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48-593: The prevalence of HLA-B27 varies markedly in the global population. For example, about 8% of Caucasians , 4% of North Africans , 2–9% of Chinese , and 0.1–0.5% of persons of Japanese descent possess the gene that codes for this antigen. Among the Sami in Northern Scandinavia ( Sápmi ), 24% of people are HLA-B27 positive, while 1.8% have associated ankylosing spondylitis, compared to 14-16% of Northern Scandinavians in general. In Finland, an estimated 14% of

96-409: A cytomegalovirus infection, a viral protein binds to β 2 microglobulin, preventing assembly of MHC class I molecules and their transport to the plasma membrane. Mice models deficient for the β 2 microglobulin gene have been engineered. These mice demonstrate that β 2 microglobulin is necessary for cell surface expression of MHC class I and stability of the peptide-binding groove. In fact, in

144-526: A polygenist view, that human races had evolved separately from local varieties of Homo erectus . Dividing humans into five main races, and argued that each evolved in parallel but at different rates, so that some races had reached higher levels of evolution than others. He argued that the Caucasoid race had evolved 200,000 years prior to the "Congoid race", and hence represented a higher evolutionary stage. Coon argued that Caucasoid traits emerged prior to

192-487: A Caucasian physical stock existed. He divided this racial element into two main groups: a shorter and darker Mediterranean or Iberian race and a taller and lighter Nordic race. Wells asserted that Semitic and Hamitic populations were mainly of Mediterranean type, and Aryan populations were originally of Nordic type. He regarded the Basques as descendants of early Mediterranean peoples, who inhabited western Europe before

240-421: A better prognosis, and smouldering (low grade) myeloma. Loss-of-function mutations in this gene have been reported in cancer patients unresponsive to immunotherapies. β 2 microglobulin has been shown to be of high relevance for viral entry of Coxsackievirus A9 and Vaccinia virus (a Poxvirus). For Coxsackievirus A9, it is likely that β 2 microglobulin is required for the transport to plasma membrane of

288-564: A change from the Supreme Court's earlier opinion in Ozawa v. United States , in which it had expressly approved of two lower court cases holding "high caste Hindus" to be "free white persons" within the meaning of the naturalization act. Government lawyers later recognized that the Supreme Court had "withdrawn" this approval in Thind . In 1946, the U.S. Congress passed a new law establishing

336-458: A disease, known as dialysis-related amyloidosis . Low levels of β 2 microglobulin can indicate non-progression of HIV. Levels of β 2 microglobulin can be elevated in multiple myeloma and lymphoma , though in these cases primary amyloidosis (amyloid light chain) and secondary amyloidosis (amyloid associated protein) are more common. The normal value of β 2 microglobulin is < 2 mg/L. However, with respect to multiple myeloma,

384-519: A facile conformational change in which the C-terminal end of domain two, consisting of a long helix, becomes subject to a helix-coil transition involving residues 169–181 of the heavy chain, owing to the conformational freedom newly experienced by domain three of the heavy chain when there is no longer any bound light chain, and owing to the consequent rotation around the backbone dihedral angles of residues 167/168. The proposed conformational transition

432-406: A sharp nasal sill. Many anthropologists in the 20th century used the term "Caucasoid" in their literature, such as William Clouser Boyd , Reginald Ruggles Gates , Carleton S. Coon , Sonia Mary Cole , Alice Mossie Brues and Grover Krantz replacing the earlier term "Caucasian" as it had fallen out of usage. In the 19th century Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (1885–1890), Caucasoid was one of

480-728: A small fraction of people with HLA-B27 will develop AS. People who are HLA-B27 positive are more likely to experience early onset AS than HLA-B27 negative individuals. Research is uncovering other genes that predispose to AS and associated diseases, and there are potential environmental factors that may play a role in susceptible individuals. HLA-B27 is implicated in other types of seronegative spondyloarthropathy , such as reactive arthritis , acute anterior uveitis , iritis , psoriatic arthritis , Crohn's and ulcerative colitis associated spondyloarthritis. The shared association with HLA-B27 leads to increased clustering of these diseases. HLA antigens have been studied in relation to autism . HLA-B27

528-533: A small immigration quota for Indians, which also permitted them to become citizens. Major changes to immigration law, however, only later came in 1965, when many earlier racial restrictions on immigration were lifted. This resulted in confusion about whether American Hispanics are included as "white", as the term Hispanic originally applied to Spanish heritage but has since expanded to include all people with origins in Spanish speaking countries . In other countries,

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576-533: A small mouth, facial angle of 100–90°, and orthognathism, exemplified by what Blumenbach saw in most ancient Greek crania and statues. Later anthropologists of the 19th and early 20th century such as James Cowles Prichard , Charles Pickering , Broca , Paul Topinard , Samuel George Morton , Oscar Peschel , Charles Gabriel Seligman , Robert Bennett Bean , William Zebina Ripley , Alfred Cort Haddon and Roland Dixon came to recognize other Caucasoid morphological features, such as prominent supraorbital ridges and

624-485: Is a component of MHC class I molecules. MHC class I molecules have α 1 , α 2 , and α 3 proteins which are present on all nucleated cells (excluding red blood cells ). In humans, the β 2 microglobulin protein is encoded by the B2M gene . β 2 microglobulin lies beside the α 3 chain on the cell surface. Unlike α 3 , β 2 has no transmembrane region. Directly above β 2 (that is, further away from

672-572: Is association with the HFE protein , together regulating the expression of hepcidin in the liver which targets the iron transporter ferroportin on the basolateral membrane of enterocytes and cell membrane of macrophages for degradation resulting in decreased iron uptake from food and decreased iron release from recycled red blood cells in the MPS (mononuclear phagocyte system) respectively. Loss of this function causes iron excess and hemochromatosis . In

720-667: Is little evidence of its occurrence in human spondyloarthritis. The HLA-B27 heavy chain homodimer formation hypothesis suggests that B27 heavy chains tend to dimerise and accumulate in the ER, initiating the UPR. Cell surface B27 heavy chains and dimers can bind to regulatory immune receptors such as members of the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor family, promoting the survival and differentiation of pro-inflammatory leukocytes in disease. Another misfolding theory published in 2004 proposes that β2 microglobulin -free heavy chains of HLA-B27 undergo

768-540: Is significantly common among this group. Caucasian race The Caucasian race (also Caucasoid , Europid , or Europoid ) is an obsolete racial classification of humans based on a now-disproven theory of biological race. The Caucasian race was historically regarded as a biological taxon which, depending on which of the historical race classifications was being used, usually included ancient and modern populations from all or parts of Europe , Western Asia , Central Asia , South Asia , North Africa , and

816-411: Is the most researched HLA-B allele due to its high relationship with spondyloarthropathies. Although it is not apparent how HLA-B27 promotes disease, theories exist and can be divided between antigen-dependent and antigen-independent categories. These theories consider a specific combination of antigen peptide sequence and the binding groove (B pocket) of HLA-B27 (which will have different properties from

864-501: Is thought to allow the newly-generated coiled region (incorporating residues 'RRYLENGKETLQR' which have also been found to be naturally bound to HLA-B27 as a 9-mer peptide) to bind to either the peptide-binding cleft of the same polypeptide chain (in an act of self-display) or to the cleft of another polypeptide chain (in an act of cross-display). Cross-display is proposed to lead to the formation of large, soluble, high molecular weight (HMW), degradation-resistant, long-surviving aggregates of

912-624: The Ainu people , under the Caucasoid label. However, many scientists maintained the racial categorizations of color established by Meiners' and Blumenbach's works, along with many other early steps of anthropology, well into the late 19th and mid-to-late 20th centuries, increasingly used to justify political policies, such as segregation and immigration restrictions, and other opinions based in prejudice. For example, Thomas Henry Huxley (1870) classified all populations of Asian nations as Mongoloid. Lothrop Stoddard (1920) in turn classified as "brown" most of

960-626: The Dravidians and the Sinhalese were Caucasoid or a separate Dravida race, but by and in the 20th century, anthropologists predominantly declared Dravidians to be Caucasoid. Historically, the racial classification of the Turkic peoples was sometimes given as " Turanid ". Turanid racial type or "minor race", subtype of the Europid (Caucasian) race with Mongoloid admixtures, situated at

1008-719: The Horn of Africa . Introduced in the 1780s by members of the Göttingen school of history , the term denoted one of three purported major races of humankind (those three being Caucasoid, Mongoloid , and Negroid ). In biological anthropology , Caucasoid has been used as an umbrella term for phenotypically similar groups from these different regions, with a focus on skeletal anatomy, and especially cranial morphology, without regard to skin tone . Ancient and modern "Caucasoid" populations were thus not exclusively "white", but ranged in complexion from white-skinned to dark brown. Since

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1056-745: The Mesolithic and Neolithic (e.g. Afalou , Hvellinge, Fjelkinge). Coon's theories on race were much disputed in his lifetime, and are considered pseudoscientific in modern anthropology. After discussing various criteria used in biology to define subspecies or races, Alan R. Templeton concludes in 2016: "[T]he answer to the question whether races exist in humans is clear and unambiguous: no." Drawing from Petrus Camper 's theory of facial angle , Blumenbach and Cuvier classified races, through their skull collections based on their cranial features and anthropometric measurements. Caucasoid traits were recognised as: thin nasal aperture ("nose narrow"),

1104-596: The native inhabitants of the Caucasus region. In his The Outline of History of Mankind (1785), the German philosopher Christoph Meiners first used the concept of a "Caucasian" ( Kaukasisch ) race in its wider racial sense. Meiners' term was given wider circulation in the 1790s by many people. Meiners imagined that the Caucasian race encompassed all of the ancient and most of the modern native populations of Europe,

1152-494: The "Mediterranean type" which he considered to be distinct from Caucasians, rather than a subtype of it as others had done. While Blumenbach had erroneously thought that light skin color was ancestral to all humans and the dark skin of southern populations was due to sun, Coon thought that Caucasians had lost their original pigmentation as they moved North. Coon used the term "Caucasoid" and "White race" synonymously. In 1962, Coon published The Origin of Races , wherein he proposed

1200-629: The Bible states that humanity is descended – and the location for the suffering of Prometheus , who in Hesiod 's myth had crafted humankind from clay. In addition, the most beautiful humans were reputed by Europeans to be the stereotypical " Circassian beauties " and the Georgian people ; both Georgia and Circassia are in the Caucasus region. The "Circassian beauty" stereotype had its roots in

1248-760: The Cro-Magnons, and were present in the Skhul and Qafzeh hominids . However, these fossils and the Predmost specimen were held to be Neanderthaloid derivatives because they possessed short cervical vertebrae , lower and narrower pelves, and had some Neanderthal skull traits. Coon further asserted that the Caucasoid race was of dual origin, consisting of early dolichocephalic (e.g. Galley Hill , Combe-Capelle , Téviec ) and Neolithic Mediterranean Homo sapiens (e.g. Muge , Long Barrow , Corded ), as well as Neanderthal-influenced brachycephalic Homo sapiens dating to

1296-534: The HLA-B27 heavy chain. Together with any homodimers formed either by cross-display or by a disulfide-linked homodimerization mechanism, it is proposed that such HMW aggregates survive on the cell surface without undergoing rapid degradation, and stimulate an immune response. Three previously noted features of HLA-B27, which distinguish it from other heavy chains, underlie the hypothesis: (1) HLA-B27 has been found to be bound to peptides longer than 9-mers, suggesting that

1344-518: The Indian peninsula, and North Africa. This usage later grew into the widely used color terminology for race , contrasting with the terms Negroid , Mongoloid , and Australoid . There was never consensus among the proponents of the "Caucasoid race" concept regarding how it would be delineated from other groups such as the proposed Mongoloid race. Carleton S. Coon (1939) included the populations native to all of Central and Northern Asia, including

1392-530: The Middle Ages, while the reputation for the attractiveness of the Georgian people was developed by early modern travellers to the region such as Jean Chardin . The term Caucasian as a racial category was introduced in the 1780s by members of the Göttingen school of history – notably Christoph Meiners in 1785 and Johann Friedrich Blumenbach in 1795 —it had originally referred in a narrow sense to

1440-547: The aboriginal inhabitants of West Asia (including the Phoenicians, Hebrews and Arabs), the autochthones of Northern Africa (Berbers, Egyptians, Abyssinians and neighboring groups), the Indians, and the ancient Guanches . It was Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, a colleague of Meiners', who later came to be considered one of the founders of the discipline of anthropology , who gave the term a wider audience, by grounding it in

1488-444: The absence of β 2 microglobulin, very limited amounts of MHC class I (classical and non-classical) molecules can be detected on the surface ( bare lymphocyte syndrome or BLS). In the absence of MHC class I, CD8 T cells cannot develop. (CD8 T cells are a subset of T cells involved in the development of acquired immunity.) In patients on long-term hemodialysis , it can aggregate into amyloid fibers that deposit in joint spaces,

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1536-551: The arrival of Aryan Celts from the direction of central Europe. The "Northcaucasian race" is a sub-race proposed by Carleton S. Coon (1930). It comprises the native populations of the North Caucasus , the Balkars , Karachays and Vainakh ( Chechens and Ingushs ). An introduction to anthropology, published in 1953, gives a more complex classification scheme: Besides its use in anthropology and related fields,

1584-660: The author, including but not limited to Mediterranean , Atlantid , Nordic , East Baltic , Alpine , Dinaric , Turanid , Armenoid , Iranid , Indid , Arabid , and Hamitic . Some authors also proposed a Pamirid race (or Pamir-Fergana race ) in Central Asia, named after the Pamir range and the Fergana valley . H.G. Wells argued that across Europe, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, West Asia, Central Asia and South Asia,

1632-407: The biochemical properties of HLA-B27. The misfolding hypothesis suggests that slow folding during HLA-B27's tertiary structure folding and association with β2 microglobulin causes the protein to be misfolded, initiating the unfolded protein response (UPR), a pro-inflammatory endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. Although this mechanism has been demonstrated in vitro and in animals, there

1680-498: The boundary of the distribution of the Mongoloid and Europid "great races". There was no universal consensus of the validity of the "Caucasoid" grouping within those who attempted to categorize human variation. Thomas Henry Huxley in 1870 wrote that the "absurd denomination of 'Caucasian ' " was in fact a conflation of his Xanthochroi (Nordic) and Melanochroi (Mediterranean) types. The postulated subraces vary depending on

1728-488: The cell) lies the α 1 chain, which itself is next to the α 2 . β 2 microglobulin associates not only with the alpha chain of MHC class I molecules, but also with class I-like molecules such as CD1 (5 genes in humans), MR1 , the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), and Qa-1 (a form of alloantigen ). Nevertheless, the β 2 microglobulin gene is outside of the MHC (HLA) locus, on a different chromosome. An additional function

1776-483: The cleft can accommodate a longer polypeptide chain; (2) HLA-B27 has been found to itself contain a sequence that has also been actually discovered to be bound to HLA-B27, as an independent peptide; and (3) HLA-B27 heavy chains lacking β2 microglobulin have been seen on cell surfaces. About 1 in 500 people infected with HIV can remain symptom-free for many years without medication, a group known as long-term nonprogressors . The presence of HLA-B27, as well as HLA-B5701 ,

1824-552: The levels of β 2 microglobulin may also be at the other end of the spectrum. Diagnostic testing for multiple myeloma includes obtaining the β 2 microglobulin level, for this level is an important prognostic indicator. As of 2011 , a patient with a level < 4 mg/L is expected to have a median survival of 43 months, while one with a level > 4 mg/L has a median survival of only 12 months. β 2 microglobulin levels cannot, however, distinguish between monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), which has

1872-512: The new methods of craniometry and Linnean taxonomy . Blumenbach did not credit Meiners with his taxonomy, although his justification clearly points to Meiners' aesthetic viewpoint of Caucasus origins. In contrast to Meiners, however, Blumenbach was a monogenist—he considered all humans to have a shared origin and to be a single species. Blumenbach, like Meiners, did rank his Caucasian grouping higher than other groups in terms of mental faculties or potential for achievement despite pointing out that

1920-508: The other HLA-B alleles). The arthritogenic peptide hypothesis suggests that HLA-B27 has a unique ability to bind antigens from a microorganism that triggers a CD8 T-cell response that cross-reacts with a HLA-B27/self-peptide pair. HLA-B27 can bind peptides at the cell surface. The molecular mimicry hypothesis is similar, although it suggests that cross-reactivity between some bacterial antigens and self-peptides can break tolerance and lead to autoimmunity. Antigen-independent theories refer to

1968-512: The population is positive for HLA-B27, while more than 95% of patients with ankylosing spondylitis and approximately 70–80% of patients with reactive arthritis have the genetic marker. The relationship between HLA-B27 and many diseases has not yet been fully elucidated. Though HLA-B27 is associated with a wide range of pathology , it does not appear to be the sole mediator in the development of disease. Ninety percent of people with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) are HLA-B27 positive, although only

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2016-550: The populations of the Middle East, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, Central Asia and South Asia. He counted as "white" only European peoples and their descendants, as well as a few populations in areas adjacent to or opposite southern Europe, in parts of Anatolia and parts of the Rif and Atlas mountains. In 1939, Coon argued that the Caucasian race had originated through admixture between Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens of

2064-516: The root term Caucasian is still in use as a synonym for white or of European , Middle Eastern , or North African ancestry, a usage that has been criticized. In the eighteenth century, the prevalent view among European scholars was that the human species had its origin in the region of the Caucasus Mountains . This view was based upon the Caucasus being the location for the purported landing point of Noah's Ark – from whom

2112-470: The second half of the 20th century, physical anthropologists have switched from a typological understanding of human biological diversity towards a genomic and population-based perspective, and have tended to understand race as a social classification of humans based on phenotype and ancestry as well as cultural factors, as the concept is also understood in the social sciences. In the United States ,

2160-5163: The term Hispanic is rarely used. The United States National Library of Medicine often used the term "Caucasian" as a race in the past. However, it later discontinued such usage in favor of the more narrow geographical term European , which traditionally only applied to a subset of Caucasoids. Beta-2 microglobulin 1A1M , 1A1N , 1A1O , 1A6Z , 1A9B , 1A9E , 1AGB , 1AGC , 1AGD , 1AGE , 1AGF , 1AKJ , 1AO7 , 1B0G , 1B0R , 1BD2 , 1C16 , 1CE6 , 1DE4 , 1DUY , 1DUZ , 1E27 , 1E28 , 1EEY , 1EEZ , 1EFX , 1EXU , 1GZP , 1GZQ , 1HHG , 1HHH , 1HHI , 1HHJ , 1HHK , 1HLA , 1HSA , 1HSB , 1I1F , 1I1Y , 1I4F , 1I7R , 1I7T , 1I7U , 1IM3 , 1IM9 , 1JF1 , 1JGD , 1JGE , 1JHT , 1JNJ , 1K5N , 1KPR , 1KTL , 1LDS , 1LP9 , 1M05 , 1M6O , 1MHE , 1MI5 , 1OF2 , 1OGA , 1OGT , 1ONQ , 1PY4 , 1Q94 , 1QEW , 1QLF , 1QQD , 1QR1 , 1QRN , 1QSE , 1QSF , 1QVO , 1R3H , 1S9W , 1S9X , 1S9Y , 1SYS , 1SYV , 1TMC , 1TVB , 1TVH , 1UQS , 1UXS , 1UXW , 1VGK , 1W0V , 1W0W , 1W72 , 1X7Q , 1XH3 , 1XR8 , 1XR9 , 1XZ0 , 1YDP , 1YPZ , 1ZHK , 1ZHL , 1ZS8 , 1ZSD , 1ZT4 , 1ZVS , 2A83 , 2AK4 , 2AV7 , 2AXF , 2AXG , 2BCK , 2BNQ , 2BNR , 2BSR , 2BSS , 2BST , 2BVO , 2BVP , 2BVQ , 2C7U , 2CII , 2CIK , 2CLR , 2D31 , 2D4D , 2D4F , 2DYP , 2E8D , 2ESV , 2F53 , 2F54 , 2F74 , 2F8O , 2GIT , 2GJ6 , 2GT9 , 2GTW , 2GTZ , 2GUO , 2H26 , 2H6P , 2HJL , 2HLA , 2HN7 , 2J8U , 2JCC , 2NW3 , 2NX5 , 2P5E , 2P5W , 2PO6 , 2PYE , 2RFX , 2UWE , 2V2W , 2V2X , 2VB5 , 2VLJ , 2VLK , 2VLL , 2VLR , 2X4N , 2X4O , 2X4P , 2X4Q , 2X4R , 2X4S , 2X4T , 2X4U , 2X70 , 2X89 , 2XKS , 2XKU , 2XPG , 2YPK , 2YPL , 2YXF , 2Z9T , 3AM8 , 3B3I , 3B6S , 3BGM , 3BH8 , 3BH9 , 3BHB , 3BO8 , 3BP4 , 3BP7 , 3BVN , 3BW9 , 3BWA , 3BXN , 3BZE , 3BZF , 3C9N , 3CDG , 3CII , 3CIQ , 3CZF , 3D18 , 3D25 , 3D2U , 3D39 , 3D3V , 3DBX , 3DHJ , 3DHM , 3DTX , 3DXA , 3EKC , 3FFC , 3FQN , 3FQR , 3FQT , 3FQU , 3FQW , 3FQX , 3FT2 , 3FT3 , 3FT4 , 3GIV , 3GJF , 3GSN , 3GSO , 3GSQ , 3GSR , 3GSU , 3GSV , 3GSW , 3GSX , 3H7B , 3H9H , 3H9S , 3HAE , 3HCV , 3HG1 , 3HLA , 3HPJ , 3HUJ , 3I6G , 3I6K , 3I6L , 3IB4 , 3IXA , 3JTS , 3KLA , 3KPO , 3KPR , 3KPS , 3KWW , 3KXF , 3KYN , 3KYO , 3L3D , 3L3G , 3L3I , 3L3J , 3L3K , 3LKN , 3LKO , 3LKP , 3LKQ , 3LKR , 3LKS , 3LN4 , 3LN5 , 3LOW , 3LV3 , 3M17 , 3M1B , 3MGO , 3MGT , 3MR9 , 3MRB , 3MRC , 3MRD , 3MRE , 3MRF , 3MRG , 3MRH , 3MRI , 3MRJ , 3MRK , 3MRL , 3MRM , 3MRN , 3MRO , 3MRP , 3MRQ , 3MRR , 3MV7 , 3MV8 , 3MV9 , 3MYJ , 3MYZ , 3MZT , 3NA4 , 3NFN , 3O3A , 3O3B , 3O3D , 3O3E , 3O4L , 3OX8 , 3OXR , 3OXS , 3PWJ , 3PWL , 3PWN , 3PWP , 3QDA , 3QDG , 3QDJ , 3QDM , 3QEQ , 3QFD , 3QFJ , 3QZW , 3RL1 , 3RWJ , 3S6C , 3SDX , 3SJV , 3SKM , 3SKO , 3SPV , 3T8X , 3TID , 3TIE , 3TLR , 3TM6 , 3TO2 , 3TZV , 3U0P , 3UPR , 3UTQ , 3UTS , 3UTT , 3V5D , 3V5H , 3V5K , 3VCL , 3VFR , 3VFS , 3VFT , 3VFU , 3VFV , 3VFW , 3VH8 , 3VRI , 3VRJ , 3VWJ , 3VWK , 3W39 , 4E0K , 4E0L , 4E5X , 4EN3 , 4EUP , 4F7M , 4F7P , 4F7T , 4FTV , 4FXL , 4G8G , 4G8I , 4G9D , 4G9F , 4GKS , 4GUP , 4HKJ , 4I4W , 4JFD , 4JFE , 4JFF , 4JFO , 4JFP , 4JFQ , 4JQX , 4JRX , 4JRY , 4K7F , 4KDT , 4L4T , 4L4V , 1CG9 , 1N2R , 1P7Q , 1S8D , 1T1W , 1T1X , 1T1Y , 1T1Z , 1T20 , 1T21 , 1T22 , 2AV1 , 2FYY , 2FZ3 , 2HJK , 3DX6 , 3DX7 , 3DX8 , 3KPL , 3KPM , 3KPN , 3KPP , 3KPQ , 3LOZ , 3OV6 , 3REW , 3RL2 , 3VXM , 3VXN , 3VXO , 3VXP , 3VXR , 3VXS , 3VXU , 3W0W , 3WL9 , 3WLB , 3WUW , 3X11 , 3X12 , 3X13 , 3X14 , 4GKN , 4HWZ , 4HX1 , 4I48 , 4K71 , 4L29 , 4L3C , 4L3E , 4LCW , 4LCY , 4LHU , 4LNR , 4M8V , 4MJ5 , 4MJ6 , 4MJI , 4MNQ , 4N0F , 4N0U , 4N8V , 4NNX , 4NNY , 4NO0 , 4NO2 , 4NO3 , 4NO5 , 4NQC , 4NQD , 4NQE , 4NQV , 4NQX , 4NT6 , 4O2C , 4O2E , 4O2F , 4ONO , 4PJ5 , 4PJ7 , 4PJ8 , 4PJ9 , 4PJA , 4PJB , 4PJC , 4PJD , 4PJE , 4PJF , 4PJG , 4PJH , 4PJI , 4PJX , 4PR5 , 4PRA , 4PRB , 4PRD , 4PRE , 4PRH , 4PRI , 4PRN , 4PRP , 4QOK , 4QRP , 4QRQ , 4QRR , 4QRS , 4QRT , 4QRU , 4U1H , 4U1I , 4U1J , 4U1K , 4U1L , 4U1M , 4U1N , 4U1S , 4U6X , 4U6Y , 4UQ2 , 4UQ3 , 4WJ5 , 4WO4 , 4WU5 , 4WU7 , 4X6C , 4X6D , 4X6E , 4X6F , 4XXC , 4WDI , 4Z76 , 4Z77 , 4Z78 , 4R9H , 4RA3 , 4RAH , 5D2L , 5D2N , 4WW2 , 5DEG , 4RMT , 5DEF , 4RMW , 4RMV , 4RMR , 5D7J , 4RMQ , 4RMS , 4WWK , 5BXF , 5D5M , 5D7L , 4RMU , 4WUU , 5D7I , 5EU5 , 5EO0 , 5EO1 , 5EU4 , 5BRZ , 5EU6 , 5BS0 , 5EU3 , 5C9J , 5D9S , 5HGA , 5C0D , 5C0B , 5C0I , 5C0A , 5B38 , 5E9D , 5B39 , 5C0H , 5HHN , 5HGD , 5C08 , 5CFH , 5CKG , 4ZEZ , 5C0C , 5HGH , 5C0J , 5HHQ , 5DDH , 5HHM , 5HGB , 5C09 , 5HYJ , 5CKA , 5C07 , 5HHP , 5C0G , 5C0F , 5HHO , 5C0E 567 12010 ENSG00000166710 ENSG00000273686 ENSMUSG00000060802 P61769 P01887 NM_004048 NM_009735 NP_004039 NP_033865 β 2 microglobulin ( B2M )

2208-1004: The term "Caucasian" has often been used in the United States in a different, social context to describe a group commonly called " white people ". "White" also appears as a self-reporting entry in the U.S. Census. Naturalization as a United States citizen was restricted to "free white persons" by the Naturalization Act of 1790 , and later extended to other resident populations by the Naturalization Act of 1870 , Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 and Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 . The Supreme Court in United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind (1923) decided that Asian Indians were ineligible for citizenship because, though deemed "Caucasian" anthropologically, they were not white like European descendants since most laypeople did not consider them to be "white" people. This represented

2256-441: The three great races of humankind, alongside Mongoloid and Negroid . The taxon was taken to consist of a number of subtypes. The Caucasoid peoples were usually divided into three groups on ethnolinguistic grounds, termed Aryan ( Indo-European ), Semitic ( Semitic languages ), and Hamitic (Hamitic languages i.e. Berber - Cushitic - Egyptian ). 19th century classifications of the peoples of India were initially uncertain if

2304-423: The transition from one race to another is so gradual that the distinctions between the races presented by him are "very arbitrary". Alongside the anthropologist Georges Cuvier , Blumenbach classified the Caucasian race by cranial measurements and bone morphology in addition to skin pigmentation. Following Meiners, Blumenbach described the Caucasian race as consisting of the native inhabitants of Europe, West Asia,

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