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25-514: Founded in 1953, the KIA is the world's oldest sovereign wealth fund. As of November 2024, it is the world's 5th largest sovereign wealth fund valued at just under US$ 1 trillion, with currently US$ 969 billion assets under management . KIA was founded on 23 February 1953 to manage the funds of the Kuwaiti Government in light of financial surpluses after the discovery of oil . KIA manages

50-928: A US$ 100 billion pension fund to advise the fund on portfolio construction, asset allocation, fund manager selection, etc. The consultant would include the $ 100 billion in their firm's AUA. The consultant does not have discretion to manage the assets and thus would not include the assets in their firm's AUM. Global investment consultants with the largest AUA include Mercer ( US$ 15 trillion in AUA), Aon ( US$ 3.1 trillion in AUA), Russell Investments ( US$ 2.6 trillion in AUA), Meketa Investment Group ( US$ 1.7 trillion in AUA), Hamilton Lane ( US$ 734.8 billion in AUA), Albourne Partners ( US$ 700 billion in AUA) and Cambridge Associates ( US$ 548 billion in AUA). Institutional investors and asset managers rely on banks and non-bank financial institutions for processing domestic and cross-border trades, keeping financial assets safe and servicing

75-426: A fund, such as a mutual fund or ETF , often shown on a per-share basis. NAV shows what price shares in a fund can be bought and sold at. AUM by contrast refers to the value of assets managed by an individual or firm, not a fund. Unlike NAV, AUM is in reference to the total value of assets being managed rather than expressed on a per-share basis. A related concept in the investment industry to assets under management

100-507: A number of other companies to become Grupo Torras in June 1988. KIO invested about $ 2.5 billion in building up the company and another $ 1.8 billion to shore it up after the end of Spain's 1980s economic boom and the annexation of Kuwait by Iraq. However, in December 1992 Grupo Torras entered receivership among accusations of fraud, and Kuwait's investment was a total loss. One of its projects was

125-732: Is 78462F103, and its ISIN is US78462F1030. SPDR is an acronym for the Standard & Poor's Depositary Receipts , the former name of the SPDR S&;P 500 ETF Trust. SPDR is a trademark of Standard and Poor's Financial Services LLC, a subsidiary of S&P Global . The SPDR prefix is also used by other funds in the SPDR family which the ETF is a part of. The Standard & Poor's Depositary Receipts were launched by Boston asset manager State Street Global Advisors (SSGA) on January 22, 1993, as

150-430: Is a popular metric used within the traditional investment industry as well as for decentralized finance , such as cryptocurrency , to measure the size and success of an investment management entity. AUM represents the market value of all of the securities that a financial entity owns and manages, or simply manages. The AUM of an entity is often compared with historical data to express the amount (or lack) of growth. It

175-578: Is also often compared with the AUM of competitors, with an increase in AUM evidence of positive performance (growth). However, investment strategies may be capacity-constrained. This means that the strategy's investment performance is adversely affected if it manages too much capital. Namely, its performance is adversely affected if its AUM exceeds the strategy's capacity. As a result, these funds may be closed to new investors and oversubscribed. For such funds, AUM may not be an accurate metric of success. For example,

200-409: Is assets under advisement (AUA). This measures the total market value of all the financial assets that are advised by a financial institution, which is typically an investment consultant or intermediary. The advisory firm generally does not have discretion to manage the assets, but rather provides advice as to how those assets may be managed. For example, consider an investment consultant that is hired by

225-458: Is oversubscribed and closed to new investors. Methods of calculating AUM can vary between firms or decentralized protocols . Investment management companies generally charge their clients fees as a proportion of AUM, so assets under management, combined with the firm's average fee rate, are the key factors indicating an investment management company's top-line revenue. The fee structure may depend on contracted arrangements between each client and

250-521: Is the highest to be granted by China to foreign investment entities. The Kuwait Investment Authority has an infrastructure arm and signed an agreement to acquire the oil and gas pipeline firm North Sea Midstream Partners Limited for approximately 1.3 billion GBP in 2018. In 1986, the KIA's London based subsidiary, the Kuwait Investment Office (KIO), bought control of Torras Hostench, a Spanish paper maker. Torras subsequently took over

275-826: The Gate of Europe twin towers in Madrid, which was still incomplete when the company collapsed. KIA's board of directors is headed by the minister of finance with other seats allocated to the Energy Minister , Governor of the Central Bank of Kuwait , Undersecretary of the Ministry of Finance, and 5 other nationals who are experts in the field, 3 of which should not hold any other public office. Assets under management In finance , assets under management ( AUM ), sometimes called fund under management , refers to

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300-760: The Kuwait General Reserve Fund , the Kuwait Future Generations Fund , as well as any other assets committed by the Ministry of Finance . To put KIA's size into perspective, the Kuwait Future Generations Fund has 15% of annual oil revenues added to it. The Chinese regulator awarded Kuwait Investment Authority an additional $ 700 million quota on top of $ 300 million awarded in March 2012. The quota

325-509: The SPDR S&;P 500 index fund manages nearly US$ 400 billion in assets. It is not capacity-constrained, and it is still open to new investors. In contrast, Renaissance Technologies' Medallion Fund has significantly outperformed the S&;P 500 index since its inception. However, it manages fewer assets (reportedly about US$ 34.8 billion ) than the SPDR S&P 500 index fund because it

350-487: The S&;P 500 index include: Returns of SPY by fiscal year per SEC EDGAR filings. Effective September 30, 1997, the end of the trust's fiscal year changed from December 31 to September 30. The 5-Year and 10-Year Average (Avg) Annual Return results are in the table below include reinvestment of distributions (typically dividends) from the trust. Return 5-Year 10-Year SPY follows a full replication strategy , meaning

375-505: The associated portfolios, a business referred to traditionally as custody and increasingly as asset servicing. These service providers and others also carry out a range of fund administration activities. The measures Assets under Custody and Assets under Administration refer to a service provider's total market value of all the client assets held in the capacity of custodian and fund administrator respectively. Data collected by globalcustody.net on 50+ service providers records dramatic growth in

400-446: The discretionary funds that investors have given an advisor to trade on their behalf. While different firms may include assets that others do not in their AUM computation, Assets Under Management typically include: For example, if fund managers contribute $ 2B of their capital to the fund and raise an additional $ 10B from investors, their AUM is $ 12B . Net asset value (NAV) is the total value of assets minus all its liabilities of

425-512: The fees which the firm generates. Conversely, AUM are reduced by negative investment performance as well as redemptions or withdrawals, including fund closures, client defections and other generally adverse events. Lower AUM tend to result in lower fees generated. The precise definition of AUM varies by institution, as some firms may include certain assets as being "under management", while others may not. Some include bank deposits, mutual funds, and cash in their computation, while others only consider

450-407: The firm or fund. Decentralized protocols also use a variety of ways to incentivize the growth of AUM, typically in the form of offering a return to those who serve the role of providing liquidity on the protocol. Assets under management rise and fall. They may increase when investment performance is positive, or when new customers and new assets are brought into the firm. Rising AUM normally increases

475-613: The first exchange-traded fund in the United States (preceded by the short-lived Index Participation Shares that launched in 1989); and are part of the SPDRs ETF chain. Designed and developed by American Stock Exchange executives Nathan Most and Steven Bloom, the fund first traded on that market, but has since been listed elsewhere, including the New York Stock Exchange . In February 2024, SPY became

500-493: The first ETF in history to reach $ 500 billion in assets under management. SPY is structured as an unit investment trust (UIT), an investment company that does not have a portfolio manager or board of directors. The trustee of the trust is State Street Global Advisors Trust Company and the sponsor is PDR Services LLC, a subsidiary of Intercontinental Exchange . As a result of being structured as an UIT, it cannot exist in perpetuity and must have an expiry date. According to

525-410: The fund holds all 500 stocks in the S&P 500 index in proportion to their weight in the index. This approach ensures that SPY closely tracks the performance of the S&P 500 with minimal tracking error. The fund is designed to provide returns that correspond closely to the performance of the S&P 500, though it may not exactly match the index due to expenses and slight differences in timing between

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550-475: The overall size of this market in a generation. In 1999, three custodians had approximately US$ 6 trillion of client assets. By 2003, State Street surpassed US$ 10 trillion in assets under custody and/or administration. The latest figures have BNY not far short of US$ 50 trillion. SPDR S%26P 500 Trust ETF The SPDR S&P 500 ETF Trust is an exchange-traded fund which trades on the NYSE Arca under

575-472: The symbol SPY ( NYSE Arca :  SPY ). The ETF is designed to track the S&P 500 index by holding a portfolio comprising all 500 companies on the index. It is a part of the SPDR family of ETFs and is managed by State Street Global Advisors . The fund is the largest and oldest ETF in the USA. Legally, the fund is set up as an unit investment trust . It has a net expense ratio of 0.0945%, its CUSIP

600-548: The total market value of all financial assets that a financial institution —such as a mutual fund , venture capital firm , or depository institution —or a decentralized network protocol manages and invests, typically on behalf of its clients. Funds may be managed for clients, platform users, or solely for themselves, such as in the case of a financial institution which has mutual funds or holds its own venture capital. The definition and formula for calculating AUM may differ from one entity to another. Assets under management

625-554: The trust's legal structure, there are 11 millennials living in the United States upon whose lives the life of the trust is pegged. 8 of the 11 individuals chosen had some connection to the employees of the American Stock Exchange who first founded the ETF. SPY will cease to exist on January 22, 2118, or 20 years after the last of the 11 individuals die, whichever comes first. Other ETFs that are based on

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