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44-571: Kupres is located 43 km (27 mi) from Livno , 127 km (79 mi) from Mostar , 143 km from Sarajevo , 123 km from Banja Luka and 127 km (79 mi) from Split . Kupres is located at an altitude between 1,120 and 1,150 m (3,675 and 3,773 ft) and averages 55 days a year of snowfall due to its advantageous location in the Dinaric Alps . The town has good road network (state road M-16) and bus line heading towards Tomislavgrad , Livno and Mostar , and

88-431: A leader who ensures the successful mowing of all the fields to gather hay for the cattle; agriculture and cattle breeding are essential parts of the area’s economy. Men, starting from the age of eighteen, are traditionally the competitors, with the tradition being transmitted within families from father to son. Women rake the grass and prepare food for guests. Other elements linked to the competition include national costumes,

132-557: A population of 37,487 inhabitants. The town, with its historic ruins and old town from the 9th century, was first mentioned in 892, developing at the crossroads between the Adriatic coast and inland, i.e., regions of Bosnia , Dalmatia , Herzegovina , and Krajina . The plains of Livno have been populated since approximately 2000 BC. In the late Bronze Age , the Neolithic population was replaced by more Indo-European tribes known as

176-711: A population of autochthonous Vlach origin The beginning of 15th century saw the Ottoman Empire advance, invade, and occupy Bosnia for the next 400 years. Mosque complex in the picture (left) the Hajji Ahmed the Ducat Minter's Mosque (more commonly known as the Glavica ("Head") Mosque , called after the knap above town on which it is erected) Constructed upon design by Mimar Sinan in 1574. (some date to 1587), it

220-542: Is a central subregion of Bosnia , which consists of a core mountainous area with several basins, valleys and mountains. It is bordered by Bosnian Krajina to the northwest, Tropolje ( Livno area) to the west, Herzegovina to the south, Sarajevo to the east and Tuzla to the northeast. It is a part of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and is divided between the Central Bosnia Canton and

264-634: Is a city and the administrative center of Canton 10 of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina , an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina . It is situated on the river Bistrica in the southeastern edge of the Livno Field at the foot of Kruzi plateau which are located beneath the Cincar mountain and rocky hill Crvenice. Livno is the centre of the Canton 10 which mainly covers an area of the historical and geographical region of Tropolje . As of 2013, it has

308-636: Is connected to the nearby town of Bugojno in Bosnia Proper via a tunnel called the "Kupreška vrata" (en. the "Gates of Kupres"). It also has daily bus line towards the Croatian cities of Zagreb , Split and Osijek . The first traces of human settlement date back to prehistoric times , with a few archaeological findings supporting this. In the period between the Neolithic and the IV century B.C.,

352-470: Is inscribed as a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. It is the most important social event in the Kupres municipality, and takes place every July. The contest involves the manual mowing of grass using a scythe and is judged by the time, effort and amount mown, as cutting grass at that altitude requires strength and a special technique. The top three mowers are recognized, with the winner treated as

396-574: Is now kept in the Gorica museum in Livno . There is an annual cultural and agricultural fair (the "Strljanica" ) held in Kupres every first Sunday of July. The largest cultural institution in the town of Kupres is the Hrvatski dom Kupres ("Croatian house Kupres"), previously known as the "Dom Kulture" ("House of Culture"). Since 2020, the custom of the grass mowing competition in Kupres ("Strljanica")

440-607: Is shown in a famous saying: "Whoever holds this high plain can negotiate with its enemies in any way he wishes." Kupres was the scene of the Battle of Kupres , fought in 1942 during World War 2 in the Independent State of Croatia between the forces of the Independent State of Croatia and the Yugoslav Partisans in and around the town of Kupres in western Bosnia . Kupres was the scene of fierce fighting in

484-489: Is situated on a hill overlooking the old town of Livno, the river Bistrica and the spring Duman in the upper section of the old town of Livno. The mosque complex consists of a compact main building of the mosque under a dome and uncharacteristically short minaret, with a clock tower which was erected around 1659, and is still in use today. Within the perimeter is an almost 500-year-old necropolis with characteristic early Bosnian Muslim tombstones and later ones. In 1878, Livno

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528-620: The Ahmed Fazil Paša mosque . both the Roman Catholic church and mosque were destroyed by Serb forces after the Battle of Kupres in 1992. Kupres is famous for stećak tombstones. There is one large group of stećak tombstones called Ravanjska vrata and one in Rastičevo . Kupres is also famous for its tumuli—burial mounds. Archaeologists found a grave and a skeleton in one of them. They are believed to be more than 3000 years old and it

572-833: The Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) and the Croatian Defence Council (HVO) on one side and the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) on the other from 20 October to 3 November 1994. It marks the first tangible evidence of the Bosniak – Croat alliance set out in the Washington Agreement of March 1994, brokered by the United States to end the Croat–Bosniak War fought between

616-527: The Croat Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia and later, after its dissolution, part of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina , remaining so to this day. The town is situated in the middle of the Kupres Plain (Kupreško Polje), which has a high strategic importance because of its control of traffic communication between Dalmatia and Central Bosnia . That made Kupres important in previous wars, which

660-723: The Croatian Army ( Hrvatska vojska – HV) troops on one side and the Yugoslav People's Army ( Jugoslovenska narodna armija – JNA), supported by the Bosnian Serb TO on the other at the Kupres Plateau, on 3–11 April 1992. Croatian forces were hampered by an inadequate command structure, poor coordination and lacking heavy weapons. The battle resulted in more than 200 combat deaths, and established lines of control which would remain unchanged until 1994, when

704-720: The Croatian Army (HV) and the HVO aimed at breaking the siege of Bihać in late November and December 1994. Territorial gains made by the HVO and the ARBiH in the Battle of Kupres safeguarded the right flank of Operation Winter '94. Following the Dayton Agreement , which split Bosnia and Herzegovina following the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina according to ethnic lines and war frontlines,

748-469: The Illyrians . The region was inhabited by Illyrian tribe of Dalmatae which capital was Delminium in today's Tomislavgrad. They left remains that testify about their presence in this area. The most important of them are the gradine , remains of Illyrian settlements which were distributed along the Livno Field . The three most important are Velika gradina , Mala gradina and Kasalov gradac . After

792-511: The Kingdom of Croatia , which was based in nearby Duvno (now called Tomislavgrad ). During its history, Kupres was part of the Kingdom of Croatia , Bosnian Kingdom , Ottoman Empire and Austro-Hungarian monarchy , following the occupation and subsequent annexation of Bosnia . After World War I , Kupres found itself in the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (SHS) , and not long afterwards in

836-565: The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (within the Vrbas Banovina and later the Banovina of Croatia ). During World War II , Kupres was a strategically important town of the Independent State of Croatia defended by the notorious Black Legion and the place where the famous Battle of Kupres took place in 1942. After the collapse of Nazi Germany and its puppet state the NDH , Kupres became part of

880-520: The Roman conquest of the area, it was part of the province of Dalmatia . During the twenties of the first century AD, Roman government built a road connecting Salona , a city on the coast with Servitium , a city at the peripanonic lowlands . Its route passed through the Livno Field where two road stations have been established. The station of Pelva was located at the area of village Lištani and in

924-698: The Zenica-Doboj Canton , with a population of around 800,000. The largest city in the region is Zenica , with the Sarajevo-Zenica basin being the most densely populated area. Its highest peaks are Vranica (2,110 m), Šćit (1,780 m) and Bitovnja (1,700 m). The area was inhabited by Neolithic farmers during the First Agricultural Revolution . The first inhabitants of the region were the Kakanj , later replaced by

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968-503: The ARBiH and the HVO in Bosnia and Herzegovina . On 29 October, the HVO decided to attack, as it considered the ARBiH had directly threatened the strategic Kupres plateau. The HVO launched its offensive, codenamed Operation Cincar ( Operacija Cincar ), on 1 November. Following a brief lull in the ARBiH advance, thought to be brought on by a variety of causes and a direct request by the president of Bosnia and Herzegovina Alija Izetbegović to

1012-479: The ARBiH to cooperate with the HVO, commanding officers of the two forces met to coordinate their operations for the first time since the Washington Agreement. Kupres itself was captured by the HVO on 3 November 1994. Besides the political significance of the battle for future developments of the war in Bosnia, the battle was militarily significant for planning and executing of Operation Winter '94 by

1056-1128: The Bosnian War, it was under control of Croat Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia . The Washington Agreement saw to the end of Herzeg-Bosnia, and Livno became a part of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina . Livno is 96 km from Split , Croatia , and 127 km from Mostar . • Bila • Bilo Polje • Bogdaše • Bojmunte • Čaić • Čaprazlije • Čelebić • Čuklić • Ćosanlije • Dobro • Donji Rujani • Drinova Međa • Držanlije • Golinjevo • Gornji Rujani • Grborezi • Grgurići • Gubin • Komorani • Kovačić • Lipa • Lištani • Livno • Lopatice • Lopatinac • Lusnić • Ljubunčić • Mali Guber • Mali Kablići • Miši • Odžak • Orguz • Podgradina • Podgreda • Podhum • Potkraj • Potočani • Potok • Priluka • Prisap • Prolog • Provo • Radanovci • Rapovine • Sajković • Smričani • Srđevići • Strupnić • Suhača • Tribić • Veliki Guber • Veliki Kablići • Vidoši • Vrbica • Vržerala • Zabrišće • Zagoričani • Zastinje • Žabljak • Žirović The territory of

1100-521: The Neolithic Butmir culture. The largest Butmir site is in Okolište , near Visoko At its height, with a population numbering between 1000 and 3000 inhabitants, Okolište is one of the largest Neolithic settlements in southeast Europe . Some of the first Indo-Europeans are thought to be members of eneolithic Vučedol culture which flourished between 3000 and 2200 BC. The Iron Age saw

1144-589: The area of Kupres was inhabited by the Illyrians ( Dalmatae tribe) along with the Celts , who were much more technologically advanced than the Illyrians. Both of these nations left the area or were assimilated following the Roman Conquest during the time of the first Roman Emperor Augustus . The Roman Empire governed these areas until its collapse in 476 A.D. Kupres was first mentioned in documents from

1188-426: The area of Livno station Bariduo was based. Livno celebrates its founding date as 28 September 892 AD, being mentioned in a document from Duke Mutimir which was released at that time. It was the centre of Hlebiana (ή Χλεβίανα) županija (province) of the Kingdom of Croatia , as mentioned in the tenth century work De Administrando Imperio (chapter 30). From 1199 Emeric until 1326 Mladen II Šubić of Bribir , who

1232-1188: The city is City Council of Livno. Council has 31 members elected for a four-year term by proportional representation . Livno has its mayor who is the highest-ranking officer in the municipal government. Livno is home to many sport clubs, the most famous of which are Troglav 1918 football club, and MNK Seljak futsal club. Basketball is represented by KK Livno and ŽKK Livno . M16 road, passing through Kupres and Šujica , connects Livno with Croatia and Central Bosnia . M6.1 starts at Bosansko Grahovo , runs through Livno connecting it with Tomislavgrad, Herzegovina and Mostar . Going northwards M15 connects Livno with Glamoč and northern Bosnia and Herzegovina. [REDACTED]   Una-Sana [REDACTED]   Central Bosnia [REDACTED]   Posavina [REDACTED]   Herzegovina-Neretva [REDACTED]   Tuzla [REDACTED]   West Herzegovina [REDACTED]   Zenica-Doboj [REDACTED]   Sarajevo [REDACTED]   Bosnian Podrinje [REDACTED]   Canton 10 Central Bosnia Central Bosnia ( Bosnian : Srednja Bosna , Croatian : Središnja Bosna )

1276-520: The climate more continental than the climate in Mostar and Čapljina for example. The winters in that part of the country are not as cold as in Livno. Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is " Cfb " (Marine West Coast Climate/ Oceanic climate ). The main local government of

1320-517: The emergence of the Central Bosnian cultural group , with its significant site of Fortress Pod in Bugojno . This group is commonly associated with the later Illyrian tribe of Daesitiates , which dominated Central Bosnia until the arrival of Roman Empire , when the Illyrians were conquered by Roman Emperor Augustus . The Daesitiates were the first to revolt under the leadership of Bato

1364-422: The entire country. The field is situated between the mountains Dinara and Kamešnica in the south, Tušnica in the east, Cincar in the north and Šator in the west. Livanjsko field is 405 km (156 sq mi), making it almost half of the Livno municipality. Livno has a stable continental climate with cold winters and warm summers. It is situated between the mountains Cincar and Kamesnica which make

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1408-503: The forging of scythes and the preparation of cattle for competitions. Individuals from all ethnic and religious groups in Kupres are free to participate, with the custom being considered as a foundation of the area’s cultural identity, regardless of the people’s background. The bearers themselves and the Kupres Mowers Association are most responsible for safeguarding the tradition. The largest gathering of people with

1452-465: The municipality is 994 km (384 sq mi). Livno is both the cultural and industrial center of the canton. It is the biggest city in the canton and situated 730 meters above sea level. The Bistrica river flows through the city and is itself is 3 km (1.9 mi) long, which means that it is a very small river. Livno is also situated in the Livanjsko field which is the largest field in

1496-832: The nearby mountains of Čajuša (ski center "Adria ski") and Stožer (ski center "Stožer" & ski center "Ski Ivan"). Kupres is also famous for its active tourism that doesn't include skiing, like motocross, paragliding, horse riding and off-road driving. The town also has a large natural lake called the "Kukavičko jezero" Kupres is twinned with: [REDACTED]   Una-Sana [REDACTED]   Central Bosnia [REDACTED]   Posavina [REDACTED]   Herzegovina-Neretva [REDACTED]   Tuzla [REDACTED]   West Herzegovina [REDACTED]   Zenica-Doboj [REDACTED]   Sarajevo [REDACTED]   Bosnian Podrinje [REDACTED]   Canton 10 Livno Livno ( Serbian Cyrillic : Ливно , pronounced [lǐːʋno] )

1540-669: The newly founded Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia within the SR Bosnia and Herzegovina and it remained in it until the proclamation of the Independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992 that led to the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina . During that time, Kupres was held by Serb forces from April 1992 and was part of the Republic of Srpska . Kupres was taken back by Croat forces in November 1994 , when it became part of

1584-694: The partisans resistance and mobilized many other Croats. Croatian writer Ivan Goran Kovačić joined the Partisans in Croata, writing his epic poem "Jama" ("The Pit") during his time with the resistance. He finished it in Livno. When Croatian Ustaše forces drove the partisans out of Livno in October 1942. After the end of World War II , Livno was a part of Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Yugoslavia . After its collapse in 1991 and during

1628-468: The plateau was recaptured by the HVO . In 2012, Republika Srpska authorities charged seven Croats with war crimes committed at the plateau against civilians and prisoners of war . The following year, Croatian authorities charged 21 former JNA members with war crimes against HVO prisoners captured at the Kupres Plateau. The second battle during the Bosnian war took place in 1994 and was fought between

1672-548: The recent War in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1990s, leaving the town extensively damaged and the local economy in ruins. Both are being restored the benefit of the community and the region, especially related to tourism infrastructure. The first battle took place in 1992 , when the town of Kupres fell into Serb hands. The Battle was fought between the Bosnian Croat Territorial Defence Force ( Teritorijalna obrana – TO) supported by

1716-444: The same first name (Ivan) is 2,325, and was achieved by Kupreški kosci (Bosnia and Herzegovina) in Kupres, Bosnia and Herzegovina, on 30 July 2017. Town of Kupres has one elementary school and two highschools. Kupres is a famous ski resort in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with the majority of visitors coming from Dalmatia and Herzegovina , mostly because of Kupres's proximity to those regions. There are three main ski centers located at

1760-526: The town has evolved into a Croat -dominated town. The ethnic Serb population had mostly left, forming their own municipality from the northernmost part of the pre-war municipality (called Kupres, Republika Srpska , which includes the village of Novo Selo ) — nowadays a part of the Republika Srpska . The town of Kupres has a Roman Catholic church in the parish of the Holy Family and

1804-408: Was occupied by Austro-Hungarian forces. Soldiers from Dalmatia and an infantry division from Osijek fiercely fought against 3,000 Ottoman and Muslim militias around Livno, finally capturing the town on September 27. The Congress of Berlin approved of Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina that year. From 1918 it was part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes . In 1929 the kingdom

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1848-658: Was a resident of Livno, it was part of the Chelmensis territory . From 1326 until 1463 Livno was part of the Bosnian Kingdom . One of the noble families of the Bosnian Kingdom bought Livno, Duvno , and Kupres (12th to 13th century) then called "Tropolje," (Three Fields). Cemeteries with large medieval tombstones were found in the area and the anthropological research carried out in 1982 on skeletons from 108 graves with "stecci" type slabs near Livno, indicates

1892-540: Was labeled as a pro-Ustaše region. The territory that partisans liberated and managed to keep under their control from November 1942 to January 1943 (dubbed the Republic of Bihać ) included all of rural Western Herzegovina west of Neretva and Široki Brijeg, including Livno. Livno and its area, under partisan control from August to October 1942, was very important for partisan resistance, as key Croatian Peasant Party members from Livno Florijan Sučić and Ivan Pelivan joined

1936-585: Was renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and divided into nine banates ( banovine ). Livno was divided into the Littoral Banovina , with its centre in the city of Split . This division brought Livno politically closer to Croatia. In 1939, the banates were further redrawn so that there was a Croatian banate ( Banovina Hrvatska ) of which Livno was also part. From 1941–45, Livno was part of the Axis Independent State of Croatia , and

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