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43-613: Kuru was a Vedic Indo-Aryan tribal union in northern Iron Age India of the Bharata and Puru tribes . The Kuru kingdom appeared in the Middle Vedic period ( c. 1200 – c. 900 BCE ), encompassing parts of the modern-day states of Haryana , Delhi , and some North parts of Western Uttar Pradesh . The Kuru Kingdom was the first recorded state-level society in the Indian subcontinent . The Kuru kingdom became
86-472: A Kuru Gaṇasaṅgha (republic). The clans that consolidated into the Kuru Kingdom or 'Kuru Pradesh' were largely semi-nomadic, pastoral clans. However, as settlement shifted into the western Ganges Plain , settled farming of rice and barley became more important. Vedic literature of this period indicates the growth of surplus production and the emergence of specialized artisans and craftsmen. Iron
129-709: A diverse collection of peoples speaking Indo-Aryan languages in the Indian subcontinent . Historically, Aryans were the Indo-Iranian speaking pastoralists who migrated from Central Asia into South Asia and introduced the Proto-Indo-Aryan language . The early Indo-Aryan peoples were known to be closely related to the Indo-Iranian group that have resided north of the Indus River ; an evident connection in cultural, linguistic, and historical ties. Today, Indo-Aryan speakers are found south of
172-523: A dominant political and cultural force in the middle Vedic Period during the reigns of Parikshit and Janamejaya , but declined in importance during the late Vedic period ( c. 900 – c. 500 BCE ) and had become "something of a backwater" by the Mahajanapada period in the 5th century BCE. However, traditions and legends about the Kurus continued into the post-Vedic period, providing
215-530: A lesser extent, Central Asian steppe pastoralists. South Indian Tribal Dravidians descend majorly from South Asian hunter-gatherers, and to a lesser extent Iranian hunter-gatherers. Additionally, Austroasiatic and Tibeto-Burmese speaking people contributed to the genetic make-up of South Asia. Indigenous Aryanism propagates the idea that the Indo-Aryans were indigenous to the Indian subcontinent, and that
258-562: A minor state ruled by a chieftain called Koravya and belonging to the Yuddhiṭṭhila ( Yudhiṣṭhira ) gotta . After the main Kuru ruling dynasty had moved to Kosambi, the Kuru country itself became divided into multiple small state, with the ones at Indapatta (Indraprastha) and one at Iṣukāra being the most prominent ones. By the time of the Buddha , these small states had been replaced by
301-514: A result of conflict with the vratya ascetics; however, this Vedic mention does not provide corroboration for the accuracy of the Mahabharata's account of his reign. This shows the line of royal and family succession, not necessarily the parentage. See the notes below for detail. Key to Symbols Notes The birth order of siblings is correctly shown in the family tree (from left to right), except for Vyasa and Bhishma whose birth order
344-572: Is Rajkumar Sangwan . The present district magistrate of Baghpat is Jitendra Pratap Singh and superintendent of Baghpat Police is Arpit Vijayvargiya. Additional district magistrate is Pankaj Verma and chief development officer is Neeraj Kumar Srivastava. Arun Kumar Tiwari is the district youth officer of Nehru Yuva Kendra Baghpat . Bagpat district is divided into 3 tehsils: Baghpat, Baraut, and Khekra . Baghpat tehsil comprises two blocks – Baghpat and Pilana; while Baraut comprises three – Binauli , Chhaprauli , and Baraut. Khekra tehsil comprises only
387-555: Is found in Katha village of Bagpat district , which was once a fort of King Ror. Although most PGW sites were small farming villages, several PGW sites emerged as relatively large settlements that can be characterized as towns; the largest of these were fortified by ditches or moats and embankments made of piled earth with wooden palisades, albeit smaller and simpler than the elaborate fortifications which emerged in large cities after 600 BCE. The Atharvaveda (XX.127) praises Parikshit ,
430-914: Is not described, and Vichitravirya and Chitrangada who were born after them. The fact that Ambika and Ambalika are sisters is not shown in the family tree. The birth of Duryodhana took place after the birth of Karna, Yudhishthira and Bhima, but before the birth of the remaining Pandava brothers. Some siblings of the characters shown here have been left out for clarity; this includes Vidura , half-brother to Dhritarashtra and Pandu. Indo-Aryan peoples Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European Indo-Aryan peoples are
473-494: Is within the National Capital Region . Created in 1997, the district has an area of 1,321 square kilometres (510 sq mi). Baghpat has a population of 1,303,048 as of 2011 census. Baghpat city, after which the district takes its name, derives its name either from vyagprastha ("land of tigers") or from vakyaprasth ("place for delivering speeches"). the city was finally named Baghpat, or Bagpat, during
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#1732801924924516-587: The dasa labourers (now called shudras ), were designated as separate classes. The Kuru kingdom decisively changed the religious heritage of the early Vedic period, arranging their ritual hymns into collections called the Vedas , and developing new rituals, that gained their position in Indian culture as the Srauta rituals. The Kuru kingdom transformed the Vedic religion into Brahmanism, which eventually spread over
559-502: The 2011 census , Bagpat district has a population of 1,303,048, which is roughly equal to that of African nation of Mauritius or the US state of New Hampshire . This gives it a ranking of the 376th most populous districts in India (out of a total of 640 ). The district has a population density of 986 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,550/sq mi) . Its population growth rate over
602-661: The Kakori Train Action , a significant event in the Indian independence movement . Additionally, Subhas Chandra Bose visited Baraut city of Baghpat district in his efforts to recruit new members for his army, the Indian National Army (INA) , during his fight against British colonial rule . Baghpat district was created on 17 September 1997 and named after the erstwhile Baghpat tehsil of Meerut district . The district has an area of 1,321 square kilometres (510 sq mi). Baghpat town lies on
645-595: The Mahabharata ). The Kurus declined after being defeated by the non-Vedic Salva (or Salvi) tribe , and the centre of Vedic culture shifted east, into the Panchala Kingdom , in modern day Uttar Pradesh (whose king Keśin Dālbhya was the nephew of the late Kuru king). According to post-Vedic Sanskrit literature, the capital of the Kurus was later transferred to Kaushambi , in the lower Doab, after Hastinapur
688-573: The Mughal era . Starting from a small commercial center known as the Mandi, the city grew in importance after the 1857 mutiny and became the headquarters of Baghpat tehsil. Baghpat has a rich historical significance, particularly in the context of India's struggle for independence. The district provided shelter to several key freedom fighters . Notably, Chandrashekhar Azad sought refuge in Baghpat after
731-528: The "King of the Kurus", as the great king of a thriving, prosperous realm. Other late Vedic texts, such as the Shatapatha Brahmana , commemorate Parikshit's son Janamejaya as a great conqueror who performed the ashvamedha (horse-sacrifice). These two Kuru kings played a decisive role in the consolidation of the Kuru state and the development of the srauta rituals, and they also appear as important figures in later legends and traditions (e.g., in
774-794: The BMAC, and then migrated further south into the Levant and north-western India. The migration of the Indo-Aryans was part of the larger diffusion of Indo-European languages from the Proto-Indo-European homeland at the Pontic–Caspian steppe which started in the 4th millennium BCE. The GGC , Cemetery H , Copper Hoard , OCP , and PGW cultures are candidates for cultures associated with Indo-Aryans. The Indo-Aryans were united by shared cultural norms and language, referred to as aryā 'noble'. Over the last four millennia,
817-522: The Haryana and the Doab, and thus to the Kuru clan. The time frame and geographical extent of the Kuru kingdom (as determined by philological study of the Vedic literature) suggest its correspondence with the archaeological Painted Grey Ware culture . The shift out of Punjab corresponds to the increasing number and size of Painted Grey Ware (PGW) settlements in the Haryana and Doab areas. Another PGW site
860-471: The Indo-Aryan culture has evolved particularly inside India itself, but its origins are in the conflation of values and heritage of the Indo-Aryan and indigenous people groups of India. Diffusion of this culture and language took place by patron-client systems, which allowed for the absorption and acculturation of other groups into this culture, and explains
903-831: The Indo-Aryans developed, are identified with the Sintashta culture (2100–1800 BCE), and the Andronovo culture , which flourished ca. 1800–1400 BCE in the steppes around the Aral Sea , present-day Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The Proto-Indo-Aryan split off around 1800–1600 BCE from the Iranians, moved south through the Bactria-Margiana Culture , south of the Andronovo culture, borrowing some of their distinctive religious beliefs and practices from
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#1732801924924946-468: The Indo-European languages spread from there to central Asia and Europe. Contemporary support for this idea is ideologically driven, and has no basis in objective data and mainstream scholarship. Bagpat district Bagpat district , also spelled as Baghpat district , is one of the 75 districts of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh , with headquarters at the town of Baghpat . It
989-570: The Indus, across the modern-day regions of Bangladesh , Nepal , eastern- Pakistan , Sri Lanka , Maldives and northern- India . The introduction of the Indo-Aryan languages in the Indian subcontinent was the result of a migration of Indo-Aryan people from Central Asia into the northern Indian subcontinent (modern-day Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , Nepal , Pakistan , and Sri Lanka ). These migrations started approximately 1,800 BCE, after
1032-502: The Khekra block. Baghpat , Baraut , Doghat Rural and Khekada are the major towns in the district. Baghpat town has an agriculture-based economy where sugarcane is a main crop. There are sugar mills in Baghpat, Ramala and Malakpur . Wheat, mustard, and vegetables are also extensively grown. The district is known for its home furnishing industry, which produces items like bedsheets, towels and mattresses, that are supplied across
1075-526: The basis for the Mahabharata epic. The Kuru kingdom corresponds with the archaeological Painted Grey Ware culture . The Kuru kingdom decisively changed the religious heritage of the early Vedic period, arranging their ritual hymns into collections called the Vedas , and transforming the Historical Vedic religion into Brahmanism , which eventually contributed to the Hindu synthesis . Kuru state
1118-422: The decade 2001-2011 was 11.87%. Bagpat has a sex ratio of 858 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 73.54%. 21.11% of the population lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes make up 11.44% of the population. Baghpat is a Hindu-majority district, with about 70% Hindu population and 28% Muslim population. Jains make up over 1% of the population. Languages of Bagpat district (2011) 96.74% of
1161-430: The east and south. To aid in governing, the kings and their Brahmin priests arranged Vedic hymns into collections and developed a new set of rituals (the now orthodox Srauta rituals) to uphold social order and strengthen the class hierarchy. High-ranking nobles could perform very elaborate sacrifices, and many pujas (rituals) primarily exalted the status of the king over his people. The ashvamedha or horse sacrifice
1204-1021: The east bank of the Yamuna River and is within the National Capital Region . It borders Sonipat and Panipat districts of Haryana; Meerut , Muzaffarnagar , Shamli , and Ghaziabad districts of Uttar Pradesh; and the National Capital Territory of Delhi It is 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Delhi , the national capital, 52 kilometres (32 mi) from Meerut , and 55 kilometres (34 mi) from Ghaziabad . Bagpat district, along with other districts in western Uttar Pradesh , faces significant challenges regarding water quality. The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has been addressing these issues, particularly concerning heavy metal contamination in groundwater. The NGT has criticised local authorities for failing to provide clean drinking water to residents despite multiple directives. Reports indicate dangerously high levels of arsenic in
1247-541: The groundwater, posing severe health risks, including cancer and physical deformities. In the village of Jalalpur , arsenic levels were found to be 40 mg/l, 4000 times the acceptable limit. There have been serious physical disabilities observed in children due to contaminated water. Villages along the Hindon , Krishni , and Kali rivers are particularly affected, with residents suffering from skin diseases, congenital deformities, and cancer due to heavy metals and toxins in
1290-584: The invention of the war chariot, and also brought Indo-Aryan languages into the Levant and possibly Inner Asia . Another group of Indo-Aryans migrated further westward and founded the Mitanni kingdom in northern Syria (c. 1500–1300 BC); the other group was the Vedic people. Christopher I. Beckwith suggests that the Wusun , an Indo-European Caucasoid people of Inner Asia in antiquity , were also of Indo-Aryan origin. The Proto-Indo-Iranians , from which
1333-599: The period between c. 400 BCE and 400 CE. Within the frame story of the Mahabharata , the historical kings Parikshit and Janamejaya are featured significantly as scions of the Kuru clan. A historical Kuru King named Dhritarashtra Vaichitravirya is mentioned in the Kathaka Samhita of the Yajurveda ( c. 1200–900 BCE) as a descendant of the Rigvedic -era king Sudas . His cattle were reportedly destroyed as
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1376-587: The period of the period from 1000 to 600 BCE, suggesting a complex chiefdom or emerging early state, contrasting with the two-tiered settlement pattern (with some "modest central places", suggesting the existence of simple chiefdoms ) in the rest of the Ganges Valley. In the fourfold varna-system the Brahmin priesthood and Kshatriya aristocracy, who dominated the Arya commoners (now called vaishyas ) and
1419-674: The population of the district spoke Hindi , and 2.54% Urdu , as their first language. The current Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) of the Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha for Baghpat is Yogesh Dhama; the MLA for Baraut is Krishan Pal Malik; and the MLA for Chhaprauli is Ajay Kumar . All of these state-legislature constituencies are part of the Baghpat Lok Sabha constituency whose MP
1462-422: The strong influence on other cultures with which it interacted. Genetically, most Indo-Aryan-speaking populations are descendants of a mix of Central Asian steppe pastoralists, Iranian hunter-gatherers, and, to a lesser extent, South Asian hunter-gatherers—commonly known as Ancient Ancestral South Indians (AASI). Dravidians are descendants of a mix of South Asian hunter-gatherers and Iranian hunter-gatherers, and to
1505-465: The subcontinent, synthesizing with local traditions , and together forming Hinduism . Kuru kings ruled with the assistance of a rudimentary administration, including purohita (priest), village headman, army chief, food distributor, emissary, herald and spies. They extracted mandatory tribute ( bali ) from their population of commoners as well as from weaker neighbouring tribes. They led frequent raids and conquests against their neighbours, especially to
1548-826: The water. The Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) has reported declining groundwater levels and quality issues in Bagpat district, particularly in Binauli, Pilana, and Khekra blocks. About 96.60% of the net irrigated area relies on groundwater. To address these challenges, the NGT has ordered scientific studies of groundwater quality and directed the Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam to ensure the supply of clean drinking water to affected villages. These measures are crucial for safeguarding public health and ensuring sustainable water management in Bagpat district. According to
1591-535: Was a way for a powerful king to assert his domination in Āryāvarta . Kuru had two types of legislative assembly: The epic poem, the Mahabharata , tells of a conflict between two branches of the reigning Kuru clan possibly around 1000 BCE. However, archaeology has not furnished conclusive proof as to whether the specific events described have any historical basis. The existing text of the Mahabharata went through many layers of development and mostly belongs to
1634-671: Was at Āsandīvat, identified with modern Assandh in Haryana . Later literature refers to Indraprastha (identified with modern Delhi ) and Hastinapura as the main Kuru cities. The Kurus figure prominently in Vedic literature after the time of the Rigveda . The Kurus here appear as a branch of the early Indo-Aryans, ruling the Ganga-Yamuna Doab and modern Haryana. The focus in the later Vedic period shifted out of Punjab , into
1677-445: Was destroyed by floods as well as because of upheavals in the Kuru family itself. In the post-Vedic period (by the 6th century BCE), the Kuru dynasty evolved into Kuru and Vatsa Kingdom , ruling over Upper Doab/Delhi/Haryana and lower Doab, respectively. The Vatsa branch of the Kuru dynasty was further divided into branches at Kaushambi and at Mathura . According to Buddhist sources, by the late and post-Vedic periods, Kuru had become
1720-581: Was first mentioned as śyāma āyasa (श्याम आयस, literally "dark metal") in the Atharvaveda , a text of this era. An important development was the fourfold varna (class) system, which replaced the twofold system of arya and dasa from the Rigvedic times. Archaeological surveys of the Kurukshetra district have revealed a more complex (albeit not yet fully urbanized) three-tiered hierarchy for
1763-518: Was formed in the Middle Vedic period ( c. 1200 – c. 900 BCE ) as a result of the alliance and merger between the Bharata and Puru tribes, in the aftermath of the Battle of the Ten Kings . With their centre of power in the Kurukshetra region, the Kurus formed the first political centre of the Vedic period and were dominant roughly from 1200 to 800 BCE. The first Kuru capital
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1806-616: Was itself divided into the Kuru-jaṅgala ("Kuru forest"), the Kuru territory proper, and the Kuru-kṣetra ("Kuru region "): The rivers flowing within the Kuru state included the Aruṇā, Aṃśumatī, Hiraṇvatī, Āpayā, Kauśikī , Sarasvatī, and Dṛṣadvatī or Rakṣī. The main contemporary sources for understanding the Kuru kingdom are the Vedas , containing details of life during this period and allusions to historical persons and events. The Kuru Kingdom
1849-681: Was located in northwestern India, stretching from the Gaṅgā river and the border of the Pañcāla Kingdom in the east to the Sarasvatī and the frontier of Rohītaka in the west, and bordered the Kulindas in the north and the Sūrasenas and Matsya in the south. The area formerly occupied by the Kuru Kingdom covered the presently Thanesar , Delhi , and most of the upper Gangetic Doab . The Kuru state
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