93-567: The Dravidian peoples , Dravidian-speakers or Dravidians , are a collection of ethnolinguistic groups native to South Asia who speak Dravidian languages . There are around 250 million native speakers of Dravidian languages. Dravidian speakers form the majority of the population of South India and are natively found in India , Pakistan , Afghanistan , Bangladesh , the Maldives , Nepal , Bhutan and Sri Lanka . Dravidian peoples are also present in Singapore , Mauritius , Malaysia , France , South Africa , Myanmar , East Africa ,
186-481: A classical language by the Government of India . It has been in use as an official language for over 1,400 years and has an unbroken and diverse literary tradition of over a thousand years. Telugu performing arts include the classical dance form Kuchipudi , as well as Perini Sivatandavam , and Burra Katha . The Telugu shadow puppetry tradition, Tholu Bommalata , dates back to the 3rd century BCE, and
279-538: A Dravidian substratum . There are also hundreds of Dravidian loanwords in Indo-Aryan languages, and vice versa. According to David McAlpin and his Elamo-Dravidian hypothesis , the Dravidian languages were brought to India by immigration into India from Elam (not to be confused with Eelam ), located in present-day southwestern Iran . In the 1990s, Renfrew and Cavalli-Sforza have also argued that Proto-Dravidian
372-507: A king was considered to be divine by nature and possessed religious significance. The king was 'the representative of God on earth' and lived in a "koyil", which means the "residence of a god". The Modern Tamil word for temple is koil ( Tamil : கோயில் ). Ritual worship was also given to kings. Modern words for god like "kō" ( Tamil : கோ "king"), "iṟai" ( இறை "emperor") and "āṇḍavar" ( ஆண்டவன் "conqueror") now primarily refer to gods. These elements were incorporated later into Hinduism like
465-421: A lungi as their article of clothing. The dhoti is generally white in colour, and occasionally has a border of red, green or gold. Dhotis are usually made out of cotton for more everyday use, but the more expensive silk dhotis are used for special functions like festivals and weddings. Traditional dress of Dravidian women is typical of most Indian women, that of the sari. This sari consists of a cloth wrapped around
558-464: A proto-Dravidian assumption, they proposed readings of many signs, some agreeing with the suggested readings of Heras and Knorozov (such as equating the "fish" sign with the Dravidian word for fish, "min") but disagreeing on several other readings. A comprehensive description of Parpola's work until 1994 is given in his book Deciphering the Indus Script . Paleoclimatologists believe the fall of
651-524: A proto-Dravidian origin of the ancient Indus Valley civilisation. The discovery in Tamil Nadu of a late Neolithic (early 2nd millennium BCE, i.e. post-dating Harappan decline) stone celt allegedly marked with Indus signs has been considered by some to be significant for the Dravidian identification. Yuri Knorozov surmised that the symbols represent a logosyllabic script and suggested, based on computer analysis, an agglutinative Dravidian language as
744-521: A similar genetic makeup, but also carry a small portion of Western Steppe Herder ancestry and may also have additional contributions from local hunter-gatherer groups. Although in modern times speakers of various Dravidian languages have mainly occupied the southern portion of India, Dravidian speakers must have been widespread throughout the Indian subcontinent before the Indo-Aryan migration into
837-810: A small number of people in modern Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu to Catholicism, most notably the Paravars. Ancient Dravidian religion constituted of an animistic and non- Vedic form of religion which may have influenced the Āgamas , Vedic and non- Vedic texts which post-date the Vedic texts. The Agamas are Tamil and Sanskrit scriptures chiefly constituting the methods of temple construction and creation of murti , worship means of deities, philosophical doctrines, meditative practices, attainment of sixfold desires and four kinds of yoga. The worship of village deities , as well as sacred flora and fauna in Hinduism
930-688: A term referring to the land inhabited by Telugus, was first used during the 14th century CE. In 1323 the sultan of Delhi , Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq , sent a large army commanded by Ulugh Khan (later, as Muhammad bin Tughluq , the Delhi sultan) to conquer the Telugu region and lay siege to Warangal . The fall of the Kakatiya dynasty led to an era with competing influences from the Turkic kingdoms of Delhi and
1023-520: A thousand years. The earliest Telugu literature dates to 11th century CE with Nannaya 's Andhra Mahabharatam . The language experienced a golden age under the patronage of the Vijayanagara king-poet Krishnadevaraya . Kuchipudi , originating from the eponymous village in Krishna district , is of the eight major Indian classical dances . It is a dance-drama performance, with its roots in
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#17327723103371116-489: Is a group that is unified by both a common ethnicity and language . Most ethnic groups share a first language . However, "ethnolinguistic" is often used to emphasise that language is a major basis for the ethnic group, especially in regard to its neighbours. A central concept in the linguistic study of ethnolinguistic groups is ethnolinguistic vitality, the ability of the group's language and ethnicity to sustain themselves. An ethnolinguistic group that lacks such vitality
1209-581: Is also called the Andhra School or Vengi School. Art historians regard the art of Amaravati as one of the three major styles or schools of ancient Indian art, the other two being the Mathura style, and the Gandharan style. Amaravati school flourished under the local Sada rulers, Satavahanas, and Andhra Ikshvakus till 325–340 CE. Amaravati Stupa is the most famous monument of this style, and it
1302-573: Is predominantly spoken in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, though it is also the official language of several other states like Andaman and Nicobar , Tamil Nadu , Karnataka , Orissa and the cities of Kharagpur and Bellary . It is a part of the Dravidian language family, which is about 5,000 years old. Outside of the Telugu states , the largest number of Telugu speakers are found in Karnataka (3.7 million) and Tamil Nadu, making them
1395-411: Is recognised as a survival of the pre-Vedic Dravidian religion. Hinduism can be regarded as a religious and cultural fusion or synthesis between ancient Dravidians and Indo-Aryans, and other local elements. Ancient Tamil grammatical works Tolkappiyam , the ten anthologies Pattuppāṭṭu , and the eight anthologies Eṭṭuttokai shed light on early ancient Dravidian religion. Murugan (also known as Seyyon)
1488-503: Is reflected in the post-Harappan mixture of IVC and Ancient Ancestral South Indian people. Yet, according to Krishnamurti, Dravidian languages may have reached south India before Indo-Aryan migrations. The Dravidian language influenced the Indo-Aryan languages. Dravidian languages show extensive lexical (vocabulary) borrowing, but only a few traits of structural (either phonological or grammatical) borrowing from Indo-Aryan, whereas Indo-Aryan shows more structural than lexical borrowings from
1581-723: Is that the majority of early Old Indo-Aryan speakers had a Dravidian mother tongue which they gradually abandoned. Erdosy (1995 :18) Even though the innovative traits in Indic could be explained by multiple internal explanations, early Dravidian influence is the only explanation that can account for all of the innovations at once. Early Dravidian influence accounts for several of the innovative traits in Indic better than any internal explanation that has been proposed. According to Zvelebil, "several scholars have demonstrated that pre-Indo-Aryan and pre-Dravidian bilingualism in India provided conditions for
1674-615: Is the lungi , or the more formal dhoti , called veshti in Tamil, panche in Kannada and Telugu, and mundu in Malayalam. The lungi consists of a colourful checked cotton cloth. Many times these lungis are tube-shaped and tied around the waist, and can be easily tied above the knees for more strenuous activities. The lungi is usually everyday dress, used for doing labour while dhoti is used for more formal occasions. Many villagers have only
1767-453: Is the ancestor of Wayang , the popular Indonesian art form that has been a staple of Indonesian tourism. Telugu cinema is the largest film industry in India in terms of box office as well as admissions. The industry has produced some of India's most expensive and highest-grossing films , influencing Indian popular culture well beyond Telugu-speaking regions. Speakers of Telugu refer to it as simply Telugu or Telugoo . Older forms of
1860-541: Is unlikely to survive as a distinct entity. Factors that influence the ethnolinguistic vitality are demographics, institutional control and status (including language planning factors). This sociolinguistics article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about ethnology is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Telugus Telugu people ( Telugu : తెలుగువారు , romanized : Teluguvāru ), also called Āndhras , are an ethno-linguistic group who speak
1953-861: Is used to construct Vimana —horizontal stepped tower. Most notable examples are the Thousand Pillar Temple in Hanamkonda , Ramappa Temple in Palampet, and Kota Gullu in Ghanpur . Ramappa Temple, also known as the Rudreswara temple, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in Mulugu . Telugu cinema is the largest film industry in India in terms of box-office as well as admissions. The industry has produced some of India's most expensive and highest-grossing films of all time over
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#17327723103372046-634: The Amaravati School of Art , is regarded as one of the three major styles of ancient Indian art and had a great influence on art in South India , Sri Lanka , and Southeast Asia . Mahayana , the predominant Buddhist tradition in China , Japan , and Korea and the largest Buddhist denomination in the world, was developed among Telugus in Andhra. Telugu is one of six languages designated as
2139-658: The Buddhist Jataka story known as Akiti Jataka there is a mention to Damila-rattha (Tamil dynasty). While the English word Dravidian was first employed by Robert Caldwell in his book of comparative Dravidian grammar based on the usage of the Sanskrit word drāviḍa in the work Tantravārttika by Kumārila Bhaṭṭa , the word drāviḍa in Sanskrit has been historically used to denote geographical regions of southern India as whole. Some theories concern
2232-583: The Caribbean , and the United Arab Emirates through recent migration . Proto-Dravidian may have been spoken in the Indus civilization, suggesting a "tentative date of Proto-Dravidian around the early part of the third millennium BCE", after which it branched into various Dravidian languages. South Dravidian I (including pre- Tamil ) and South Dravidian II (including pre- Telugu ) split around
2325-637: The Godavari river. Andhras and Kalingas supported the Kauravas during the Mahabharata war. Sahadeva defeated the kingdoms of Pandya, Andhra, Kalinga, Dravida, Odra and Chera while performing the Rajasuya Yajna . Buddhist references to Andhras are also found. Andhra was mentioned in the Sanskrit sources such as Aitareya Brahmana ( c. 800 BCE ). According to Aitareya Brahmana of
2418-742: The Indian subcontinent , but may have deeper pre-Neolithic roots from Western Asia , specifically from the Iranian plateau . Their origins are often viewed as being connected with the Indus Valley civilisation , hence people and language spread east and southwards after the demise of the Indus Valley Civilisation in the early second millennium BCE, some propose not long before the arrival of Indo-Aryan speakers, with whom they intensively interacted. Though some scholars have argued that
2511-582: The Kaliththokai . Dance forms such as Bharatanatyam are based on older temple dance forms known as Catir Kacceri , as practised by courtesans and a class of women known as Devadasis . Carnatic music originated in the Dravidian region. With the growing influence of Persian and Sufi music on Indian music, a clear distinction in style appeared from the 12th century onwards. Many literary works were composed in Carnatic style and it soon spread wide in
2604-604: The Madisar , specific to Tamil Brahmin Community, and the Mundum Neriyathum . In Mahabharata , Bhishma claimed that southerners are skilled with sword-fighting in general and Sahadeva was chosen for the conquest of the southern kingdoms due to his swordsmanship. In South India various types of martial arts are practised like Kalaripayattu and Silambam . In ancient times there were ankams , public duels to
2697-632: The Nayakas . Medieval Tamil guilds and trading organisations like the Ayyavole and Manigramam played an important role in the southeast Asia trade. Traders and religious leaders travelled to southeast Asia and played an important role in the cultural Indianisation of the region. Locally developed scripts such as Grantha and Pallava script induced the development of many native scripts such as Khmer , Javanese Kawi , Baybayin , and Thai . Around this time, Dravidians encountered Muslim traders, and
2790-471: The Pallava dynasty extended their rule across southern Andhra Pradesh and Tamilakam and established their capital at Kanchipuram . Their power increased during the reigns of Mahendravarman I (571–630) and Narasimhavarman I (630–668). The Pallavas dominated the southern Telugu-speaking region and northern Tamilakam until the end of the ninth century. Later, various dynasties have ruled the area, including
2883-574: The Rigveda , the Andhras left North India from the banks of river Yamuna and migrated to South India . They were also mentioned in the Mahabharata and Buddhist Jataka tales . In the seventh century BCE, Asmaka was one of the sixteen Mahajanapadas . Andhras were mentioned by Megasthenes in his Indica ( c. 310 BCE ) as being second only to Mauryans in military strength in
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2976-504: The Rigveda . In the Mahabharata , the infantry of Satyaki was composed of a tribe called the Andhras, known for their long hair, tall stature, sweet language, and mighty prowess. They were also mentioned in the Buddhist Jataka tales . Megasthenes reported in his Indica ( c. 310 BCE ) that the Andhras, living in the Godavari and Krishna river deltas , were famous for their formidable military strength, which
3069-651: The Roman Empire . The kingdom reached its zenith under Gautamiputra Satakarni . Their capital city, Amaravati was the most prosperous city in India in 2nd century CE. At the end of the Satavahana rule, the Telugu region was divided into Kingdoms ruled by lords. In the late second century CE, the Andhra Ikshvakus ruled the eastern region along the Krishna River. During the fourth century,
3162-467: The Salankayanas , Cholas , Vishnukundinas and Eastern Chalukyas . Between 1163 and 1323 the Kakatiya dynasty emerged, bringing the distinct upland and lowland cultures of Telugu lands, which brought into being a feeling of cultural affinity between those who spoke the Telugu language . Kakatiya era also saw the development of a distinct style of architecture which improved and innovated upon
3255-449: The Telugu language and are native to the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh , Telangana and Yanam district of Puducherry . They are the most populous of the four major Dravidian linguistic groups. Telugu is the fourth most spoken language in India and the 14th most spoken native language in the world. A significant number of Telugus also reside in the Indian states of Karnataka , Tamil Nadu , Orissa , Maharashtra . Members of
3348-596: The Telugu diaspora are spread across countries like United States , Australia , Malaysia , Mauritius , UAE and others. Telugu is the fastest-growing language in the United States. It is also a protected language in South Africa . Andhra is an ethnonym used for Telugu people since antiquity. The earliest mention of the Andhras occurs in Aitareya Brahmana ( c. 800 BCE ) of
3441-517: The Tulu people from Karnataka. The Dravidian language family is one of the oldest in the world. Six languages are currently recognized by India as Classical languages and four of them are Dravidian languages Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam. The most commonly spoken Dravidian languages are Telugu (తెలుగు), Tamil (தமிழ்), Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ), Malayalam (മലയാളം), Brahui (براہوئی), Tulu (തുളു), Gondi and Coorg . There are three subgroups within
3534-495: The 13th century, Kakatiyas unified various Telugu-speaking areas under one realm. Later, Telugu culture and literature flourished and reached its zenith during the late Vijayanagara Empire . After the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire, various Telugu rulers called Nayakas established independent kingdoms across South India serving the same function as Rajput warriors clans of northern India. Kandyan Nayaks ,
3627-473: The 3rd century BCE. Ancient literary works, such as the Cilappatikaram , describe a system of music . The theatrical culture flourished during the early Sangam age. Theatre-dance traditions have a long and varied history whose origins can be traced back almost two millennia to dance-theatre forms like Kotukotti , Kaapaalam and Pandarangam , which are mentioned in an ancient anthology of poems entitled
3720-399: The 5th to 7th century AD, are guidebooks on the Dravidian style of Vastu Shastra design, construction, sculpture and joinery technique. Isanasivagurudeva paddhati is another text from the 9th century describing the art of building in India in south and central India. In north India, Brihat-samhita by Varāhamihira is the widely cited ancient Sanskrit manual from the 6th century describing
3813-433: The Dravidian language family: North Dravidian, Central Dravidian, and South Dravidian, matching for the most part the corresponding regions in the Indian subcontinent. Dravidian grammatical impact on the structure and syntax of Indo-Aryan languages is considered far greater than the Indo-Aryan grammatical impact on Dravidian. Some linguists explain this anomaly by arguing that Middle Indo-Aryan and New Indo-Aryan were built on
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3906-527: The Dravidian languages may have been brought to India by migrations from the Iranian plateau in the fourth or third millennium BCE or even earlier, reconstructed proto-Dravidian vocabulary suggests that the family is indigenous to India. Genetically, the ancient Indus Valley people were composed of a primarily Iranian hunter-gatherers (or farmers) ancestry, with varying degrees of ancestry from local hunter-gatherer groups. The modern-day Dravidian-speakers display
3999-1036: The Dravidian languages. Many of these features are already present in the oldest known Indo-Aryan language , the language of the Rigveda (c. 1500 BCE), which also includes over a dozen words borrowed from Dravidian. The linguistic evidence for Dravidian impact grows stronger as we move from the Samhitas down through the later Vedic works and into the classical post-Vedic literature. This represents an early religious and cultural fusion or synthesis between ancient Dravidians and Indo-Aryans. According to Mallory there are an estimated thirty to forty Dravidian loanwords in Rig Veda . Some of those for which Dravidian etymologies are certain include ಕುಲಾಯ kulāya "nest", ಕುಲ್ಫ kulpha "ankle", ದಂಡ daṇḍa "stick", ಕುಲ kūla "slope", ಬಿಲ bila "hollow", ಖಲ khala "threshing floor". While J. Bloch and M. Witzel believe that
4092-850: The Dravidian regions. The most notable Carnatic musician is Purandara Dasa who lived in the court of Krishnadevaraya of the Vijayanagara empire. He formulated the basic structure of Carnatic music and is regarded as the Pitamaha ( lit , "father" or the "grandfather") of Carnatic Music. Kanakadasa is another notable Carnatic musician who was Purandaradasa's contemporary. Each of the major Dravidian languages has its own film industry like Kollywood (Tamil), Tollywood (Telugu), Sandalwood (Kannada), Mollywood (Malayalam). Kollywood and Tollywood produce most films in India. Dravidian speakers in southern India wear varied traditional costumes depending on their region, largely influenced by local customs and traditions. The most traditional dress for Dravidian men
4185-572: The IVC-scripts. The Brahui population of Balochistan in Pakistan has been taken by some as the linguistic equivalent of a relict population, perhaps indicating that Dravidian languages were formerly much more widespread and were supplanted by the incoming Indo-Aryan languages. Asko Parpola, who regards the Harappans to have been Dravidian, notes that Mehrgarh (7000–2500 BCE), to
4278-556: The Indo-Aryans moved into an already Dravidian-speaking area after the oldest parts of the Rig Veda were already composed. According to Thomason and Kaufman, there is strong evidence that Dravidian influenced Indic through "shift", that is, native Dravidian speakers learning and adopting Indic languages. According to Erdosy, the most plausible explanation for the presence of Dravidian structural features in Old Indo-Aryan
4371-543: The Indus Valley Civilisation and eastward migration during the late Harappan period was due to climate change in the region, with a 200-year long drought being the major factor. The Indus Valley Civilisation seemed to slowly lose their urban cohesion, and their cities were gradually abandoned during the late Harappan period, followed by eastward migrations before the Indo-Aryan migration into the Indian subcontinent. The process of post-Harappan/Dravidian influences on southern India has tentatively been called "Dravidianization", and
4464-525: The Indus civilisation, suggesting a "tentative date of Proto-Dravidian around the early part of the third millennium." Krishnamurti further states that South Dravidian I (including pre-Tamil) and South Dravidian II (including pre-Telugu) split around the eleventh century BCE, with the other major branches splitting off at around the same time. The origins of the Dravidians are a "very complex subject of research and debate". They are regarded as indigenous to
4557-739: The Persio-Tajik sultanate of central India. The struggle for Andhra ended with the victory of the Musunuri Nayaks over the Turkic Delhi Sultanate . The Telugus achieved independence under Krishnadevaraya of the Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646). The Qutb Shahi dynasty of the Bahmani Sultanate succeeded that empire. The Qutub Shahis were tolerant of Telugu culture from the early 16th to
4650-524: The Southeast Asia trade, and the cultural Indianisation of the region. Dravidian visual art is dominated by stylised temple architecture in major centres, and the production of images on stone and bronze sculptures. The sculpture dating from the Chola period has become notable as a symbol of Hinduism . The Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple located in Indian state of Tamil Nadu is often considered as
4743-416: The ancient Hindu Sanskrit text of Natya Shastra . It developed as a religious art linked to traveling bards, temples and spiritual beliefs, like all major classical dances of India. Other Telugu performing arts include: Amaravati School of Art is an ancient Indian art style that evolved in the region of Amaravati (then known as Dhānyakaṭaka) from 2nd century BCE to the end of the 3rd century CE. It
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#17327723103374836-656: The chalcolithic population did not descend from the neolithic population of Mehrgarh, which "suggests moderate levels of gene flow". They further noted that "the direct lineal descendants of the Neolithic inhabitants of Mehrgarh are to be found to the south and the east of Mehrgarh, in northwestern India and the western edge of the Deccan plateau", with neolithic Mehrgarh showing greater affinity with chalocolithic Inamgaon , south of Mehrgarh, than with chalcolithic Mehrgarh. The Indus Valley civilisation (2,600–1,900 BCE) located in
4929-505: The data, and that "the linguistic jury is still very much out." As a proto-language , the Proto-Dravidian language is not itself attested in the historical record. Its modern conception is based solely on reconstruction. It is suggested that the language was spoken in the 4th millennium BCE, and started disintegrating into various branches around 3rd millennium BCE. According to Krishnamurti, Proto-Dravidian may have been spoken in
5022-511: The death, to solve disputes between opposing rulers. Among some communities, young girls received preliminary training up until the onset of puberty. In vadakkan pattukal ballads, at least a few women warriors continued to practice and achieved a high degree of expertise. Sports like kambala , jallikattu , kabaddi , vallam kali , lambs and tigers , and maramadi remain strong among Dravidian ethnic groups. Ethnolinguistic group An ethnolinguistic group (or ethno-linguistic group )
5115-577: The design and construction of Nagara -style Hindu temples. Traditional Dravidian architecture and symbolism are also based on Agamas. The Agamas are non- Vedic in origin and have been dated either as post-Vedic texts or as pre-Vedic compositions. The Agamas are a collection of Tamil and Sanskrit scriptures chiefly constituting the methods of temple construction and creation of murti , worship means of deities, philosophical doctrines, meditative practices, attainment of sixfold desires and four kinds of yoga. Chola-style temples consist almost invariably of
5208-619: The direction of derivation between tamiḻ and drāviḍa ; such linguists as Zvelebil assert that the direction is from tamiḻ to drāviḍa . The largest Dravidian ethnic groups are the Telugus from Andhra Pradesh and Telangana , the Tamils from Tamil Nadu , Sri Lanka , Malaysia and Singapore , the Kannadigas from Karnataka , the Malayalis from Kerala , and
5301-474: The eleventh century BCE, with the other major branches splitting off at around the same time. The third century BCE onwards saw the development of many great empires in South India like Pandya , Chola , Chera , Pallava , Satavahana , Chalukya , Kakatiya and Rashtrakuta . Medieval South Indian guilds and trading organisations like the "Ayyavole of Karnataka and Manigramam" played an important role in
5394-445: The end of the 17th centuries. The arrival of Europeans (the French under the Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau and the English under Robert Clive ) altered polity of the region. In 1765, Clive and the chief and council at Visakhapatnam obtained the Northern Circars from Mughal emperor Shah Alam . The British achieved supremacy when they defeated Maharaja Vijaya Rama Gajapati Raju of Vizianagaram in 1792. Andhra's modern foundation
5487-428: The entire Indian subcontinent . They had 30 fortified towns along the Godavari River and an army of 1,00,000 infantry, 2,000 cavalry and 1,000 elephants. They are mentioned at the time of the death of the great Mauryan King Ashoka in 232 BCE. The first major Andhra polity was the Satavahana dynasty (2nd century BCE–2nd century CE) which ruled over the entire Deccan plateau and established trade relations with
5580-403: The epic Mahabharata . It was a southern kingdom, currently identified as Indian state of Andhra Pradesh where it got its name from. Andhra communities are also mentioned in the Vayu and Matsya Purana. In the Mahabharata the infantry of Satyaki was composed by a tribe called Andhras , known for their long hair, tall stature, sweet language, and mighty prowess. They lived along the banks of
5673-449: The existing modes. Most notable examples are the Thousand Pillar Temple in Hanamkonda , Ramappa Temple in Palampet, Warangal Fort , Golconda Fort and Kota Gullu in Ghanpur . During this period, the Telugu language emerged as a literary medium with the writings of Nannaya, Tikkana , Eranna , Pothana etc. are the translators and poets of the great Hindu epics like Ramayana , Mahabharatha , Bhagavatha etc. Telingana,
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#17327723103375766-807: The far-reaching influence of Dravidian on the Indo-Aryan tongues in the spheres of phonology, syntax and vocabulary." With the rise of the Kuru Kingdom a process of Sanskritization started which influenced all of India, with the populations of the north of the Indian subcontinent predominantly speaking the Indo-Aryan languages. The third century BCE onwards saw the development of large Dravidian empires like Chola , Pandya , Rashtrakuta , Vijayanagara , Chalukyas Western Chalukya , and kingdoms like Chera , Chutu , Ay , Alupa , Pallava , Hoysala , Western Ganga , Eastern Ganga , Kadamba , Kalabhra , Andhra Ikshvaku , Vishnukundina , Eastern Chalukya , Sena , Kakatiya , Reddy , Mysore , Jaffna , Mysore , Travancore , Venad , Cochin , Cannanore , Calicut and
5859-418: The first Tamil Muslims and Sri Lankan Moors appeared. Portuguese explorers like Vasco de Gama were motivated to expand mainly for the spice markets of Calicut (today called Kozhikode) in modern-day Kerala. This led to the establishment of a series of Portuguese colonies along the western coasts of Karnataka and Kerala, including Mangalore. During this time Portuguese Jesuit priests also arrived and converted
5952-410: The first Indian state formed primarily on a linguistic basis, was carved from the Madras Presidency in 1953. Although the Muslim Nizam of Hyderabad wanted to retain independence from India, he was forced to cede his kingdom to the Dominion of India in 1948 to form Hyderabad State . In 1956, Andhra State was merged with the Telugu-speaking portion of Hyderabad State (the Telangana region) to create
6045-403: The largest functioning Hindu temple in the world. The temple is built in Dravidian style and occupies an area of 156 acres (631,000 m). The origin of the Sanskrit word drāviḍa is Tamil . In Prakrit , words such as "Damela", "Dameda", "Dhamila" and "Damila", which later evolved from "Tamila", could have been used to denote an ethnic identity. In the Sanskrit tradition, the word drāviḍa
6138-514: The last dynasty to rule Sri Lanka were of Telugu descent. In this era, Telugu became the language of high culture throughout South India . Vijaya Ramaswamy compared it to the overwhelming dominance of French as the cultural language of modern Europe during roughly the same era. Telugu also predominates in the evolution of Carnatic music , one of two main subgenres of Indian classical music . The architecture developed by Andhras in Krishna river valley in early first centuries CE , called
6231-405: The later Sanskritisation of it. If so the derivation itself must have been quite ancient because Triglyphum , Trilingum and Modogalingam are attested in ancient Greek sources, the last of which can be interpreted as a Telugu rendition of " Trilinga ". Andhra is an ethnonym used for Telugu people since antiquity. As per Iravatham Mahadevan , non-Aryan people living beyond the borders of
6324-414: The league of Tamil kingdoms had been in existence for 113 years by that time. In Amaravati in present-day Andhra Pradesh there is an inscription referring to a Dhamila-vaniya (Tamil trader) datable to the 3rd century CE. Another inscription of about the same time in Nagarjunakonda seems to refer to a Damila . A third inscription in Kanheri Caves refers to a Dhamila-gharini (Tamil house-holder). In
6417-402: The legendary marriage of Shiva to Queen Mīnātchi who ruled Madurai or Wanji-ko , a god who later merged into Indra . Tolkappiyar refers to the Three Crowned Kings as the "Three Glorified by Heaven", ( Tamil : வாண்புகழ் மூவர் , Vāṉpukaḻ Mūvar ). In Dravidian-speaking South India, the concept of divine kingship led to the assumption of major roles by state and temple. The cult of
6510-789: The liberal use of spices in Andhra cuisine. Rice is the staple in Telugu culture along with Ragi (రాగి) which is popular in Rayalaseema and Palnadu regions. Telugu is a South-Central Dravidian language primarily spoken in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, where it is also the official language. The oldest inscriptions with Telugu words date to 400 BCE found at Bhattiprolu in Guntur district . Other early inscriptions with more refined language were found in Kantamanenivarigudem, Guntupalli in West Godavari district and Gummadidurru and Ghantasala in Krishna district . The earliest inscription completely written in Telugu dates to 575 CE were found at Kalamalla village in Kadapa district. Telugu has an unbroken and diverse literary tradition of over
6603-426: The most likely candidate for the underlying language. Knorozov's suggestion was preceded by the work of Henry Heras, who suggested several readings of signs based on a proto-Dravidian assumption. Linguist Asko Parpola writes that the Indus script and Harappan language are "most likely to have belonged to the Dravidian family". Parpola led a Finnish team in investigating the inscriptions using computer analysis. Based on
6696-478: The mother goddess is treated as an indication of a society which venerated femininity. This mother goddess was conceived as a virgin, one who has given birth to all and one, and were typically associated with Shaktism . The temples of the Sangam days, mainly of Madurai, seem to have had priestesses to the deity, which also appears predominantly as a goddess. In the Sangam literature, there is an elaborate description of
6789-559: The name include Teluṅgu and Tenuṅgu . Tenugu is derived from the Proto-Dravidian word *ten ("south") to mean "the people who lived in the south/southern direction". The name Telugu , then, is a result of an "n" to "l" alternation established in Telugu. P. Chenchiah and Bhujanga Rao note that Atharvana Acharya in the 13th century wrote a grammar of Telugu, calling it the Trilinga Shabdānushāsana (or Trilinga Grammar) . However, most scholars note that Atharvana's grammar
6882-448: The northwest of the Indian subcontinent is sometimes identified as having been Dravidian. Already in 1924, when announcing the discovery of the IVC, John Marshall stated that (one of) the language(s) may have been Dravidic. Cultural and linguistic similarities have been cited by researchers Henry Heras , Kamil Zvelebil , Asko Parpola and Iravatham Mahadevan as being strong evidence for
6975-480: The pallu except in areas of North Karnataka. Due to the complexity of draping the sari, younger girls start with a skirt called a pavada . When they get older, around the age when puberty begins, they transition to a langa voni or half-sari, which is composed of a skirt tied at the waist along with a cloth draped over a blouse. After adulthood girls begin using the sari. There are many different styles of sari draping varying across regions and communities. Examples are
7068-465: The prototype of images in different Buddhist countries was standardised here. The Amaravati style of Buddha image retained its popularity in Sri Lanka till the 12th century. Kakatiya era also saw the development of a distinct style of architecture which improved and innovated upon the existing modes. It is a fusion of Dravidian architecture and Nagara Bhumija styles in which sandbox technology
7161-409: The region inhabited by the Indo-Aryan speakers were known as the Andhras. Mahadevan notes that since most Dravidian -speaking men had names ending with the suffIx -(a)nṟ , the Dravidian etymon -(a)nṟ was borrowed as a loanword into Indo-Aryan as andha and later as āndhra to denote the name of the neighbouring Dravidian-speaking people. Andhra ( Telugu : ఆంధ్ర ) was a kingdom mentioned in
7254-519: The rites performed by the Kurava priestess in the shrine Palamutircholai. Among the early Dravidians, the practice of erecting memorial stones, Natukal and Viragal , had appeared, and it continued for quite a long time after the Sangam age, down to about the 16th century. It was customary for people who sought victory in war to worship these hero stones to bless them with victory . Mayamata and Manasara shilpa texts estimated to be in circulation by
7347-905: The season and the land. Tolkappiyam mentions that each of these thinai had an associated deity such as Seyyon in Kurinji (hills), Thirumaal in Mullai (forests), and Kotravai in Marutham (plains), and Wanji-ko in the Neithal (coasts and seas). Other gods mentioned were Mayyon and Vaali , now identified with Krishna and Balarama, who are all major deities in Hinduism today. This represents an early religious and cultural fusion or synthesis between ancient Dravidians and Indo-Aryans, which became more evident over time with sacred iconography, traditions, philosophy, flora and fauna that went on to influence and shape Indian civilisation. Throughout Tamilakam ,
7440-553: The second largest language groups in those neighbouring states. In Karnataka, Telugu people are predominantly found in the border districts with majority in Bengaluru and Bellary city. In Maharashtra , the Telugu population is over 1.4 million, followed by 0.7 million in Orissa . Other states with significant populations include West Bengal , Chhattisgarh and Gujarat with 200,000, 150,000 and 100,000 respectively. Members of
7533-539: The state of Andhra Pradesh . The Lok Sabha approved the formation of Telangana from ten northwestern districts of Andhra Pradesh on 18 February 2014. Different regions of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana all produce distinctive variations of Telugu cuisine. Telugu cuisine is generally known for its tangy, hot, and spicy taste. Andhra Pradesh is the leading producer of red chili and rice in India. The concentration of red chili production in Andhra Pradesh has led to
7626-505: The subcontinent. According to Horen Tudu, "many academic researchers have attempted to connect the Dravidians with the remnants of the great Indus Valley civilisation , located in Northwestern India... but [i]t is mere speculation that the Dravidians are the ensuing post–Indus Valley settlement of refugees into South and Central India." The most noteworthy scholar making such claims is Asko Parpola , who did extensive research on
7719-552: The three following parts, arranged in differing manners, but differing in themselves only according to the age in which they were executed: Besides these, a south Indian temple usually has a tank called the Kalyani or Pushkarni – to be used for sacred purposes or the convenience of the priests – dwellings for all the grades of the priesthood are attached to it, and other buildings for state or convenience. Literary evidence of traditional form of theatre, dance and music dates back to
7812-506: The waist and draped over the shoulder. Originally saris were worn bare, but during the Victorian era, women began wearing blouse (called a ravike) along with sari. In fact, until the late 19th century most Kerala women did not wear any upper garments, or were forced to by law, and in many villages, especially in tribal communities, the sari is worn without the blouse. Unlike Indo-Aryan speakers, most Dravidian women do not cover their head with
7905-613: The west of the Indus River valley, is a precursor of the Indus Valley Civilisation, whose inhabitants migrated into the Indus Valley and became the Indus Valley Civilisation. It is one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming and herding in South Asia . According to Lukacs and Hemphill, while there is a strong continuity between the neolithic and chalcolithic (Copper Age) cultures of Mehrgarh, dental evidence shows that
7998-493: The years. Important festivals celebrated by Telugu people include: The Telugu people are subdivided into several castes and communities such as the Yadav , Telugu Brahmin , Komati , Reddy , Raju , Kamma , Kapu , Telaga , Balija , Velama , Boya , Devanga , Padmasali , Bhatraju , Goud , Mala , Madiga , Jangam , Kuruba , Relli , and Vaddera . Telugu is the third most common language in India, after Bengali. Telugu
8091-503: Was also used to denote the geographical region of South India. Epigraphic evidence of an ethnic group termed as such is found in ancient India and Sri Lanka where a number of inscriptions have come to light datable from the 2nd century BCE mentioning Damela or Dameda persons. The Hathigumpha inscription of the Kalinga ruler Kharavela refers to a T(ra)mira samghata (Confederacy of Tamil rulers) dated to 150 BCE. It also mentions that
8184-479: Was brought to India by farmers from the Iranian part of the Fertile Crescent, but more recently Heggerty and Renfrew noted that "McAlpin's analysis of the language data, and thus his claims, remain far from orthodoxy", adding that Fuller finds no relation of Dravidian language with other languages, and thus assumes it to be native to India. Renfrew and Bahn conclude that several scenarios are compatible with
8277-696: Was for some time "the greatest monument in Buddhist Asia", and "the jewel in the crown of early Indian art". Apart from Amaravati, the style is also found in Nagarjunakonda and Chandavaram Buddhist site . Largely because of the maritime trading links of the East Indian coast, the Amaravati school of sculpture had great influence on art in South India , Sri Lanka , and South-East Asia . Buddha image in sculptures which later on became
8370-452: Was glorified as the red god seated on the blue peacock, who is ever young and resplendent , as the favoured god of the Tamils . Sivan was also seen as the supreme God. Early iconography of Murugan and Sivan and their association with native flora and fauna goes back to the Indus Valley Civilisation. The Sangam landscape was classified into five categories, thinais , based on the mood,
8463-555: Was laid in the struggle for Indian independence. India became independent from the United Kingdom in 1947. Potti Sreeramulu 's campaign for a state independent of the Madras Presidency and Tanguturi Prakasam Panthulu and Kandukuri Veeresalingam 's social-reform movements led to the formation of Andhra State , with Kurnool as its capital and freedom-fighter Prakasam Pantulu as its first chief minister. Andhra,
8556-719: Was second only to that of the Maurya Empire in the entire Indian subcontinent . The first major Andhra polity was the Satavahana dynasty (2nd century BCE–2nd century CE) which ruled over the entire Deccan plateau and even distant areas of western and central India. They established trade relations with the Roman Empire and their capital city, Amaravati was the most prosperous city in India in 2nd century CE. Inscriptions in Old Telugu script (Vengi script) were found as far away as Indonesia and Myanmar . In
8649-419: Was titled Atharvana Karikavali. Appa Kavi in the 17th century explicitly wrote that Telugu was derived from Trilinga . Scholar Charles P. Brown made a comment that it was a "strange notion" since the predecessors of Appa Kavi had no knowledge of such a derivation. George Abraham Grierson and other linguists doubt this derivation, holding rather that Telugu was the older term and Trilinga must be
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