Misplaced Pages

#689310

54-607: Kruppwerke is a part of the city of Bochum in the Ruhr area in North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany . Up to the 19th century Westphalian was spoken here. Kruppwerke is a district largely inhabited by the working class. Kruppwerke is between the districts of Bochum-Hamme and Weitmar-Mitte . This Bochum location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Bochum The city lies on

108-436: A 5.1% increase). The city extends north to south 13.0 km (8.1 mi) and 17.1 km (10.6 mi) east to west. The perimeter of the city limits is 67.2 km (41.8 mi). It is surrounded by the cities of (in clockwise direction) Herne , Castrop-Rauxel , Dortmund , Witten , Hattingen , Essen and Gelsenkirchen . There is sedimentary rock of carbon and chalk . The geological strata can be visited in

162-641: A camp for Romani people in the present-day Wattenscheid district, and three subcamps of the Buchenwald concentration camp . A report from July 1943 listed 100 forced labour camps in Bochum. Because the Ruhr region was an area of high residential density and a centre for the manufacture of weapons, it was a major target in the war. Women with young children, school children and the homeless fled or were evacuated to safer areas, leaving cities largely deserted to

216-458: A mean temperature of 10 °C (50 °F) or higher. D climate groups have two types: Most of Europe north of the 44th parallel exhibits a Do or Dc climate type. This represents subarctic and subpolar oceanic climate realms, defined the same as in Köppen's scheme, where 1 to 3 months have an average temperature of 10 °C (50 °F) or above. In this climate zone there is only

270-482: A minimum of 1,3h per day in December and a lot more in early summer and late spring with May featuring 7,5h per day. The total amount of sunshine per year is 1689h. Due to the cities northern latitude of 51°N, seasonal day-length variation is significant. The longest day of the year, June 21, features 16 h 38 min. of daylight while the shortest day of the year which is December 21 is only 7 h and 50 min. long. Bochum

324-473: A new interchange (Dreieck Bochum-West) between the Donezk-Ring and Autobahn A40 is being constructed within tight parameters due to the existence of a nearby factory. Apart from the autobahns and expressways, there is also a small ring road around the centre of Bochum, where most roads radiating out of Bochum begin. Most main roads in Bochum are multi-lane roads with traffic lights. Bochum is also served by

378-499: A research facility, its first outside Canada, adding several hundred jobs. Bochum has a municipal zoo, a large municipal park and a number of other gardens and parks. The Ruhr University Botanical Gardens has thousands of plants from all over the world. Among others there is a tropical garden, a cactus garden, and a Chinese garden designed in the southern Chinese style, the only one of its kind in Germany. The Geological Garden

432-409: A second peak in precipitation due to the return of the westerlies which leads to more thunderstorms being generated along frontal boundaries of Atlantic low-pressure systems. In recent years, the city was affected by summer and spring droughts. Thunderstorms are not uncommon in the warm season and can generate intense downpours and sporadically hail. The city experiences little sunshine in winter with

486-578: A short period (normally 50 to 90 days) that is frost free. In the original scheme, this group was not further divided; later, the designations Eo and Ec were created: As in Group D , a third letter can be added to indicate seasonality of precipitation. There are no separate counterparts to the Köppen Dfd , Dwd , and Dsd climate types in Trewartha's scheme, but a letter can optionally be added to

540-831: A town charter, but the town remained insignificant until the 19th century, when the coal mining and steel industries emerged in the Ruhr area, leading to the growth of the entire region. In the early 19th century it was part of the Grand Duchy of Berg , a client state of France , then it passed to Prussia following the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, and in 1871 it became part of the German Empire . The population of Bochum increased from about 4,500 in 1850 to 100,000 in 1904. Bochum acquired city status, incorporating neighbouring towns and villages. Additional population gains came from immigration, primarily from Poland . Bochum

594-616: Is a cultural centre of the Ruhr region. There is a municipal theatre, the Schauspielhaus Bochum , and about 20 smaller theatres and stages. The musical Starlight Express , which opened in 1988, is the longest-running musical in Germany. The Bermudadreieck (Bermuda Triangle), in the city center of Bochum, functions as the town's nightlife hub. Around sixty different bars and restaurants are located there, serving multicultural cuisine such as Japanese, Chinese, Indian, Italian, Spanish and German gastronomic specialties. Close to

SECTION 10

#1732772865690

648-624: Is characterised by rolling hills that rarely have more than three per cent graduation. Steeper graduation can be found at the Harpener Hellweg near the Berghofer Holz nature reserve (3.4%), at Westenfelder Straße in the borough of Wattenscheid (3.47%), or at Kemnader Straße, which begins at the banks of the Ruhr in Stiepel (71 m, 233 ft), and rises to its highest point in the centre of Stiepel (196 m, 643 ft,

702-508: Is divided into six administrative sections ( stadtbezirke ), alongside their respective sub-districts ( stadtteile ), with a total of 362,213 inhabitants living in an urban area of 145.4 km (56.1 sq mi). The current mayor of Bochum is Thomas Eiskirch of the Social Democratic Party (SPD), who was elected in 2015 and re-elected in 2020. The most recent mayoral election was held on 13 September 2020, and

756-543: Is now one of the largest music events in Europe. Since the summer of 1995, the Kunstwerkstatt <Art Workshop> am Hellweg, a former carpenter's workshop, has hosted a wide variety of concerts all year round, from medieval music to baroque music, from Bach to jazz and boogie-woogie. In this informal setting, music fans have the opportunity not only to “sit in the front row”, but also to come into direct contact with

810-605: The Autobahn network by the A 40 , A 43 and A 44 autobahns. In addition, Bochum has a ring road, built to expressway standards, consisting of four segments; the Donezk, Oviedo, Nordhausen and Sheffield-Ring roads. It serves as a three-quarter loop around central Bochum and begins and ends at Autobahn A40. Ruhr University Bochum is also served by an expressway running from the Nordhausen-Ring to Autobahn A43. Until 2012,

864-546: The Bundesstraße 51 and Bundesstraße 226 . B51 runs to Herne and Hattingen, and B226 runs to Gelsenkirchen and Witten. Bochum has a central station situated on the line from Duisburg to Dortmund , connecting the city to the long-distance network of Deutsche Bahn as well as to the Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn network. Local service is supplied mainly by BOGESTRA , a joint venture handling transportation between

918-407: The G or H is placed in front of the applicable thermal letter rather than replacing it. The second letter used reflects the corrected monthly temperatures, not the actual monthly temperatures. An option exists to include information on both the warmest and coldest months for every climate by adding a third and fourth letter respectively. The letters, denoting mean monthly temperature, conform to

972-527: The Gestapo entered the headquarters of the Union of Poles in Germany in Bochum, searched it and interrogated its chief Michał Wesołowski, however, it did not obtain the desired lists of Polish activists, which had been previously hidden by Poles. Increased Nazi terror and persecutions of Poles followed, and in response, many Poles from the region came to Bochum for organizational and information meetings. During

1026-684: The Holocaust , including 19 who were younger than 16 years old. Joseph Klirsfeld was Bochum's rabbi at this time. He and his wife fled to Palestine. In December 1938, the Jewish elementary school teacher Else Hirsch began organising groups of children and adolescents to be sent to the Netherlands and England , sending ten groups in all. Many Jewish children and those from other persecuted groups were taken in by Dutch families and thereby saved from abduction or deportation and death. On 15 July 1939,

1080-793: The Internationale Bauausstellung Emscher Park in 1989. The south of the city has woods, the best known of which are the Weitmarer Holz  [ de ] . These are generally mixed forests of oak and beech . The occurrence of holly gives evidence of Bochum's temperate climate . 844 species of plants can be found within the city limts Bochum features an Oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb ; Trewartha : Dobk ) characterized by cool winters and short warm summers. Extreme temperatures are uncommon. However, temperatures rising above 30 °C (86 °F) are to be expected on multiple days in summer and

1134-483: The Knöselbach . The Ruhr in combination with upstream reservoirs is also used for drinking water abstraction. The Emscher's tributaries are Hüller Bach with Dorneburger Mühlenbach, Hofsteder Bach, Marbach, Ahbach, Kabeisemannsbach and Goldhammer Bach. The industrial developments in the region since the 19th century were leading to a kind of division of labour between the two river catchments, pumping drinking water from

SECTION 20

#1732772865690

1188-542: The Köppen–Trewartha climate classification ( KTC ), is a climate classification system first published by American geographer Glenn Thomas Trewartha in 1966. It is a modified version of the Köppen–Geiger system , created to answer some of its deficiencies. The Trewartha system attempts to redefine the middle latitudes to be closer to vegetation zoning and genetic climate systems. Trewartha's modifications to

1242-480: The Universal Thermal Scale (see below) is used. In the Trewartha scheme the C climate group encompasses subtropical climates, which have 8 or more months with a mean temperature of 10 °C (50 °F) or higher. There are only two types within the C or subtropical climate group: In the Trewartha scheme the D climate group encompasses temperate climates that have 4 to 7 months with

1296-435: The 1884 Köppen climate system sought to reclass the middle latitudes into three groups, according to how many months have a mean temperature of 10 °C (50 °F) or higher: The tropical climates and polar climates remained the same as in the original Köppen climate classification. The "highland" climate is ambiguously defined. Newer users of KTC generally omit this option. This is the tropical climate realm, defined

1350-579: The 8a USDA plant hardiness zone (−12.2 to −9.4 °C or 10 to 15 °F). Some winters may pass without a frost below −5 °C (data from the nearest active climate station). These comparably mild conditions in Winter permit the planting of plants that would either not be reliably hardy or not able to bloom throughout Germany like Trachycarpus palms, Summer lilac , Paulownia tomentosa and Rosemary . However, winters can be unpredictable with strong fluctuations in temperatures: In mid-February 2021,

1404-624: The Bermudadreieck is the Anneliese Brost Musikforum Ruhr , opened in 2016. Founded in 1919, Bochum's orchestra, the Bochumer Symphoniker , has developed over the course of its history into one of the most important concert orchestras in western Germany. Since October 28, 2016, the Anneliese Brost Musikforum Ruhr has been a permanent venue. Tung-Chieh Chuang has been General Music Director of

1458-895: The Bochum Symphony Orchestra and Artistic Director of the Anneliese Brost Musikforum Ruhr since the 2021/2022 season. The Bochum Philharmonic Choir gives about four to five concerts a year and usually performs together with the Bochum Symphony Orchestra. In one of the venues, the Audimax of the Ruhr University Bochum , there is also one of the most modern organs from the Klais Orgelbau with 82 registers. The free rock festival Bochum Total has been taking place in Bochum city center since 1986. With 900,000 spectators, it

1512-600: The German invasion of Poland , which started World War II in September 1939, the Nazis carried out mass arrests of local Polish activists, who were then sent to concentration camps. Local Polish premises and seats of organizations were looted and expropriated by Nazi Germany. During the war, Germany operated a prison in the city with three forced labour subcamps within present-day city limits, an additional detention center,

1566-587: The Rhineland and Westphalia. In the postwar period, Bochum began developing as a cultural centre of the Ruhr area. In 1965, the Ruhr University was opened, the first modern university in the Ruhr area and the first to be founded in Germany since World War II . Since the seventies, Bochum's industry has moved from heavy industry to the service sector. Between 1960 and 1980, the coal mines all closed. Other industries, such as automotive , compensated for

1620-729: The Ruhr into the municipal supply system and discharging waste water mainly into the Emscher system. Today approximately 10% of the waste water in the Emscher catchment is discharged via the Hüller Bach. and treated in the centralized waste water treatment plant of the Emschergenossenschaft in Bottrop . The ecological restoration of the Emscher tributaries initiated by the Emschergenossenschaft started with

1674-1067: The airport in Düsseldorf , there are ICE , InterCity , RE and S railway lines. Other reachable airports are the Cologne Bonn Airport , the Weeze Airport , the Münster International Airport and the Paderborn Lippstadt Airport . There are 61 primary schools , 9 Hauptschulen ("general schools") and 14 special schools . In addition, there are 11 preparatory (British: grammar) schools (" Gymnasien "), 5 comprehensive schools ("Gesamtschulen"), 8 Realschulen and 2 private Waldorf schools . "Gymnasien" – preparatory schools (British: grammar school): "Gesamtschulen" – comprehensive schools : Trewartha climate classification The Trewartha climate classification ( TCC ), or

Kruppwerke - Misplaced Pages Continue

1728-533: The arms industry, coal mines and steel plants and those unable to leave. During the Holocaust, in 1942–1943, local Jews were deported to German-occupied Czechoslovakia , Latvia and Poland . Bochum was first bombed heavily in May and June 1943. On 13 May 1943, the city hall was hit, destroying the top floor, and leaving the next two floors in flames. On 4 November 1944, in an attack involving 700 British bombers,

1782-847: The artists. Often artists also play here who can be heard in the Carnegie Hall , in the Concertgebouw , in the Berlin Philharmonic or in the Great Hall of the Tchaikovsky Conservatory . Again and again. The initiators, Dr. Reinhard Cebulla and his wife Anna, received the Badge of Honor from the city of Bochum in 2013 and the Wattenscheid St. Gertrudis Prize in 2014. Bochum is connected to

1836-433: The average temperature of each month to a sea-level value—using the formula of adding 5.6 °C (10.1 °F) for each 1,000 meters (3,281 ft) of elevation—would cause the climate to fit into a different thermal group from that into which the actual monthly temperatures place it. Sometimes G is used instead of H if the above is true and the altitude is between 500 and 2,500 meters (1,640 and 8,202 ft), but

1890-585: The cities of Bochum and Gelsenkirchen. The Bochum Stadtbahn is a single underground line connecting the University of Bochum to Herne , and the Bochum/Gelsenkirchen tramway network is made up of several lines, partially underground, connecting to Gelsenkirchen, Hattingen and Witten . Public transport in the city is priced according to the fare system of the VRR transport association. As one of

1944-454: The city was affected by a severe cold spell bringing temperatures down to –15 degrees Celsius (5 °F) accompanied by heavy snowfall which hindered traffic for multiple days. A week later, a temperature of 17 °C (63 °F) was recorded, an increase of 32K. The total precipitation of 815mm is distributed relatively evenly through most of the year but has a peak in winter and two minima in late spring and July, respectively. June shows

1998-459: The climate station closest to the City did record a peak temperature of 40 °C (104 °F) on July 25, 2019. On the other extreme, freezing temperatures are common between mid-November and late March. In some years, however, frosts may occur as late as early May. Temperatures below −10 °C are, especially in recent years, only seen on rare occasions. The city lies within the warmer extent of

2052-428: The end of the symbol to indicate the temperature of the coldest month ( see below ). This is the polar climate group, where all months have a monthly mean air temperature below 10 °C (50 °F). Polar climates have two subtypes, Ft ( tundra ) and Fi ( ice cap ): Highland climates are those in which altitude plays a role in determining climate classification. Specifically, this would apply if correcting

2106-468: The end of the war, 38% of Bochum had been destroyed. 70,000 citizens were homeless and at least 4,095 dead. Of Bochum's more than 90,000 homes, only 25,000 remained for the 170,000 citizens who survived the war, many by fleeing to other areas. Most of the remaining buildings were damaged, many with only one usable room. Only 1,000 houses in Bochum remained undamaged after the war. Only two of 122 schools remained unscathed; others were totally destroyed. Hunger

2160-704: The few Ruhr area cities, Bochum is not directly connected with the German waterway net; the closest link is in the more northern located Herne at the Rhine-Herne Canal . In the south the border of Bochum is marked by the Ruhr . Up to the first half of the 19th century it was one of the most-travelled rivers in Europe and was mainly used for coal departure. Aside from cruise ships, it is no longer used for commercial navigation. The closest airports are Essen/Mülheim Airport (27 km), Dortmund Airport (31 km) and Düsseldorf Airport (47 km). To reach

2214-701: The former quarry of Klosterbusch in Querenburg and at the Geological Gardens in Wiemelhausen. The urban area is divided into the river Ruhr catchment in the south and the Emscher catchment in the north. The Ruhr's tributaries are the Oelbach (where as well a waste water treatment plant is established ), Gerther Mühlenbach, Harpener Bach, Langendreer Bach, Lottenbach , Hörsterholzer Bach and

Kruppwerke - Misplaced Pages Continue

2268-509: The integration failed. In 2007, the new synagogue of the Jewish community of Bochum, Herne und Hattingen was opened. In 2008, Nokia closed down its production plant, causing the loss of thousands of jobs, both at the plant and at local suppliers. 20,000 people showed up to protest against the closing. Within months, the Canadian high-tech company, Research in Motion , announced plans to open

2322-483: The loss of jobs. The Opel Astra was assembled at the Opel Bochum plant ; however, by 2009, the factory was in serious financial difficulties and in December 2012, Opel announced that it would stop vehicle production at the Bochum plant in 2016. In the course of a comprehensive community reform in 1975, Wattenscheid , a formerly independent city, was integrated into the city of Bochum. A local referendum against

2376-604: The low rolling hills of Bochum land ridge (Bochumer Landrücken), part of the Ruhrhöhen (highest elevations) between the Ruhr and Emscher rivers at the border of the southern and northern Ruhr coal region. The highest point of the city is at Kemnader Straße (Kemnader Street) in Stiepel at 196 metres (643 ft) above sea level; the lowest point is 43 metres (141 ft) at the Blumenkamp in Hordel . The terrain of Bochum

2430-481: The results were as follows: The Bochum city council governs the city alongside the mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 13 September 2020, and the results were as follows: Bochum dates from the 9th century, when Charlemagne set up a royal court at the junction of two important trade routes. It was first officially mentioned in 1041 as Cofbuokheim in a document of the archbishops of Cologne. In 1321, Count Engelbert II von der Marck granted Bochum

2484-432: The same as in Köppen's scheme (i.e., all 12 months average 18 °C (64.4 °F) or above). The A climates are the realm of the winterless frost-free zone. There was no specific monsoon climate identifier in the original scheme, but Am was added later, with the same parameters as Köppen's (except that at least three months, rather than one, must have less than 60 mm average precipitation). BW and BS mean

2538-602: The same as in the Köppen scheme. However, a different formula is used to quantify the aridity threshold: 10( T − 10) + 3 P , with T equaling the mean annual temperature in degrees Celsius, and P denoting the percentage of total precipitation received in the six high-sun months (April through September in the Northern Hemisphere , October through March in the Southern ). Unlike in Köppen's scheme, no thermal subsets exist within this group in Trewartha's, unless

2592-516: The steel plant, Bochumer Verein, was hit. One of the largest steel plants in Germany, more than 10,000 high-explosive and 130,000 incendiary bombs were stored there, setting off a conflagration that destroyed the surrounding neighbourhoods. An aerial photo shows the devastation. The town centre of Bochum was a strategic target during the Oil Campaign . In 150 air raids on Bochum, over 1,300 bombs were dropped on Bochum and Gelsenkirchen . By

2646-543: The war, Bochum was occupied by the British , who established two camps to house people displaced by the war . The majority of them were former Polish Zwangsarbeiter , forced labourers , many of them from the Bochumer Verein. Allied bombing destroyed 83% of the built up area of Bochum during World War II. Today around a third of Bochum consists of buildings from before World War II. More than sixty years after

2700-474: The war, bombs continue to be found in the region, usually by construction workers. One found in October 2008 in Bochum town centre led to the evacuation of 400 and involved hundreds of emergency workers. A month earlier, a buried bomb exploded in neighbouring Hattingen , injuring 17 people. After the war, Bochum was part of West Germany and the newly established state of North Rhine-Westphalia, consisting of

2754-466: Was established by the German authorities in Bochum in 1909. On 28 October 1938, 250 Polish or stateless Jews were expelled from Bochum to Poland. On 9 November 1938, Kristallnacht , the Bochum synagogue was set on fire and there was rioting against Jewish citizens. The first Jews from Bochum were deported to Nazi concentration camps and many Jewish institutions and homes were destroyed. Some 500 Jewish citizens are known by name to have been killed in

SECTION 50

#1732772865690

2808-516: Was rampant. A resident of neighbouring Essen was quoted on 23 April 1945 as saying, "Today, I used up my last potato... it will be a difficult time till the new [autumn] potatoes are ready to be picked – if they're not stolen." The US army ground advance into Germany reached Bochum in April 1945. Encountering desultory resistance, the US 79th Infantry Division captured the city on 10 April 1945. After

2862-529: Was the first of its kind in Germany. The nearly 4-acre (16,000 m ) park is the site of an old coal mine, the Zeche Friederika, which operated from 1750 to 1907. In 1962, the property came under environmental protection and a decade later was turned into a geological garden. Other scenic areas include the West Park, Lake Kemnade, Lake Ümmingen and the municipal forest, Weitmarer Holz. Bochum

2916-678: Was the main center of the Polish community of the Ruhr , being the seat of various Polish organizations and enterprises. The Poles were subjected to anti-Polish policies aimed at Germanisation , and the Central Office for Monitoring the Polish Movement in the Rhine-Westphalian Industrial District ( Zentralstelle fur Uberwachung der Polenbewegung im Rheinisch-Westfalischen Industriebezirke )

#689310