during flooding, saturated soil can become oxygen-depleted if it stands stagnant for long enough. More soil oxygen is available at higher elevations farther from the river. Floodplain forests generally experience alternating periods of aerobic and anaerobic soil microbe activity which affects fine root development and desiccation. Floodplains have high buffering capacity for phosphorus to prevent nutrient loss to river outputs. Phosphorus nutrient loading

15867-399: The value of row agricultural products. In Kigamboni Municipality, there are 365 different kinds of small-scale and 7 medium-scale industries that deal with diverse commodities. About five large industries are represented in the council. Kigomboni boasts 65 km of coastline, the largest in Dar es Salaam Region. In addition, the Municipality is home to a number of tourism hotspots, including

15996-522: The vegetables grown in Kigamboni. Amaranth ( Michicha ) species were produced in large quantities, with an upward trend from 2016 to 2018. Okra production was also significant in 2018, declining in 2017 and increasing slightly in 2018. A declining tendency was seen in the production of sweet pepper, hot pepper, and sweet potato leaves. The yield of Chinese, cabbage, and pumpkin leaves, on the other hand, increased. The main fruits grown in Kigamboni are mangoes , watermelons , and cucumbers . However, whilst

16125-414: The ward or district, its passability, and its length per kind of road surface. Since it accounts for nearly all traffic flows in Kigamboni, road travel is the preferred method of getting to the Municipality. Only 45.8 km of the 292.7 km of existing roads are paved , while 246.9 km are unpaved. All of the council's roads, bridges, and culverts are important resources, but since the majority of

16254-420: Was cultivated for food crops, making it the biggest cultivated area, while 869 ha was the smallest. 10,869.6 Mt of fruit were harvested in 2017, a bumper crop cultivated on 8,331.2 hectares. Vegetables were harvested on 6,984.1 ha. Food crop production reached a record 21,691.2 Mt . Since 2016, there has been a constant rise in the production of fruits, a decline in the production of cashew nuts and coconuts, and

16383-459: Was more than double that of Nyamwezi, although many Zaramo lived in Buguruni in the far west, which blended into the surrounding landscape. According to a survey conducted in 1956, the majority of homes were constructed using small business owners' or artists' money. It also revealed that several ethnic groups, like the Manyema, Yao, and Makonde who were among the town's first settlers, possessed

16512-420: Was the least amount compared to other wards during the same year, and Mjimwema Ward enrolled the most students overall for both sexes in 2018. Tungi ward enrolled the fewest boys (849 students) in 2018. 2019 saw a maximum enrollment of 3,027 males at Mjimwema Ward and a minimum enrollment of 772 at Kimbiji Ward, although Mjimwema Ward had a higher enrollment of girls than the other wards did that year. There are

16641-561: Was to promote rural Uzaramo. The objective of the Zaaramo Union according to its secretary, was to construct the "UNITY, BESTIR LIFT UP", of the Wazaramo and their country in the essential matters. To this end, it purchased and operated two lorries to transport people and agricultural produce between towns and rural areas, established nine branches in the tribal area, and campaigned against "the old out-of-date Wakilis" recognized by

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