Kronospan is an Austrian-founded, Cyprus-based, international company that manufactures and distributes wood-based panels which are used in applications including flooring, furniture and timber-framed houses.
69-436: The company manufactures particleboard , medium-density fibreboard , laminate flooring , resins for wood-based panels and oriented strand board . It also produces melamine -faced panels, post-formed worktops , wall panels , lacquered HDF and others and speciality and decorative paper. Findings in 2019 by Austria's federal administrative court show that Kronospan consists of multiple companies, which were centered around
138-451: A 24-hour period, meaning that this wood does not "absorb" heat and therefore only emits the heat embedded in it. Moreover, white wood not only possesses a lower thermal conductivity than natural wood, and it has better thermal performance than most commercially available insulating materials . The modification of the mesoporous structure of the wood is responsible for the changes in wood performance. White wood can also be put through
207-558: A binding process with adhesives. Wood structural panels are a collection of flat panel products, used extensively in building construction for sheathing, decking, cabinetry and millwork, and furniture. Examples include plywood and oriented strand board (OSB). Non-structural wood-based panels are flat-panel products, used in non-structural construction applications and furniture. Non-structural panels are usually covered with paint, wood veneer, or resin paper in their final form. Examples include fiberboard and particle board . Plywood ,
276-493: A building. It is one of the oldest types of mass timber, being used in warehouse construction during the Industrial Revolution . Like DLT, no chemical adhesives are used, and wood fibers are oriented in the same direction. Engineered wood flooring is a type of flooring product, similar to hardwood flooring, made of layers of wood or wood-based composite laminated together. The floor boards are usually milled with
345-416: A chemical process that replaces light-absorbing compounds, such as lignin , with a transparent polymer. New construction is in high demand due to growing worldwide population. However, the main materials used in new construction are currently steel and concrete . The manufacturing of these materials creates comparatively high emissions of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) into the atmosphere. Engineered wood has
414-435: A combination of delignification and water shock treatment. This is an emerging technology and is not yet used in industrial processes. However, initial tests show promising advantages in improved mechanical properties, with the molded wood exhibiting strength comparable to some metal alloys. Transparent wood composites are new materials, as of 2020 are made at the laboratory scale, that combines transparency and stiffness via
483-411: A compression process, similar to the process mentioned for densified wood, which increases its mechanical performance compared to natural wood (8.7 times higher in tensile strength and 10 times higher in toughness). The thermal and structural advantages of nanowood make it an attractive material for energy-efficient building construction. However, the changes made in the wood's structural properties, like
552-493: A dimensional solid wood joist of a size necessary to do the same task. As of 2004, approximately 81% of all wood light framed floors were framed using I-joists. Mass timber, also known as engineered timber, is a class of large structural wood components for building construction. Mass timber components are made of lumber or veneers bonded with adhesives or mechanical fasteners. Certain types of mass timber, such as nail-laminated timber and glue-laminated timber, have existed for over
621-448: A high length-to-thickness ratio. Combined with an adhesive, the strands are oriented and formed into a large mat or billet and pressed. LSL and OSL offer good fastener-holding strength and mechanical-connector performance and are commonly used in a variety of applications, such as beams, headers, studs, rim boards, and millwork components. LSL is manufactured from relatively short strands—typically about 1 foot (0.30 m) long—compared to
690-559: A hundred years. Mass timber enjoyed increasing popularity from 2012 onward, due to growing concern around the sustainability of building materials, and interest in prefabrication, off site construction, and modularization, for which mass timber is well suited. The various types of mass timber share the advantage of faster construction times as the components are manufactured off-site, and pre-finished to exact dimensions for simple on-site fastening. Mass timber has been shown to have structural properties competitive with steel and concrete, opening
759-415: A large number of nanopores in the cell walls which help reduce temperature change. Delignified wood reflects most incident light and appears white in color. White wood (also known as nanowood ) has high reflection haze, as well as high emissivity in the infrared wavelengths. These two characteristics generate a passive radiative cooling effect, with an average cooling power of 53 W⋅m over
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#1732798558692828-500: A mechanical hot press to compress wood fibers, sometimes in combination with chemical modification of the wood. These processes have been shown to increase the density by a factor of three. This increase in density is expected to enhance the strength and stiffness of the wood by a proportional amount. Studies published in 2018 combined chemical processes with traditional mechanical hot press methods. These chemical processes break down lignin and hemicellulose that are found naturally in
897-440: A model code that forms the basis of many North American building codes , adopted new provisions in the 2021 code cycle that permit mass timber to be used in high-rise construction up to 18 stories. Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a versatile multi-layered panel made of lumber. Each layer of boards is placed perpendicular to adjacent layers for increased rigidity and strength. It is relatively new and gaining popularity within
966-518: A phenolic resin. Hammer-milling involves smashing material into smaller and smaller pieces until they can pass through a screen. Most early particleboard manufacturers used similar processes, though often with slightly different resins. It was found that better strength, appearance and resin economy could be achieved by using more uniform, manufactured chips. Producers began processing solid birch , beech , alder , pine and spruce into consistent chips and flakes; these finer layers were then placed on
1035-683: A range of derivative wood products which are manufactured by binding or fixing the strands, particles, fibres, or veneers or boards of wood, together with adhesives , or other methods of fixation to form composite material . The panels vary in size but can range upwards of 64 by 8 feet (19.5 by 2.4 m) and in the case of cross-laminated timber (CLT) can be of any thickness from a few inches to 16 inches (410 mm) or more. These products are engineered to precise design specifications, which are tested to meet national or international standards and provide uniformity and predictability in their structural performance. Engineered wood products are used in
1104-463: A resin binder, and forming panels by applying high temperature and pressure. MDF is used in non-structural applications. Particle board is manufactured from wood chips, sawmill shavings, or even sawdust , and a synthetic resin or another suitable binder, which is pressed and extruded. Research published in 2017 showed that durable particle board can be produced from agricultural waste products, such as rice husk or guinea corn husk. Particleboard
1173-628: A symbolic two-hour shutdown in protest against Government subsidies paid to the biomass industry, which they say directly threaten their jobs, future wood manufacturing and associated industries. Kronospan's shutdown supported the European Panel Federation's Day of Action and the company has joined Green campaigners and the UK's Wood Panel Industries Federation in lobbying Government through the Make Wood Work campaign to reverse
1242-567: A tongue-and-groove profile on the edges for consistent joinery between boards. The lamella is the face layer of the wood that is visible when installed. Typically, it is a sawn piece of timber. The timber can be cut in three different styles: flat-sawn, quarter-sawn, and rift-sawn. Techniques have been introduced in the field of engineered wood including transformation of natural wood in laboratories through chemical and/or physical treatments to achieve tailored mechanical, optical, thermal, and conduction properties. Densified wood can be made by using
1311-726: A variety of applications, from home construction to commercial buildings to industrial products. The products can be used for joists and beams that replace steel in many building projects. The term mass timber describes a group of building materials that can replace concrete assemblies. Typically, engineered wood products are made from the same hardwoods and softwoods used to manufacture lumber . Sawmill scraps and other wood waste can be used for engineered wood composed of wood particles or fibers, but whole logs are usually used for veneers, such as plywood , medium-density fibreboard (MDF), or particle board . Some engineered wood products, like oriented strand board (OSB), can use trees from
1380-506: A wood structural panel, is sometimes called the original engineered wood product. Plywood is manufactured from sheets of cross-laminated veneer and bonded under heat and pressure with durable, moisture-resistant adhesives. By alternating the grain direction of the veneers from layer to layer, or "cross-orienting", panel strength and stiffness in both directions are maximized. Other structural wood panels include oriented strand boards and structural composite panels. Oriented strand board (OSB)
1449-507: Is structural composites . For example, fiber cement siding is made of cement and wood fiber, while cement board is a low-density cement panel, often with added resin, faced with fiberglass mesh . While formaldehyde is an essential ingredient of cellular metabolism in mammals , studies have linked prolonged inhalation of formaldehyde gases to cancer. Engineered wood composites have been found to emit potentially harmful amounts of formaldehyde gas in two ways: unreacted free formaldehyde and
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#17327985586921518-585: Is a class of materials made with layers of veneers, strands, or flakes bonded with adhesives. Unlike wood structural panels, structural composite lumber products generally have all grain fibers oriented in the same direction. The SCL family of engineered wood products are commonly used in the same structural applications as conventional sawn lumber and timber, including rafters, headers, beams, joists, rim boards, studs, and columns. SCL products have higher dimensional stability and increased strength compared to conventional lumber products. Laminated veneer lumber (LVL)
1587-461: Is a much more effective additive. Phenol forms a water-resistant bond with formaldehyde that will not degrade in moist environments. PF resins have not been found to pose significant health risks due to formaldehyde emissions. While PF is an excellent adhesive, the engineered wood industry has started to shift toward polyurethane binders like pMDI to achieve even greater water resistance, strength, and process efficiency. pMDIs are also used extensively in
1656-422: Is a wood structural panel manufactured from rectangular-shaped strands of wood that are oriented lengthwise and then arranged in layers, laid up into mats, and bonded together with moisture-resistant, heat-cured adhesives. The individual layers can be cross-oriented to provide strength and stiffness to the panel. Similar to plywood, most OSB panels are delivered with more strength in one direction. The wood strands in
1725-511: Is a wood-on-wood timber. The biggest benefit of this method is that no glue or metal is needed, thus eliminating VOCs (such as formaldehyde ) associated with wood adhesives used in most other engineered timbers. Similar to CLT , DLT uses a cross laminated pattern with softwoods , but instead of wood adhesives to fix lumbers in place, holes are drilled vertically or in a 45° angle, and 15-20mm dowels made of dry hardwood or densified wood (such as thermal-compressed ) are placed between
1794-455: Is also possible to impregnate wood chips to produce molded pressed wood components. Removing lignin from wood has several other applications, apart from providing structural advantages. Delignification alters the mechanical, thermal, optical, fluidic and ionic properties and functions of the natural wood and is an effective approach to regulating its thermal properties, as it removes the thermally conductive lignin component, while generating
1863-472: Is an engineered wood product, belonging to the wood-based panels, manufactured from wood chips and a synthetic, mostly formaldehyde based resin or other suitable binder, which is pressed under a hot press, batch- or continuous- type, and produced. Particle board is often confused with oriented strand board (OSB, also known as flakeboard, or waferboard), a different type of fiberboard that uses machined wood flakes and offers more strength. Particle board
1932-720: Is cheaper, denser and more uniform than conventional wood and plywood and is substituted for them when cost is more important than strength and appearance. Particleboard can be made more appealing by painting or the use of wood veneers on visible surfaces. Though it is denser than conventional wood, it is the lightest and weakest type of fiberboard, except for insulation board. Medium-density fibreboard and hardboard , also called high-density fiberboard, are stronger and denser than particleboard. Different grades of particleboard have different densities, with higher density connoting greater strength and greater resistance to failure of screw fasteners. A significant disadvantage of particleboard
2001-429: Is cheaper, denser, and more uniform than conventional wood and plywood and is substituted for them when the cost is more important than strength and appearance. A major disadvantage of particleboard is that it is very prone to expansion and discoloration due to moisture, particularly when it is not covered with paint or another sealer. Particle board is used in non-structural applications. Structural composite lumber (SCL)
2070-450: Is its susceptibility to expansion and discoloration from moisture absorption, particularly when it is not covered with paint or another sealer. Therefore, it is rarely used outdoors or in places where there are high levels of moisture, except in bathrooms, kitchens and laundries, where it is commonly used as an underlayment shielded beneath a moisture resistant continuous sheet of vinyl flooring. In dry environments, veneered particleboard
2139-444: Is preferred over veneered plywood because of its stability, lower cost, and convenience. The history of particleboard is unclear. The nineteenth century saw many attempts to make use of sawmill by-products, including sawdust and wood chips, by manufacturing composite boards; conceptual references to processes of manufacturing wood composites similar to particleboard date from 1887. In 1935, Farley and Loetscher Manufacturing Co. became
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2208-546: Is produced by bonding thin wood veneers together in a large billet, similar to plywood. The grain of all veneers in the LVL billet is parallel to the long direction (unlike plywood). The resulting product features enhanced mechanical properties and dimensional stability that offer a broader range in product width, depth, and length than conventional lumber. Parallel-strand lumber (PSL) consists of long veneer strands laid in parallel formation and bonded together with an adhesive to form
2277-474: Is typically made out of man-made wood due to its low manufacturing costs and its low weight. There are a wide variety of engineered wood products for both structural and non-structural applications. This list is not comprehensive, and is intended to help categorize and distinguish between different types of engineered wood. Wood-based panels are made from fibres, flakes, particles, veneers, chips, sawdust, slabs, wood powder, strands, or other wood derivate through
2346-438: The poplar family, a common but non-structural species. Alternatively, it is also possible to manufacture similar engineered bamboo from bamboo; and similar engineered cellulosic products from other lignin -containing materials such as rye straw, wheat straw, rice straw, hemp stalks, kenaf stalks, or sugar cane residue , in which case they contain no actual wood but rather vegetable fibers . Flat-pack furniture
2415-406: The river Dee ). The company admitted six offences between 29 March–9 October 2001, with a further four offences taken into consideration. In May 2005 Kronospan UK was fined £25,000 by Wrexham magistrates after pleading guilty to five offences of polluting local waterways. In July 2005 Kronospan UK invested £700,000 on an improved water recycling and filtration process. In March 2002, the company
2484-564: The 2-to-8-foot-long (0.61–2.44 m) strands used in PSL. The length-to-thickness ratio of strands is about 150 for LSL and 75 for OSL. I-joists are "Ɪ"-shaped structural members designed for use in floor and roof construction. An I-joist consists of top and bottom flanges of various widths united with webs of various depths. The flanges resist common bending stresses, and the web provides shear performance. I-joists are designed to carry heavy loads over long distances while using less lumber than
2553-713: The Kronospan Technical Holdings Limited, based in Cyprus . The Cypriot firm, which has been renamed since, belongs to a company on the Isle of Man , which again is owned by a foundation in Liechtenstein . A subsidiary of the company, Kronospan Forestry Ltd., manages over 1000 hectares of sustainable forests in the south-west of Scotland . This includes both young forests as well as mid-age plantations offering greater wildlife diversity. In 1999
2622-755: The Russian TV-show “Moment of truth” released a YouTube documentary (ru. “Кроношпан уходи”, eng. “Kronospan go away”) with English subtitles on the situation and the environmental catastrophe as well as the suspected corruption going on at the Kronospan plant in Ekektrogorsk. In January 2002 Kronospan UK was fined £ 60,000 for discharging effluent into the River Bradley (a small stream, more usually known as Afon Bradley, that flows northwards for about 2 miles from near Chirk and discharges into
2691-494: The amount of sag in a shelf of a given width in order to draw the distinction. In general, the much lower cost of sheet goods (particle board, medium density fiberboard, and other engineered wood products) has helped to displace solid wood from many cabinetry applications. Safety concerns exist for both manufacturing and use. Fine dust and chemicals are released when particleboard is machined (e.g., sawing or routing ). Occupational exposure limits exist in many countries recognizing
2760-601: The biogenic carbon from a wood product can only be included as a negative input (i.e. carbon sequestration) when the wood product originated in a sustainably managed forest. This generally means that wood needs to be FSC or SFI-certified to qualify as carbon sequestering. Engineered wood products are used in a variety of ways, often in applications similar to solid wood products: Advantages by product type: Engineered wood products may be preferred over solid wood in some applications due to certain comparative advantages: Disadvantages by product type: When compared to solid wood
2829-421: The board. The boards are then cooled, trimmed and sanded. They can then be sold as raw board or surface improved through the addition of a wood veneer or laminate surface. Particle board has had a huge influence on furniture design. In the early 1950s, particle board kitchens started to come into use in furniture construction but, in many cases, it remained more expensive than solid wood. A particle board kitchen
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2898-628: The chemical decomposition of resin adhesives. When excessive amounts of formaldehyde are added to a process, the surplus will not have any additive to bond with and may seep from the wood product over time. Cheap urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesives are largely responsible for degraded resin emissions. Moisture degrades the weak UF molecules, resulting in potentially harmful formaldehyde emissions. McLube offers release agents and platen sealers designed for those manufacturers who use reduced-formaldehyde UF and melamine-formaldehyde adhesives. Many OSB and plywood manufacturers use phenol-formaldehyde (PF) because phenol
2967-710: The company joined the Forest Stewardship Council scheme, which ensures that sustainable practices are used. Kronospan works with Business in the Community Wales (BICW) which aims to address key social issues in the most deprived rural and urban areas of Wales. In 2003 Kronospan was one of the first organisations to sign up with the Carbon Trust in Wales for a pilot programme to manage carbon emissions. In 2010, Kronospan's workforce took part in
3036-536: The consequences of the Renewables Obligation , which is a result of European Union Climate Change Directives. According to environmental NGO Arnika, Kronospan's production site in the town of Jihlava, Czech Republic, is the No. 2 source of environmental pollution in the country overall, topping the list of released formaldehyde (2018 increase of 3 tons vs. previous year ) and just 2nd to Spolana Neratovice in
3105-508: The construction industry as it can be used for long spans and all assemblies, e.g. floors, walls, or roofs. Glued laminated timber (glulam) is composed of several layers of dimensional timber glued together with moisture-resistant adhesives, creating a large, strong, structural member that can be used as vertical columns or horizontal beams. Glulam can also be produced in curved shapes, offering extensive design flexibility. Dowel laminated timber (DLT), sometimes referred to as Brettstapel ,
3174-444: The door for applications of densified wood in situations where regular strength wood would fail. Environmentally, wood requires significantly less carbon dioxide to produce than steel. Synthetic resin densified wood is resin-impregnated densified wood, also known as compreg . Usually phenolic resin is used as impregnation resin to impregnate and laminate plywood layers. Sometimes layers are not impregnated before lamination. It
3243-400: The end of its lifecycle absorbs around 582 kg of CO 2 /m , while reinforced concrete emits 458 kg CO 2 /m and steel 12.087 kg CO 2 /m . There is not a strong consensus for measuring the carbon sequestration potential of wood. In life-cycle assessment, sequestered carbon is sometimes called biogenic carbon. ISO 21930, a standard that governs life cycle assessment, requires
3312-519: The final product resistant to water, fire or insects. After the particles pass through a mist of resin sufficient to coat all surfaces, they are layered into a continuous carpet. This 'carpet' is then separated into discrete, rectangular 'blankets' which will be compacted in a cold press. A scale weighs the flakes, and they are distributed by rotating rakes. In graded-density particleboard, the flakes are spread by an air jet that throws finer particles further than coarse ones. Two such jets, reversed, allow
3381-468: The finished structural section. The length-to-thickness ratio of strands in PSL is about 300. A strong, consistent material, it has a high load-carrying ability and is resistant to seasoning stresses so it is well suited for use as beams and columns for post and beam construction, and for beams, headers, and lintels for light framing construction. Laminated strand lumber (LSL) and oriented strand lumber (OSL) are manufactured from flaked wood strands that have
3450-475: The first plant to manufacture particleboard. A particleboard industry developed over the course of the 1940s. In 1932, Luftwaffe pilot and inventor Max Himmelheber patented a process for making particleboard without fully impregnating wood fibers with adhesive, distinguishing it from earlier wood composites. This particleboard could be produced with waste products such as planer shavings, off-cuts or sawdust, hammer-milled into chips and bound together with
3519-457: The following disadvantages are prevalent: Plywood and OSB typically have a density of 560–640 kg/m (35–40 lb/cu ft). For example, 9.5 mm ( 3 ⁄ 8 in) plywood sheathing or OSB sheathing typically has a surface density of 4.9–5.9 kg/m (1–1.2 lb/sq ft). Many other engineered woods have densities much higher than OSB. The types of adhesives used in engineered wood include: A more inclusive term
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#17327985586923588-751: The hazard of wood dusts. Cutting particle board can release formaldehyde , carbon monoxide , hydrogen cyanide in the case of amino resins , and phenol in the case of phenol formaldehyde resins . The other safety concern is the slow release of formaldehyde over time. In 1984 concerns about the high indoor levels of formaldehyde in new manufactured homes led the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development to set construction standards. Particleboard (PB), medium-density fibreboard (MDF), oriented strand board (OSB), and laminated flooring have been major sources of formaldehyde emissions. In response to consumer and woodworker pressure on
3657-545: The increase in structural porosity and the partially isolated cellulose nanofibrils, damage the material's mechanical robustness. To deal with this issue, several strategies have been proposed, with one being to further densify the structure, and another to use cross-linking . Other suggestions include hybridizing natural wood with other organic particles and polymers to enhance its thermal insulation performance. Using similar chemical modification techniques to chemically densified wood, wood can be made extremely moldable using
3726-673: The industry, PB and MDF became available in "no added formaldehyde" (NAF) versions, but were not in common use as of 2015 . Many other building materials such as furniture finish, carpeting and caulking give off formaldehyde, as well as urea-formaldehyde foam insulation , which is banned in Canada for installation in a residential closed cavity wall. Formaldehyde is classified by the WHO as a known human carcinogen . Engineered wood Engineered wood , also called mass timber , composite wood , man-made wood , or manufactured board , includes
3795-505: The lumbers. As the hardwood dowel absorbs moisture from the softwood to reach an equilibrium moisture content, it expands into the surrounding wood, creating a connection and 'locking' them together through friction. The dowels can be dried (such as through a kiln ) prior to fitting, to maximize their expansion. Nail laminated timber (NLT) is a mass timber product that consists of parallel boards fastened with nails. It can be used to create floors, roofs, walls, and elevator shafts within
3864-417: The mixture into a sheet. The raw material is fed into a disc chipper with between four and sixteen radially arranged blades. The chips from disk chippers are more uniform in shape and size than from other types of wood chippers. The particles are then dried, and any oversize or undersized particles are screened out. Resin is then sprayed as a fine mist onto the particles. Several types of resins are used in
3933-695: The oil fire which had started in a boiler room. The plant suffered further industrial fires in April and September 2007 and September 2010. In 2012 firefighters attended industrial blazes at the plant in June, twice in July and again in October. On 17 April 2014 fire broke out again at the factory, requiring 5 appliances and an aerial platform ladder. The fire was extinguished 11 hours later. Particleboard Particle board , also known as particleboard or chipboard ,
4002-702: The outermost layer on each side of the board are normally aligned into the strongest direction of the board. Arrows on the product will often identify the strongest direction of the board (the height, or longest dimension, in most cases). Produced in huge, continuous mats, OSB is a solid panel product of consistent quality with no laps, gaps, or voids. OSB is delivered in various dimensions, strengths, and levels of water resistance. OSB and plywood are often used interchangeably in building construction. Medium-density fibreboard (MDF) and high-density fibreboard ( hardboard or HDF) are made by breaking down hardwood or softwood residuals into wood fibers, combining them with wax and
4071-420: The outside of the board, with its core composed of coarser, cheaper chips. This type of board is known as three-layer particleboard. More recently, graded-density particleboard has also evolved. It contains particles that gradually become smaller as they get closer to the surface. Particleboard or chipboard is manufactured by mixing particles or flakes of wood or jute-stick together with a resin and forming
4140-442: The particles to build up from fine to coarse and back to fine. The formed sheets are cold-compressed to reduce thickness and make them easier to transport. Later, they are compressed again, under pressures between 2 and 3 megapascals (290 and 440 psi) and temperatures between 140 and 220 °C (284 and 428 °F) to set and harden the glue. The entire process is controlled to ensure the correct size, density and consistency of
4209-486: The possibility to build large, tall buildings out of wood. Extensive testing has demonstrated the natural fire resistance properties of mass timber – primarily due the creation of a char layer around a column or beam which prevents fire from reaching the inner layers of wood. In recognition of the proven structural and fire performance of mass timber, the International Building Code ,
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#17327985586924278-406: The potential to reduce carbon emissions if it replaces steel and/or concrete in the construction of buildings. In 2014, steel and cement production accounted for about 1320 megatonnnes (Mt) CO 2 and 1740 Mt CO 2 respectively, which made up about 9% of global CO 2 emissions that year. In a study that did not take the carbon sequestration potential of engineered wood into account, it
4347-575: The process. Amino-formaldehyde based resins are the best performing based on cost and ease of use. Urea melamine resins offer water resistance with more melamine offering higher resistance. It is typically used in external applications, with the coloured resin darkening the panel. To further enhance the panel properties, resorcinol resins can be mixed with phenolic resins , but that is more often used with marine plywood applications. Panel production involves other chemicals including wax , dyes, wetting agents and release agents, to aid processing or make
4416-492: The production of rigid polyurethane foams and insulators for refrigeration. pMDIs outperform other resin adhesives, but they are notoriously difficult to release and cause buildup on tooling surfaces. Some engineered wood products, such as DLT, NLT, and some brands of CLT, can be assembled without the use of adhesives using mechanical fasteners or joinery. These can range from profiled interlocking jointed boards, proprietary metal fixings, nails or timber dowels. Throughout
4485-470: The released amount of mutagenis substances. In 2019 complaints were filed with the administration of Russian city of Elektrogorsk as environmental scientists found the Kronospan factory was releasing polluted waste water with extreme levels of formaldehyde into a local river and also polluting the air by letting unfiltered production air full of sawdust into the air causing allergies, asthma and respiratory problems in children and adults. On November 19, 2019,
4554-471: The wood. Following dissolution, the cellulose strands that remain are mechanically hot compressed. Compared to the three-fold increase in strength observed from hot pressing alone, chemically processed wood has been shown to yield an 11-fold improvement. This extra strength comes from hydrogen bonds formed between the aligned cellulose nanofibers. The densified wood possessed mechanical strength properties on par with steel used in building construction, opening
4623-582: Was fined £20,500 after 8,000 tonnes of waste timber caught fire at the Chirk plant (on the England/Wales border) and burned for several days. The fire was believed to have been caused by spontaneous combustion following a buildup of heat in damp conditions. The plant caught fire again on 17 June 2002 and firefighters were drafted in from stations in North Wales , Cheshire and Shropshire to tackle
4692-410: Was found that roughly 50 Mt CO 2 e (carbon dioxide equivalent ) could be eliminated by 2050 with the full uptake of a hybrid construction system utilizing engineered wood and steel. When considering the added effects that carbon sequestration can have over the lifetime of the material, the emissions reductions of engineered wood is even more substantial, as laminated wood that is not incinerated at
4761-600: Was only available to the very wealthy. Once the technology was more developed, particle board became cheaper. Some large companies base their strategies around providing furniture at a low price. To do this, they use the least expensive materials possible. In almost all cases, this means particle board, medium-density fibreboard (MDF), or the like. However, in order to maintain a reputation for quality at low cost, manufacturers may use higher grades of particle board, e.g., higher density particle board, thicker particle board, or particle board using higher-quality resins. One may note
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