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68-803: The Academy traces its origin to the Slavic Greek Latin Academy , which was founded in 1685 by the Greek Lichud brothers . It was reorganized in 1814 and moved from Moscow to the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius in the town of Sergiyev Posad , Moscow Oblast . The academy was closed in 1919, and reopened in 1944. In 1814, the Moscow Slavic Greek Latin Academy moved from Moscow to the Trinity-Sergius Lavra . The grand opening of

136-497: A deferral from conscription for mobilization. On the wave of popular enthusiasm associated with the victorious end of the Second World War, it seemed that the newly opened theological schools were opening up huge prospects in the field of the revival of spiritual education. The teachers hoped that the state would not prevent the publication of scientific and theological periodicals and monographs. The Educational Committee at

204-609: A demand by Metropolitan Sergius (Stragorodsky) of Nizhny Novgorod, who was acting as Locum Tenens, to declare political loyalty to the Soviet authorities. Then, on 22 June 1934, Metropolitan Sergius and his Synod in Moscow passed judgment on Metropolitan Anthony and his Synod, declaring them to be under suspension. Metropolitan Anthony refused to recognize this decision, claiming that it was made under political pressure from Soviet authorities and that Metropolitan Sergius had illegally usurped

272-762: A few students left. In September 1943, at the peak of the World War II , Soviet leader Joseph Stalin met three metropolitans ( Sergius , Alexis and Nicholas ) of the Russian Orthodox Church and established the new policy of cooperation with the Orthodox Church. He promised to formally recognize and reopen the Higher Theological School. The promised school was opened as the Theological Institute in

340-701: A significant part of the residents of the Ufa province were Muslims and Priestless Old Believers , Bishop Anthony worked on missionary outreach in his diocese. On 22 April 1902, Bishop Anthony was appointed to the Volyn and Zhytomyr cathedra (based in Zhytomyr ). In 1905, he was a co-founder of Zhytomyr's chapter of the Union of the Russian People . In 1907, Bishop Anthony headed a commission charged with examining

408-498: A taste for learning there. The Ukrainian and Polish influence was paramount at the court of Tsar Feodor III . In 1682, he signed the academy's charter ( priviley ), which had been elaborated by Sylvester Medvedev . The academy was organized in 1685-1687 under the guidance of two Greek brothers Joannicus and Sophronius Likhud on the premises of the Zaikonospassky Monastery with over 70 students. The academy

476-683: A young man of his pedigree and education, he studied at the Saint Petersburg Theological Academy , from which he graduated in 1885. In that year he became a monk and was given the name Antony in honor of St. Antony the Roman of Novgorod. From 1887, he taught at the Academy where he had studied, and in 1890, he was appointed as rector of the St Petersburg seminary and raised to the rank of archimandrite. Later he

544-745: The Basilian monastery in Buchach . In the spring of 1919, when Buchach was taken by Polish forces, they were transferred to the Camaldolese monastery in Bielany . In the summer of 1919 they were freed through the work of the French diplomatic mission. Metropolitan Anthony lived in Lvov. In September 1919, he left for Kuban, then returned to Kiev, which was held by White forces of General Denikin . After Kiev

612-761: The Kiev Theological Academy . The commission's findings were unpopular with the Academy's staff, leading to Bishop Anthony's publication of "The Truth about the Kiev Theological Academy" and the resignation of its rector, Bishop Platon (Rozhdestvesky) , the future head of the American Metropolia . In 1906–1907, Bishop Anthony was member of the State Council and in 1912-1916 of the Holy Synod . He worked on

680-648: The Novodevichy Convent on June 14, 1944. It was the first official theologian school allowed in the Soviet Union . The program was prepared by Gregory (Chukov) , Archbishop of Saratov and its first rector was S.V. Savinsky. In 1946 the Theological Institute was transformed into the Moscow Seminary and Moscow Theological Academy. In 1947 the academy gained the right to award theological degrees of Candidate, Doctor and Professor . In 1949

748-616: The Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia (ROCOR). Aleksey Pavlovich Khrapovitsky was born in Russia on 17 March ( O.S. ) 1863 in Vatagino , Krestetsky Uyezd , Novgorod Governorate (now Okulovsky District , Novgorod Oblast ), the son of a noble landowner and general. After receiving secular secondary education at the 5th Petersburg Gymnasium , in a move that was at the time highly unusual for

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816-540: The journal on Russian Orthodoxy - Bogoslovsky vestnik (formerly edited by Gorsky-Platonov and Pavel Florensky ). The Bolsheviks closed the academy in Troitse-Sergieva Lavra in 1918. Some professors of the academy (including its former rector Archbishop Theodore (Pozdeevsky) , professors I.V. Popov and Pavel Florensky ) moved to the informal Higher Theological School in Moscow , but there were only

884-641: The "Theological Bulletin" has been published on a permanent basis, with four issues a year. In 2019 journals "Theological Questions" (Вопросы богословия) and "Metaphrast" (Метафраст), "The Church Historian" (Церковный историк), "Praxis", "Word and Image. Questions of the Study of Christian Literary Heritage" («Слово и образ. Вопросы изучения христианского литературного наследия») and "Bulletin of Church Art and Archaeology" (Вестник церковного искусства и археологии) has been launched. In 2020 journal "Biblical Scholia" (Библейские схолии) has been launched. On February 5, 2021,

952-658: The Academy in the Lavra took place on October 1, 1814. Now it has become known as the Moscow Theological Academy. The training at the Academy consisted of two two-year courses. At the opening of classes in 1814, the following subjects were read: interpretation of the Holy Scriptures , philosophy , world literature , general civil history, mathematics, languages: Hebrew , Greek , German , French and English . In 1816, lecturing of dogmatic theology

1020-739: The Balkans, the Middle East, and the Far East. In North America, however, a conflict erupted with those who did not recognize the authority of the Synod, led by Metropolitan Platon (Rozhdestvensky); this group formed the American Metropolia , the predecessor to the OCA . Likewise, in Western Europe, Metropolitan Eulogius (Georgievsky) also did not recognize anything more than "a moral authority" of

1088-577: The Church organization abroad as well. The Temporary Authority met on 19 November 1920, aboard the ship Great Prince Alexader Mikhailovich , presided over by Metropolitan Anthony. He and Bishop Benjamin (Fedchenkov) were appointed to examine the canonicity of the organization. On 2 December 1920, they received permission from Metropolitan Dorotheos of Prussia, Locum Tenens of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople , to establish "for

1156-606: The Department of History and Denunciation of Western Confessions, was elected rector. A month later, the newly elected rector was ordained a priest. The last remarkable event of academic life was the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the death of Metropolitan Philaret (Drozdov), which took place on November 18 and 19, 1917. The decree of January 23, 1918 On separation of Church from State and school from Church prohibited "the teaching of religious doctrines in all state and public, as well as private educational institutions," but

1224-580: The Holy Synod appointed Archpriest Tikhon Popov, a graduate of the Kiev Theological Academy (1896-1900), as rector. At the suggestion of the Council for the Affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church, teachers of theological educational institutions were classified as qualified workers of public education and received ration cards, the same as university teachers. Students received work cards, they were granted

1292-823: The Moscow Theological Academy was allowed to reclaim its original buildings at the Troitse-Sergieva Lavra, where they teach theological students to the present time. Most of the present bishops and theologians of Russian Orthodox Church have graduated from the academy. Departments, institutes and research centers as structural units and individual entities include: Training is conducted in more than 150 profiles and areas of B.A, M.A and additional vocational training. 55°45′23.8″N 37°37′16.8″E  /  55.756611°N 37.621333°E  / 55.756611; 37.621333 Anthony (Khrapovitsky) Metropolitan Anthony ( Russian : Митрополит Антоний , secular name Aleksey Pavlovich Khrapovitsky , Russian : Алексей Павлович Храповицкий ; 17 March ( O.S. ) 1863 – 10 August 1936)

1360-525: The Most Holy Theotokos on the same day . The academic year was difficult, there were only four classrooms at the disposal of the Academy, the number of students was significantly reduced. Serious problems with the financing of the Academy began. March 2, 1919 The Board of the Academy adopted a resolution on the termination of the "Theological Bulletin". In the spring of 1919 the school year was completed ahead of schedule due to lack of funding and

1428-843: The Postgraduate Department of the Moscow Theological Academy received state accreditation. Slavic Greek Latin Academy The Slavic Greek Latin Academy ( Russian : Славяно-греко-латинская академия ) was the first higher education establishment in Moscow. The academy's establishment may be viewed as a result of the incorporation of the Left-Bank Ukraine into Muscovy after the Treaty of Pereyaslav . Under Fyodor Rtishchev 's auspices, Epiphanius Slavinetsky and other learned monks moved from Kiev to Moscow and brought

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1496-1028: The President of the SEAA. However, a Decree of Patriarch St. Tikhon of Moscow of 5 May 1922, abolished the SEAA and declared the political decisions of the Karlovci Council as not reflecting the position of the Russian Church. Meeting in Sremski Karlovci on 2 September 1922, the Council of Bishops agreed to abolish the SEAA, in its place forming the Temporary Holy Synod of Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia with Metropolitan Anthony as its head by virtue of seniority. The Synod exercised direct authority over Russian parishes in

1564-522: The Russian Church , at which he advocated restoring the patriarchate in the Church of Russia. After the decision on restoration of Russian patriarchy passed (three days after the Bolsheviks' capture of power in Petrograd), his candidacy for this eminent position received the largest number of votes — 159 (out of 309) — but on 5 November 1918, Metropolitan Tikhon of Moscow was elected by lot out of

1632-621: The Russian exiled clergy outside the Kingdom of SHS as well as those Russian clergy in the Kingdom of SHS who were not in parish or state educational service; the THCAA jurisdiction would also extend to marital and divorce disputes of the exiled Russians. With the agreement of Patriarch Dimitrije of Serbia, the "General assembly of representatives of the Russian Church abroad" took place between 21 November and 2 December 1921, in Sremski Karlovci. It

1700-735: The Seminary were united. The two-pronged theological school became officially called "Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary". In October 1948 the Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary returned to the Trinity-Sergius Lavra. By 1957, All historical buildings were returned to the Academy. After the secret resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU "On the shortcomings of scientific and atheistic propaganda" dated October 4, 1958, state bodies began to actively interfere in

1768-773: The Slavic Greek Latin Academy was transformed into the Ecclesiastical Academy (Theological Academy) and relocated to the Troitse-Sergieva Lavra . In the 19th century the academy continued as the principal theological school of the Russian Orthodox Church . Among its professors were the historian Vasily Klyuchevsky and the Christian philosopher Pavel Florensky. Since 1892 the academy has been publishing

1836-489: The Slavic Greek Latin Academy. After that, the Latin language became the principal teaching language of the establishment. The curriculum consisted of two major stages, including elementary stage (grammar, arithmetics , geography , history, languages, dogmatism or theology ) and highest stage (theory of poetry, rhetorics , philosophy , theology). The whole educational process lasted for 12 to 15 years. The education itself

1904-564: The St. Petersburg Theological Seminary. Under Archimandrite Anthony, in 1892, the publication of "Additions to the Works of the Holy Fathers" continued under the new name "Theological Bulletin" (Богословский вестник). Patristic creations have now been published as appendices to the new magazine. On March 13, 1898, Archimandrite Arsenius (Stadnitsky) was appointed rector. On February 28, 1899, he

1972-553: The Synod at a meeting on August 26, 1946 decided to transform the Orthodox Theological Institute to the Moscow Theological Academy with a four-year course of study. The third and forth courses of the Institute became the first and second courses of the Academy, and the preparatory courses and the first two courses of the Institute became a Seminary with a four-year program. Administratively, the Academy and

2040-664: The Synod. Metropolitan Eulogius later broke off and in February 1931 joined the Ecumenical Patriarchate, forming the Patriarchal Exarchate for Orthodox Parishes of Russian Tradition in Western Europe . On 9 September 1927, the Council of Bishops of the ROCOR, presided over by Metropolitan Anthony, decreed a formal break of communion with ecclesiastic authorities in Moscow after categorically rejecting

2108-558: The academic curriculum, such as law, ecclesiastic history, medicine , broadened selection of ancient and new European languages . Publishing activities were also revived, including popular books on Orthodox Christianity for children. In 1775, the Slavic Greek Latin Academy became the official name of the academy. It worked together with the Troitskaya theological seminary of the Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra . In 1814,

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2176-462: The academy. By the beginning of the 18th century, there had been more than 200 students at the Slavic Greek Latin Academy. In 1701, Peter the Great turned it into a state academy. A celibate priest Palladius (Rogovsky), president of the academy, invited the graduates of Lvov and Kiev seminaries (so-called "brotherhood schools"), familiar with educational practices of Western Europe , to teach at

2244-519: The admission process of applicants. Komsomol and party leaders, employees of state security agencies met with young men who applied for admission to the Moscow Theological Seminary and tried in every way to keep them from this step. During the entrance exams, applicants were unexpectedly called to military training, and those who entered were denied registration. The number of students of theological schools began to decline. Soon it

2312-410: The basis of the Council's definition, a working group was created to develop in detail the concept of a new system of theological education. Proposals were developed to reform the system of theological education, which, with clarifications, were approved by the Holy Synod on December 27, 1996. Since 2000 language courses and study abroad have become a real opportunity for talented students. Since 2016,

2380-462: The course of the subsequent few months, at the invitation of Patriarch Dimitrije of Serbia, the other eight bishops of the THCAA, including Anastasius (Gribanovsky) and Benjamin (Fedchenkov) , as well as numerous priests and monks, relocated to Serbia. On 31 August 1921, the Council of Bishops of the Serbian Church recognised the THCAA as an administratively independent jurisdiction over

2448-401: The creation of an academic cemetery on the territory of the Academy garden. In 1884, a new Charter of theological academies was introduced. The Charter eliminated the autonomy of theological academies and seminaries, strengthening supervision of students. New trends in the life of the Academy were introduced by the rector Archimandrite Anthony (Khrapovitsky) (1890-1895), formerly the rector of

2516-552: The decree of the People's Commissariat of Justice of August 24 of the same year allowed the teaching of religious doctrines in "specially theological" institutions. In 1918, the last set of applicants was held at the Moscow Theological Academy. On August 22, the lectures began. On October 1, the annual act took place, which was attended by Patriarch Tikhon, who celebrated the liturgy in the Academic Church of The Intercession of

2584-438: The first episodic issues began to be published. On July 18, 1995, Bishop Eugene (Reshetnikov) was appointed rector of the Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary. In order to activate the process of reforming the system of theological education in the Russian Orthodox Church, the position of rector was combined with the position of Chairman of the Educational Committee at the Holy Synod. Bishop Eugene granted creative freedom for

2652-494: The hierarchs of the Russian Orthodox Church — Patriarchal Locum Tenens Metropolitan Sergius (Stragorodsky) , Metropolitan Alexy (Simansky) of Leningrad and Metropolitan Nicholas (Yarushevich) of Kiev and Galicia. One of the most important results of this meeting was an agreement on the revival of theological education. On June 14, 1944, the grand opening of the Orthodox Theological Institute and Theological and Pastoral courses took place in Novodevichy Convent . On August 28, 1944,

2720-435: The initiatives of a number of initiative teachers both in the field of teaching and in the implementation of a number of publishing and spiritual and educational projects. The Academy had its own small publishing house, which for several years was headed by hieromonk Euthymius (Moiseyev) . A number of Cabinets were created: Greek, Pedagogical, Biblical, which initially took over part of the work to improve information support and

2788-409: The late 1970s - early 1980s, teachers with university humanities education were accepted to Moscow theological schools, and they received knowledge in the field of church sciences independently. A great disaster for the Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary was a fire on the night of September 27–28, 1986. 5 seminary students died, a dormitory with an assembly hall burned down, the Intercession Church

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2856-474: The latter's defeat in November 1920, Antony left Russia for good. Between November 1920 and February 1921, Metropolitan Anthony was in Constantinople , then occupied by British, French and Italian forces. At first he decided that the Temporary Church Authority should be abolished and pastoral care for displaced Russians handed over to other local churches. However, after learning of the decision of Gen Wrangel to keep his army, Metropolitan Anthony decided to keep

2924-542: The new Charter, the Theological Academies were given a twofold task. It was supposed to be not only a theological higher school, but also a kind of pedagogical institute of the spiritual department. And the Academies did not so much prepare for pastoral work, as for pedagogical activity. Hence the inevitable multiplicity of subjects and dispersion. Other subjects were taught only then in order to prepare teachers for lower-level schools according to them." The academic Charter came into effect in 1869. The Charter of 1869 generally met

2992-415: The new authorities in his area and the discontent of certain members of his clergy. On 1 May 1917, he was retired and assigned to the Valaam Monastery , where he wrote his book "The Doctrine of Redemption", which later caused controversy among Orthodox theologians. In August 1917 he was again elected Archbishop of Kharkov by the Diocesan council of Kharkov. In 1917–1918, he took part in the Local Council of

3060-421: The position of Locum Tenens. In this, he received the support of the Patriarch Varnava of Serbia, who continued to maintain communion with the ROCOR Synod. During the course of his time outside Russia, Metropolitan Anthony continued to retain the title of Metropolitan of Kiev and Galicia, although his name stopped being mentioned in prayers in Kiev since June 1922. In March 1931, the Synod of Bishops awarded him

3128-428: The preparation for a Local Council of the Russian Church; he responded to the 1905 questionnaire of Russian bishops by calling for the restoration of the patriarchy and the reform of theological education and other reforms in Church administration. On 19 May 1914, he was appointed as Bishop of Kharkov and Akhtyrka . After the February 1917 Revolution , he was forced to ask for retirement because of poor relations with

3196-506: The purpose of the service of the population [...] and to oversee the ecclesiastic life of Russian colonies in Orthodox countries a temporary committee (epitropia) under the authority of the Ecumenical Patriarchate"; the committee was called the Temporary Higher Church Administration Abroad (THCAA). On 14 February 1921, Metropolitan Anthony settled down in Sremski Karlovci, where he was given the palace of former Patriarchs of Karlovci (the Patriarchate of Karlovci had been abolished in 1920). In

3264-573: The quality of teaching in the relevant fields. Thanks to the efforts of a group of teachers, a language reform was carried out on the basis of the Greek Cabinet after which the teaching of classical languages was restored in the Seminary and then in the Academy. Back in 1994, the Bishops' Council decided to prepare by 2000 a program for the transition to a system of theological education, within which seminaries should become higher schools that train clergymen, while academies should be transformed into research centers that provide theological specialization. On

3332-443: The requirements of its time and helped Archpriest Alexander Gorsky to expediently direct the life of the Academy. Under Gorsky leadership, with the support of Metropolitan Innocent (Veniaminov) of Moscow, a church was built in the academic assembly hall in the building of the Royal Palaces, consecrated on February 12, 1870 in honor of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos. Following the church, Archpriest Alexander Gorsky achieved

3400-423: The seizure of academic buildings by the state. After the final closure of the classes in Sergiev Posad, the Academy continued its activity at the churches of Moscow until the end of the 1920s. All books, archives and manuscripts from the Academy's book depositories were withdrawn to the vaults or funds of the Lenin Library in the 1930s. On September 4, 1943, the Kremlin hosted a meeting of the Joseph Stalin , with

3468-455: The three candidates, the weakest candidate of the vote. On 28 November, Archbishop Anthony was raised to the rank of metropolitan and on 7 December elected a member of the Holy Synod headed by Patriarch Tikhon. In January 1918, Metropolitan Anthony was present at the All-Ukrainian Church Council in Kiev. He then fled the city before the Bolshevik invasion. Following the killing of Metropolitan Vladimir (Bogoyavlesky) of Kiev, Metropolitan Anthony

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3536-422: The title of "Beatitude." He became known as a polemicist who argued against papal supremacy . In the 1920s and 1930s he published in Russian many books on theology and literature. Some of his theological views, especially his soteriology , were severely criticised by a number of prominent Orthodox theologians. In 1930, Antony issued a Message to all Orthodox Russian people calling for an armed struggle against

3604-401: The translation of the Bible into Russian. The years of rectorship of Archpriest Alexander Gorsky, 1862-1875, became one of the most scientifically striking periods in the history of the Moscow Theological Academy. During this time preparation and implementation of the reforms of the 1860s could not but affect the life of religious educational institutions. George Florovsky wrote: "According to

3672-447: Was a bishop of the Russian Orthodox Church in the Russian Empire , the Metropolitan of Kiev and Galicia , who after the defeat of Gen Pyotr Wrangel 's White Army in South Russia in November 1920 emigrated and in 1921 settled down in Sremski Karlovci , Serbia. He, along with several other Russian bishops in exile, established an independent Russian church administration that sought to embrace all Russian Orthodox diaspora, known as

3740-411: Was also discussed in 1906 at the Pre-Council Presence. After an active discussion, the Most Holy Synod worked out a new statute, adopted in 1910 and supplemented in 1912. From July 7 to July 14, 1917 the All-Russian Congress of Learned Monasticism gathered at the Academy. In September 1917, for the first time in the history of the Academy, the election of the rector took place. Anatoly Orlov, professor of

3808-410: Was appointed rector of the Moscow Theological Academy in the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius (1890–1894), then in 1895 he was transferred to the post of rector of the Kazan Theological Academy (until 1900). On 7 September 1897, Archimandrite Anthony was consecrated Bishop of Cheboksary , vicar of the Kazan diocese . On 14 July 1900, he was transferred to Ufa as Bishop of Ufa and Menzelinsk. As

3876-399: Was attached to the study of ancient languages: Greek and Latin, in the study of which students achieved considerable success. From 1835 to 1841, the position of rector was held by Archimandrite Philaret (Gumilyevsky) , who initiated the publication of the works of the Holy Fathers at the Moscow Theological Academy. In January 1842 first translations of the works of St. Gregory the Theologian

3944-434: Was begun, since 1817 moral theology and comparative theology added. The program also included other subjects: pastoral theology, church eloquence , church history , canon law (since 1840), patristics (since 1841), metaphysics (since 1842), history of philosophy (since 1843), biblical history , Russian civil history , church archaeology (since 1844). In this form, the program lasted until 1869. Special importance

4012-429: Was consecrated as titular bishop of Volokolamsk , vicar of the Diocese of Moscow , preserving the post of rector of the Academy. Since that time, the Academy has been regularly headed by a rector in the episcopal rank. In 1909 bishop Theodore (Pozdeevsky) became rector. In the late 19th — early 20th centuries, the issue of a new reform of theological schools was discussed in church circles. The reform of church education

4080-443: Was damaged. Restoration work was completed by 1988. In the 1990s all the restrictions with which the Soviet government tried to slow down the development of theological schools and theological science were completely lifted, but new difficulties appeared, mainly related to the difficult economic situation in Russia and with limited funding for theological education. The resumption of the "Theological Bulletin" took place in 1993, when

4148-446: Was decided not to allow admission to religious educational institutions of persons who had special secondary and higher education. It was forbidden to publish textbooks, to teach general education subjects. Teaching of classical languages was reduced to minimum. In 1969, a regent class was formed at the Academy, which was transformed into a Regent School in 1985. At that time it was the only possible form of women's religious education. In

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4216-436: Was elected to the Kiev cathedra, and returned when the city was occupied by the Imperial German Army . However, his election was not approved by the authorities because of his opposition to Ukrainian autocephaly . In mid-December 1918, together with Archbishop Eulogius (Georgiyevsky) of Volyn, he was arrested by the Symon Petliura government. The hierarchs, along with Bishop Nicodemus (Krotkov) of Chigirin , were held at

4284-425: Was later renamed the First All-Diaspora Council and was presided over by Metropolitan Anthony. The Council established the "Supreme Ecclesiastic Administration Abroad" (SEAA), composed of a patriarchal Locum Tenens, a Synod of Bishops, and a Church Council. The Council decided to appoint Metropolitan Anthony the Locum Tenens, but he declined to accept the position without permission from Moscow and instead called himself

4352-400: Was placed under the care of the Patriarch Prikaz . The curriculum was divided into levels ("schools"), including Slavonic and Greek writing, seven liberal arts (septem artes liberales), and theology. The academy itself was named the "Greek Latin School", or "Spassky schools" (Спасские школы). After the dismissal of the Likhud brothers in nd Nikolay Semyonov (Golovin) became teachers at

4420-416: Was presented. At the same time "Additions to the works of the Holy Fathers" was created. Having begun systematic publishing activity with a series of patristic works, the Academy embarked on the path of revival of Orthodox theology. The "Additions" published articles of church-historical and theological content. This is the first scientific journal of the Academy. The Moscow Theological Academy also took part in

4488-447: Was retaken by Bolsheviks in November 1919, he left for Yekaterinodar , where he was elected as president of the Temporary Higher Church Authority of South-East Russia. After the defeat of the Denikin army, in March 1920 he left for Greece , where he received the support of Archbishop Meletius (Metaxakis) of Athens. In September 1920, he was invited by Gen Pyotr Wrangel to Crimea, then controlled by Wrangel's anti-Bolshevik forces. After

4556-429: Was similar to that of Western European universities. The Slavic Greek Latin Academy produced not only theologians, but specialists for civil service , as well, such as medical professionals and translators. During the reign of Peter the Great , the academy began to gradually turn into a higher theological educational establishment, as opposed to many new secular professional schools. In 1721, the Slavic Greek Latin Academy

4624-423: Was transferred under the care of the Holy Synod . Throughout the first half of the 18th century, among its graduates were the first Russian academicians Mikhail Lomonosov and Vasily Trediakovsky , poet Antioch Kantemir , architect Vasili Bazhenov , geographer Stepan Krasheninnikov , chemist Dmitry Vinogradov . When Platon II was elected Metropolitan of Moscow (1775), new disciplines were introduced into

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