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63-594: Krasnoye Sormovo Shipyard No. 112 named after Andrei Zhdanov ( Russian : Судостроительное предприятие "Кра́сное Со́рмово" имени А. А. Жданова ) is one of the oldest shipbuilding factories in Russia, located in the Sormovsky City District of Nizhny Novgorod (formerly called Gorky). The shipyard was established in 1849 by companies Nizhny Novgorod Machine Factory (Нижегородская машинная фабрика) and Volga Steam Navigation (Волжское пароходство). It

126-556: A 900 mm ( 2 ft  11 + 7 ⁄ 16  in ) gauge 0-4-0T (Bt-n2) to Sormovo's internal industrial railway with Krauss works number 1668 / 1885. During 1898–1917, Sormovo Works built 2164 steam locomotives. During 1918–1935, another 1111 standard Russian 1,524 mm gauge steam locomotives were built there. Then followed the two-year period when Sormovo built 200 750 mm ( 2 ft  5 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ) gauge 0-8-0 (D-h2) Kolomna Locomotive Works factory type 157 steam locomotives, after which

189-647: A device that was used to remove them. Zhdanov was one of the few provincial party leaders in Russia to remain in post throughout the Great Purge. In May 1937, he called leaders of the Leningrad party together to tell them that the long-time second secretary of the provincial party, Mikhail Chudov , and the former Mayor of Leningrad, Ivan Kodatsky , had been arrested. When an Old Bolshevik , Dora Lazurkina , went up to him afterwards to vouch for Kodatsky, Zhdanov warned her that such talk "will end badly for you". She

252-528: A key figure in the Great Purge , who advocated an approach that would make the party a vehicle for political education, ideological agitation and cadre preparation on a mass scale. Zhdanov's encouragement of rank-and-file mobilisation helped create momentum for the Great Terror. Though somewhat less active than Vyacheslav Molotov , Joseph Stalin , Lazar Kaganovich and Kliment Voroshilov , Zhdanov

315-790: A leading role during the Siege of Leningrad in the Second World War . In August 1941, he created a City Defence Council but was ordered by Stalin to disband it. When the siege was lifted, he was not officially given credit for saving the city. After the Moscow Armistice between Finland and the Soviet Union was signed on 4 September 1944, Zhdanov directed the Allied Control Commission in Finland to

378-775: A lesser scale, other industrial products. Lists of the factory's products from that period are preserved in magazines also found in collections both in Russia and elsewhere. Sormovo Work advertised in many industrial magazines, the last ads having been printed as late as 1916. The factory had close connections with Krauss Lokomotive Works in Munich, Germany until the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. Krauss sold its first 1,524 mm ( 5 ft ) gauge steam locomotive to Eisenwerke Sormovo in 1884. Named W.Schlüter Krauss factory type 60 an 0-4-0T (Bt-n2) under its works number 1178 / 1884. The second locomotive followed in 1885,

441-433: A relatively new concept, dating from the later years of the 19th century. Before this, technology had simply not supported the idea of carrying bulk liquids. The market was also not geared towards transporting or selling cargo in bulk, therefore most ships carried a wide range of different products in different holds and traded outside fixed routes. Liquids were usually loaded in casks—hence the term " tonnage ", which refers to

504-702: A secretary of the Central Committee in 1934, and later that year he was promoted to Leningrad party chief following the assassination of Sergei Kirov . He would go on to play a major role during the Great Purge . In 1939, he was promoted to full membership of the Politburo and as head of the Central Committee's Propaganda Department. Zhdanov's political standing was undermined during the Second World War due to his association with

567-676: A signed article in Pravda in which he expressed what he called his "personal" view "with which my friends do not agree" that Britain and France did not seriously want a military alliance with the Soviet Union. In retrospect, it was the first public hint of the Soviets signing the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact three months later. Zhdanov was very publicly associated with the decision to invade Finland in November 1939. In December, he signed

630-735: A single product or simultaneously transport mixed cargoes such as several different chemicals or refined petroleum products. Among oil tankers, supertankers are designed for transporting oil around the Horn of Africa from the Middle East . The supertanker Seawise Giant , scrapped in 2010, was 458 meters (1,503 ft) in length and 69 meters (226 ft) wide. Supertankers are one of the three preferred methods for transporting large quantities of oil, along with pipeline transport and rail . Tighter regulation means that tankers now cause fewer environmental disasters resulting from oil spills than in

693-613: A special congress of the Union of Soviet Composers . Zhdanov was the most openly cultured of the leadership group and his treatment of artists was mild by Soviet standards of the time. He even wrote a satirical sketch ridiculing the attack on modernism. Zhdanov's son Yuri (1919–2006) married Stalin's daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva in 1949. She described the Zhdanov household as imbued with "an inveterate spirit of bourgeois acquisitiveness ... There were trunkloads of possessions ... The place

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756-435: A year later. In 1913, it produced a dry bulk cargo ship Danilikha . The factory built 489 ships between 1849 and 1918. It also produced steam engines , carriages, steam locomotives , tramcars, bridges, diesel engines , cannons, pontoons , and projectiles . Since 1898, one of the chief products of Sormovo Works was steam locomotives , although the plant continued building river paddle steamers for Volga service and, on

819-917: Is in charge of a cruise ship named after Mustai Karim , a Bashkir Soviet poet, writer and playwright. The Krasnoye Sormovo Factory was awarded two Orders of Lenin (1943, 1949), Order of the October Revolution (1970), Order of the Patriotic War (1 Class, 1945), and Order of the Red Banner of Labour (1939). The factory is now a part of the United Shipbuilding Corporation . Andrei Zhdanov Andrei Aleksandrovich Zhdanov ( Russian : Андрей Александрович Жданов , IPA: [ɐnˈdrʲej ɐlʲɪkˈsandrəvʲɪdʑ ˈʐdanəf] ; 26 February [ O.S. 14 February] 1896 – 31 August 1948)

882-552: The Guinness brewery used tankers to transport the stout across the Irish Sea . Different products require different handling and transport, with specialised variants such as " chemical tankers ", " oil tankers ", and " LNG carriers " developed to handle dangerous chemicals, oil and oil-derived products, and liquefied natural gas respectively. These broad variants may be further differentiated with respect to ability to carry only

945-606: The Paris Peace Treaty in 1947. That meant that he had to spend several months in Helsinki and relinquish his position as head of the Leningrad party organisation, which he had held for nine years, but he was able to leave it in the hands of his ally, Alexey Kuznetsov . In January 1945, when Pravda celebrated the lifting of the Siege of Leningrad, it emphasised that Malenkov and Vyacheslav Molotov had been dispatched to

1008-507: The Politburo Lavrentiy Beria , Georgy Malenkov , and Nikita Khrushchev , an opportunity to undermine him. Stalin would later blame Zhdanov's death on Kremlin doctors and "Zionist" conspirators. Zhdanovshchina was the emphasis on purified communist ideology developed during the war by Zhdanov. It emerged from his arguments inside the party hierarchy opposing the pragmatist faction of Georgy Malenkov. Malenkov stressed

1071-903: The Red Army during the Russian Civil War and was elected chairman of the Tver Governorate soviet in 1923. From 1924 to 1934, he was first secretary of the Nizhny Novgorod provincial party committee. Zhdanov's first major promotion came at the end of the 17th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union , in February 1934, when he was transferred to Moscow as a secretary of the Central Committee , responsible for ideology. In that capacity, he inserted his protégé, Aleksandr Shcherbakov , as secretary of

1134-642: The Russian Civil War of 1918-1920, the Nizhny Novgorod Machine Factory built armored trains , armored carriages, and weapons for the vessels of the Volga Military Flotilla . In 1920, the factory remanufactured fourteen burnt-out French Renault FT tanks for the Red Army , the Russkiy Renos , and assembled a single new copy, named 'Freedom Fighter Lenin'. In 1922, the factory changed its name by appending

1197-598: The Soviet–Finnish War and the failed Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact . Nevertheless, he played a leading role in the Soviet takeover of Estonia and defense of Leningrad . After the war, Zhdanov was tasked by Stalin with directing cultural policy. His campaign, known as the Zhdanovshchina , was strictly enforced and led to the denouncement of artists including Anna Akhmatova and Dmitri Shostakovich . He also oversaw

1260-456: The Union of Soviet Writers , and gave the opening address to the first Soviet Writers' Congress in August 1934. In his speech, as well as paying tribute to "the guiding genius of our great leader and teacher, Comrade Stalin", he repeated Stalin's famous line that writers are "engineers of human souls". He declared that the only good literature was political: Our Soviet literature is not afraid of

1323-537: The United States Maritime Administration 's statistics count 4,024 tankers of 10,000 LT  DWT or greater worldwide. 2,582 of these are double-hulled. Panama is the leading flag state of tankers, with 592 registered ships. Five other flag states have more than two hundred registered tankers: Liberia (520), The Marshall Islands (323), Greece (233), Singapore (274) and The Bahamas (215). These flag states are also

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1386-525: The Zhdanov Doctrine ("The only conflict that is possible in Soviet culture is the conflict between good and best"). In December 1946, he launched the attack on Anna Akhmatova and Mikhail Zoshchenko , two writers living in Zhdanov's former Leningrad fiefdom. He described Akhmatova, arguably then the greatest living Russian poet, as "half nun, half whore". Zhdanov was the founding editor-in-chief of

1449-480: The average freight rate assessment (AFRA) system, which classifies tankers of different sizes. To make it an independent instrument, Shell consulted the London Tanker Brokers' Panel (LTBP) . At first, they divided the groups as General Purpose for tankers under 25,000 tons deadweight (DWT); Medium Range for ships between 25,000 and 45,000  DWT and Large Range (later Long Range) for

1512-482: The chemical tanker , cargo ships , and a gas carrier . Tankers also carry commodities such as vegetable oils, molasses and wine. In the United States Navy and Military Sealift Command , a tanker used to refuel other ships is called an oiler (or replenishment oiler if it can also supply dry stores) but many other navies use the terms tanker and replenishment tanker . Tankers were first developed in

1575-417: The intelligentsia , with punishment being applied for failing to conform to what was considered acceptable by Zhdanov's standards. This policy officially ended in 1952, seen as having a negative impact on culture within the Soviet Union. The origins of this policy can be seen before 1946 when critics proposed (wrongly according to Zhdanov) that Russian classics had been influenced by famous foreign writers, but

1638-415: The 1970s. Amoco Cadiz , Braer , Erika , Exxon Valdez , Prestige and Torrey Canyon were examples of accidents. Oil spills from tankers amounted to around 1,000 tonnes in 2020 from three incidents (an all-time low), down from 636,000 tonnes from 92 incidents in 1979 - a fall of 99.8%. Many modern tankers are designed for a specific cargo and a specific route. Draft is typically limited by

1701-652: The Agitprop journal Kultura i zhizn which he held until 1948. In 1947, he organised the Cominform , which was designed to coordinate and control the communist parties around the world. At a famous speech at Szklarska Poręba in September 1947, Zhdanov warned his fellow communists that the world was now split into two hostile camps and that the Cominform was needed to oppose the "frank expansionist programme" of

1764-579: The US. In January 1948, he presided over a three-day conference in the Kremlin, to which more than 70 composers, musicians and music critics, including Dmitri Shostakovich , Sergei Prokofiev , Aram Khachaturian , and Nikolai Myaskovsky were summoned to be lectured by Zhdanov on why they should avoid "formalism" in music. A persistent story is that Zhdanov played the piano during the conference to demonstrate how music should be written, but years later that story

1827-585: The adjective Krasnoye (Red) to it. During the German-Soviet War of 1941-1945, the Krasnoye Sormovo Factory produced T-34 medium tanks. The turret for the upgunned T-34-85 was designed here by V. Kerichev in 1943. After the war, the factory switched to the sectional and large-block construction of ships, sea and river tankers , suction dredgers, and dredgers. They developed an automated process of pouring and cutting slabs with

1890-528: The apparent threat that the founding of Cominform posed to peace, Zhdanov is reckoned by many Soviet scholars to have been a "moderate" within the context of the post-war Stalinist regime. The worst events of Stalin's final years, such as the rift with Yugoslavia, the Leningrad affair , the show trials in Bulgaria , Hungary and Czechoslovakia , and the anti-Semitic Doctors' plot all occurred after Zhdanov

1953-476: The charge of being "tendentious". Yes, Soviet literature is tendentious, for in an epoch of class struggle there is not and cannot be a literature which is not class literature, not tendentious, allegedly non-political. Zhdanov's second great promotion followed the assassination of Sergei Kirov in December 1934, when he succeeded Kirov as first secretary of the Leningrad ( Saint Petersburg ) provincial party and

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2016-498: The city in 1941 and implied that they shared the credit with Zhdanov. Zhdanov made a political comeback during 1946, when his main rival, Malenkov, temporarily lost his position as a party secretary. For the next two years, he was delegated by Stalin to direct the Soviet Union's cultural policy and to handle relations with the Eastern European states under or coming under communist control. He formulated what became known as

2079-693: The conclusion of the Congress in March 1939, Zhdanov was promoted to full membership of the Politburo. He was still one of four secretaries of the Central Committee—the others being Stalin, Andrey Andreyevich Andreyev , and Georgy Malenkov —but Malenkov was not a member of the Politburo, which meant that Zhdanov had replaced Lazar Kaganovich as Stalin's deputy in the party apparatus and appeared to be his most likely successor. On 29 June 1939, he had

2142-638: The creation of the Cominform in 1947. Initially considered the successor-in-waiting to Stalin, Zhdanov suffered from ill health and fell out of favour as a result of the Tito–Stalin split . He died of heart failure in 1948, resulting in a rise in the political fortunes of Georgy Malenkov . Zhdanov was born on 26 February [ O.S. 14 February] 1896 in Mariupol , Mariupol uezd , Yekaterinoslav Governorate , Russian Empire (now Ukraine ), where his father, Alexander Alekseevich Zhdanov (1860-1909),

2205-513: The depth of water in loading and unloading harbors; and may be limited by the depth of straits or canals along the preferred shipping route. Cargoes with high vapor pressure at ambient temperatures may require pressurized tanks or vapor recovery systems. Tank heaters may be required to maintain heavy crude oil , residual fuel , asphalt , wax , or molasses in a fluid state for offloading. Tankers used for liquid fuels are classified according to their capacity. In 1954, Shell Oil developed

2268-477: The development of advanced munitions. Zhdanov sought to use the ideological purification of the party as a vehicle to restore the Kremlin's political control over the provinces and the technocrats. He worried that the provincial party bosses and the heads of the economic ministries had achieved too high a degree of autonomy during the war, when the top leadership realized the urgent necessity of maximum mobilization of human and material resources. The highest priority in

2331-437: The factory switched to making submarine diesel motors. After the German-Soviet War of 1941-45, the steam locomotive production resumed; this time on the production line was the fourth and last version of standard Soviet passenger type Su 2-6-2 (1C1-h2) steam locomotives. Overall, 411 steam locomotives were built in 1947–1951. The total steam locomotive production during 1898–1951 was 3886 steam locomotives. (Rakov 1995) During

2394-491: The late 1950s, Zhdanov's ideological code, known as the Zhdanov Doctrine or Zhdanovism ( zhdanovshchina ), defined cultural production in the Soviet Union. Zhdanov intended to create a new philosophy of artistic creation valid for the entire world. His method reduced all of culture to a sort of chart, wherein a given symbol corresponded to a simple moral value. Zhdanov and his associates further sought to eliminate foreign influence from Soviet art, proclaiming that "incorrect art"

2457-662: The late 19th century as iron and steel hulls and pumping systems were developed. As of 2005, there were just over 4,000 tankers and supertankers 10,000 LT  DWT or greater operating worldwide. Tankers can range in size of capacity from several hundred tons , which includes vessels for servicing small harbours and coastal settlements, to several hundred thousand tons, for long-range haulage. Besides ocean- or seagoing tankers there are also specialized inland-waterway tankers which operate on rivers and canals with an average cargo capacity up to some thousand tons. A wide range of products are carried by tankers, including: Tankers are

2520-488: The policy came into effect specifically to target "apolitical, 'bourgeois', individualistic works of the satirist Mikhail Zoshchenko and the poet Anna Akhmatova ", respectively writing for the literary magazines Zvezda and Leningrad . On 20 February 1948, Zhdanovshchina shifted its focus towards anti-formalism, targeting composers such as Dmitri Shostakovich . That April, many of the persecuted composers were pressed into repenting for displaying formalism in their music in

2583-422: The post-war era was physical reconstruction after the massive wartime destruction. The same argument that strengthened the technocrats continued to operate, and the united opposition of Malenkov, the technocrats, the provincial party bosses, and the key ministries doomed Zhdanov's proposals. He therefore pivoted to devote his attention to purification of the arts and culture. Originating in 1946 and lasting until

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2646-499: The then-enormous ships that were larger than 45,000  DWT . The ships became larger during the 1970s, and the list was extended, where the tons are metric tonnes : At nearly 380 vessels in the size range 279,000 t  DWT to 320,000 t  DWT , these are by far the most popular size range among the larger VLCCs. Only seven vessels are larger than this, and approximately 90 between 220,000 t  DWT and 279,000 t  DWT . [REDACTED] As of 2005,

2709-624: The top six in terms of fleet size in terms of deadweight tonnage . Greece, Japan, and the United States are the top three owners of tankers (including those owned but registered to other nations ), with 733, 394, and 311 vessels respectively. These three nations account for 1,438 vessels or over 36% of the world's fleet. Asian companies dominate the construction of tankers. Of the world's 4,024 tankers, 2,822 (over 70%) were built in South Korea, Japan and China. Petroleum Tables ,

2772-465: The treaty between the Soviets and Finnish puppet government, headed by Otto Wille Kuusinen . As the Leningrad party boss and the official overseeing the navy, he had an interest in increasing the Soviet presence in the Baltic Sea at the expense of Finland, Estonia and Latvia . The final peace treaty between Finland and the Soviet Union was signed by Zhdanov on 12 March 1940. In June 1940, Zhdanov

2835-414: The universal values of science and engineering, and proposed to promote the technological experts to the highest positions in the Soviet administrative elite. Zhdanov's faction said proper ideology trumped science and called for prioritizing political education and ideological purity. However, the technocrats had proven amazingly successful during the war in terms of engineering, industrial production, and

2898-567: The use of radioisotope technology, produced the first Soviet hydrofoils ( Raketa ), designed. They also built passenger diesel -electric ships Lenin and Soviet Union for the Volga River Navigation company, the first high-speed passenger hovercraft Sormovich , a few diesel-electric railroad ferries for the Baku - Krasnovodsk route, and a unique 250-tonne double-hulled floating crane Kyor-Ogly . Currently, this company

2961-581: The volume of the holds in terms of how many tuns or casks of wine could be carried. Even potable water, vital for the survival of the crew, was stowed in casks. Carrying bulk liquids in earlier ships posed several problems: Tankers were first used by the oil industry to transfer refined fuel in bulk from refineries to customers. This would then be stored in large tanks ashore, and subdivided for delivery to individual locations. The use of tankers caught on because other liquids were also cheaper to transport in bulk, store in dedicated terminals, then subdivide. Even

3024-509: Was a Soviet politician. He was the Soviet Union's "propagandist-in-chief" after the Second World War , and was responsible for developing the Soviet cultural policy, the Zhdanov Doctrine , which remained in effect until the death of Joseph Stalin . Zhdanov was considered Stalin's most likely successor but died before him. Zhdanov joined the Bolsheviks in 1915 and quickly rose through the party ranks. A close associate of Stalin, he became

3087-575: Was a major perpetrator of the Great Terror and personally approved 176 documented execution lists. On a holiday with Stalin in August 1936, he co-signed the telegram that brought about the dismissal of the head of the NKVD, Genrikh Yagoda , who was accused, among other failings, of having impeded Zhdanov and Leonid Zakovsky in their purge of the Leningrad party organisation. During a Central Committee plenum in March 1937, Zhdanov announced that all provincial party secretaries were to be subject to re-election,

3150-738: Was a school inspector. His maternal grandfather was the former rector of the Moscow Theological Academy . He studied at the Moscow Commercial Institute . In 1914, he was drafted into the Russian army , graduated from an officers' school and served in the reserves. He joined the Bolsheviks in 1915. In 1917, he was chairman of the Shadrinsk committee of the Bolsheviks. He was a political commissar in

3213-435: Was an ideological diversion. This doctrine suggested that the world was split into two opposing camps, namely the "imperialistic", led by the United States; and the "democratic", led by the Soviet Union. The one sentence that came to define his doctrine was "The only conflict that is possible in Soviet culture is the conflict between good and best". This cultural policy became strictly enforced, censoring writers, artists and

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3276-575: Was arrested and survived 17 years in the gulag . In September 1938, Zhdanov was appointed head of the reorganised Central Committee Directorate for Propaganda and Agitation, which brought all branches of the news media and arts under centralised party control. He was also Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from July 1938 to June 1947 and from 1938 he

3339-552: Was co-opted as a candidate member of the Politburo . Early in 1935, he and the head of the Leningrad NKVD , Leonid Zakovsky , organised the deportation of 11,702 so-called "Leningrad aristocrats", people who had belonged to the nobility or the middle class before the revolution. They also hunted any current or former party members suspected of having supported Leon Trotsky or the former Leningrad party boss, Grigory Zinoviev . Zhdanov has been described by J. Arch Getty as

3402-508: Was dead. The Leningrad Affair was a brutal purge of Zhdanov's former allies, notably Kuznetsov and Nikolai Voznesensky . The most notable survivor of that purge was future Prime Minister Alexei Kosygin . In Khrushchev Remembers , Nikita Khrushchev recalled that Zhdanov was an alcoholic and that during his last days, Stalin would shout at him to stop drinking and insist on him drinking only fruit juice. Stalin had talked of Zhdanov being his successor, but Zhdanov's ill health gave his rivals in

3465-599: Was furiously denied by Shostakovich, who attributed it to "toadies". Zhdanov's cultural policy rested on the Soviets' "critically assimilating the cultural heritage of all nations and all times" to "take what was most inspiring". In June 1948, Stalin sent Zhdanov to the Cominform meeting in Bucharest. Its purpose was to condemn Yugoslavia , but Zhdanov took a more restrained line than his co-delegate and rival, Georgy Malenkov . That infuriated Stalin, who removed Zhdanov from all his posts and replaced him with Malenkov. Zhdanov

3528-526: Was initially controlled by Malenkov and Lavrentiy Beria . According to the historian Anton Antonov-Ovseenko : Beria and Malenkov zealously sawed away at the chair holding Andrei Zhdanov, the first in line to succeed Stalin. They laid the groundwork for his transfer to the doomed city of Leningrad. No place was found for Zhdanov, Stalin's favourite, even when the State Defence Committee was revamped. Along with Georgy Zhukov , Zhdanov took

3591-554: Was on the military council of the Soviet Navy . His rise coincided with the fall of Nikolai Yezhov . At the 18th Party Congress, Zhdanov noted that "other means apart from repression" could be used to enforce "state and labour discipline". Zhdanov gave a key speech in which he proposed "to abolish mass Party purges... now that the capitalist elements have been eliminated". He declared that the purges had been co-opted by "hostile elements" to "persecute and ruin honest people". At

3654-501: Was originally called the Nizhny Novgorod Machine Factory . In 1851, the factory began the construction of solid metal steamers . Three years later, it developed the production of screw schooners . In 1858, the Nizhny Novgorod Machine Factory produced the first Russian steam dredger . In 1870, the first Russian open hearth furnace was built at the yard, followed by a two-decked steamship Perevorot just

3717-547: Was presided over by Zinaida Zhdanova, the widow, and the ultimate embodiment of this mixture of Party bigotry and the complacency of the bourgeois woman." In 1952, Yuri Zhdanov was raised to membership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union , as head of its Department of Science and Culture, but was sacked very soon after Stalin's death. That marriage ended in divorce in 1952. They had one daughter, Yekaterina. Zhdanov's birthplace, Mariupol ,

3780-604: Was removed from direct control of the Propaganda Department of the Central Committee, which was taken over by Georgy Aleksandrov , an ally of his rival Malenkov. He was undermined further by the German invasion of the Soviet Union because he had been so publicly associated with the failed pact with Hitler. He was excluded from the State Defense Committee (GOKO), which directed the war effort and

3843-440: Was renamed Zhdanov in his honor at Joseph Stalin 's instigation in 1948 and a monument to Zhdanov was built in the central square of the city. The name reverted to Mariupol in 1989 and the monument was dismantled in 1990. Tanker (ship) A tanker (or tank ship or tankship ) is a ship designed to transport or store liquids or gases in bulk . Major types of tankship include the oil tanker (or petroleum tanker ),

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3906-711: Was sent to Estonia to supervise the establishment of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic and its annexation by the Soviet Union . In the United States House of Representatives ' 1953–1954 Kersten Committee investigation Zhdanov was one of the accused charged with the 1940 Soviet aggression and forced incorporation of the Baltic states into the USSR. The Finnish debacle weakened Zhdanov's political standing. In September 1940 he

3969-683: Was soon transferred to a sanatorium . Zhdanov died on 31 August 1948 in Moscow of heart failure. It is possible that his death was the result of an intentional misdiagnosis. Zhdanov was buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis , in one of the twelve individual tombs located between the Lenin's Mausoleum and the Moscow Kremlin Wall . Despite his bullying of Akhmatova, Shostakovich, Prokofiev and other cultural figures, and

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