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71-487: It was created in Tabriz at the order of Shah Ismail I who had recently taken control of the city. Shah Ismail I was a charismatic and militarily aggressive leader, which allowed him to conquer large swaths of territory with cosmopolitan populations. Because of this, he had access to a wide variety of artists with many specialties and training in different styles, which allowed for the collaboration of artists and resulted in

142-609: A 13th-century Armenian historian; no ancient source records such an event. The historical Armenian name for the city was Tavrezh ( Armenian : Թաւրէժ , romanized :  T'avrēž ). The Cambridge History of Iran points to a connection between the "ancient stronghold of Tarui-Tarmakisa" (or Tarwi-Tarwakisa), which existed in the 8th century BC , and the city of Tabriz; Ernst Emil Herzfeld 's Archaeological History of Iran directly equates Tarwakisa with Tabriz (cf Proto-Iranian tr̥Hwáns "able to overcome"). However, some researchers believe that Tabriz may be considered

213-487: A heavy-industry hub in the northwestern Iran. The need for a strong workforce increased immigration from all around Azerbaijan toward Tabriz. During this era and because of the continuous policy of the government centralization in Tehran as well as changes in communication and transportation, the city lost its historical dominance, but turned into the gate for reform and modernization of the country. Starting with 1978 and with

284-629: A modern taxation system. Thanks to the geographical closeness to the West and to communications with nearby countries' enlightenment movements, Tabriz became the centre of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution movements between 1905 and 1911, which led to the establishment of a parliament in Iran and the formation of a constitution. Sattar Khan and Bagher Khan , two Tabrizi reformists who led Tabriz people's solidarity against

355-512: A more liberal cleric, Grand Ayatollah Shariatmadari , who was against the content of the new constitution which was mixing religion and state together. The unrest in the city calmed down after brutal crush of the protesters in Tabriz and after house arrest of Shariatmadari. In the 1980s, due to the Iran–Iraq War , like the rest of the country, most of the construction and development projects in

426-578: A new style of illumination later named the Tabriz Style . He commissioned the most prominent artists of Safavid Persia , to illustrate this manuscript as a demonstration of the shift in political landscape and as an assertion of his dominance as the Shah. A commission of the Shahnameh was a common way to assert legitimacy as a ruler because the text portrays the shah as a strong, stable individual who

497-640: A period as governor of Herat . The Shahnameh has been described as a mixture of a mythology and a history of the Iranian people. This makes it comparable to works with similar themes from other regions of the world, such as the Old Testament 's Book of Kings or the Iliad . Although the exact dates are still debated, most scholars believe the work began in the 1520s. It would have taken multiple generations of artists to complete, and many great artists took

568-608: A plain that gently slopes down to the eastern shores of Lake Urmia , 60 km (37 mi) to the west. The city was named World Carpet Weaving City by the World Crafts Council in October 2015 and Exemplary Tourist City of 2018 by the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation . With a population of over 1.7 million (2016), Tabriz is the largest economic hub and metropolitan area in northwest Iran. The population

639-493: A pre-Iranian toponym . The early history of Tabriz is not well documented. The earliest civilization signs in the city belongs to an Iron Age grave yard of 1st millennium B.C. which were unearthed in late 1990s in northern side of Blue Mosque . The city also inscribed as old as 714 B.C. on as Tarui or Tauris, on the Assyrian King Sargon II 's epigraph in 714 B.C. Egyptologist David Rohl suggested that

710-473: A unique ecosystem. This occurred due to global warming and ever-increasing demands for inadequate freshwater sources in the basin. It is feared that in the near future low-lying clouds of airborne salt and minerals may hover over large areas around the lake, posing serious health hazards. Authority for the city lies with the Mayor, who is elected by a municipal board. The municipal board is periodically elected by

781-472: Is a Turkic language mutually intelligible with modern Turkish dialects . The language has a strong Iranian superstratum since it has been in close contact with the Persian language for many centuries. Similar to the other parts of Iran, the official language is Persian and the most inhabitants have native or near-native knowledge of Persian language , which is the major medium of education. Nevertheless,

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852-748: Is a city in the Central District of Tabriz County , in the East Azerbaijan province of northwestern Iran. It serves as capital of the province, the county, and the district. It is the sixth-most-populous city in Iran. Tabriz is in the Quru River valley in Iran's historic Azerbaijan region between long ridges of volcanic cones in the Sahand and Eynali mountains. Tabriz's elevation ranges between 1,350 and 1,600 m (4,430 and 5,250 ft) above sea level. The valley opens up into

923-463: Is about 48 x 32 cm with text written in quality Nastaʿlīq script . The style of the miniatures varies considerably, though the quality is consistently high. Although many of the miniatures have mythical motifs, they also depict everyday objects that would have been common in the Safavid period in Iran. This makes the miniatures unique to a specific time and place. The manuscript shows the fusion of

994-598: Is also a small, embattled community of the Baháʼí Faith in the city. The Iranian national census was first completed in 1956 and published decennially until 2006, when, thereafter, the Statistical Center of Iran began to conduct them every five years. The 1976 census notes a total population more than double of the decade before, a result of rural to urban migration during the White Revolution . At

1065-432: Is around 260 mm (10 in), a good deal of which falls as snow during the winter months and rain in spring and autumn . The city enjoys a mild and fine climate in spring and autumn, is hot and dry in summer, while snowy and cold in winter. The average annual temperature is 13.1 °C (55.6 °F). Cool winds blow from east to west, mostly in summer. Jean Chardin , a French traveler, visited Tabriz during

1136-452: Is bilingual with most people speaking Azerbaijani as their native language and Persian as their second language. Tabriz is a major heavy industries hub for automobiles, machine tools, refineries, petrochemicals, textiles and cement production industries. The city is famous for its handicrafts, including hand-woven rugs and jewelry. Local confectionery, chocolate, dried nuts and traditional Tabrizi food are recognized throughout Iran as some of

1207-476: Is designated a World Heritage Site . From the early modern era, Tabriz was pivotal in the development, movement and economy of its three neighboring regions; namely the Caucasus , Eastern Anatolia and Central Iran. In the modern era the city played a vital role in the history of Iran. As the country's closest hub to Europe, many aspects of early modernization in Iran began in Tabriz. Prior to forced ceding of

1278-460: Is excellently situated so the goods brought to here coming from many regions. Latin merchants specially Genevis go there to buy the goods that come from foreign lands." From 1375 to 1468, Tabriz was the capital of Qara Qoyunlu state in Azerbaijan, until defeat of Qara Qoyunlu ruler, Jahan Shah by Ag Qoyunlu warriors. Ag Qoyunlus selected Tabriz as their capital from 1469 to 1501. Some of

1349-477: Is located in northwest of Iran in East Azerbaijan province between Eynali and Sahand mountains in a fertile area inshore of Aji River and Quri River . The local area is earthquake-prone and during its history, the city has been devastated and rebuilt several times. Tabriz has a cold semi-arid climate ( Köppen : BSk , Trewartha : BS ) bordering on a humid continental climate with hot summers ( Köppen : Dsa , Trewartha : Dc ). The annual precipitation

1420-439: Is not out of the question, it seems no more probable than any other hypothesis, and less likely than those suggested by Speiser, Zarins, and Sauer." Since the earliest documented history of Tabriz, it has been chosen as the capital for several rulers commencing from Atropates era and his dynasty. It is likely the city has been destroyed multiple times either by natural disasters or by the invading armies. The earliest elements of

1491-658: Is now in the British Museum . One of the more prominent miniatures, He Kills the White Div , features Rustam killing a White Div (or demon) as part of his journey in rescuing King Kay Kavus. The colorful foliage surrounding Rustam and the Div is meant to counter to the black void, which symbolizes the Div's expansive cave, in the hostile region of Mazandaran, around the two figures. Tabriz Tabriz ( Persian : تبریز ; pronounced [tæbˈɾiːz] )

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1562-471: Is one of the major environmental issues in Tabriz. Air pollution is due to an increase of the number of cars commuting in the city and polluting industries such as thermal power plants, petrochemical complexes and the oil refinery in the west of the city. Air pollution levels increased continuously in the second half of the 20th century. With a mandate of national environmental codes by heavy industries, industrial air pollution has reduced in recent years. However,

1633-461: The Khamsa of Nizami . A famous unfinished miniature showing Rustam asleep, while his horse Rakhsh fights off a lion, was probably made for the manuscript, but was never finished and bound in, perhaps because its vigorous Tabriz style did not please Tahmasp. It appears to be by Sultan Mohammad, whose later works in the manuscript show a style adapted to the court style of Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād . It

1704-590: The Blue Mosque was opened to the public in 2006. The other excavation site is in Abbasi Street at the site of Rab'-e Rashidi , which was the location for an academic institution since approximately 700 years ago. It was established in Ilkhanid period. The predominant language spoken in Tabriz is Azerbaijani language ( Azerbaijani people call it Turku ( تۆرکۆ ) or Turki (تۆرکی) language), which

1775-530: The Iranian constitution respects the right to speak and have limited educational facilities in other native languages, including Azerbaijani. For the first time, an academic program on Azerbaijani language opened at the University of Tabriz in 1999. Other than Azerbaijani, there is a notable minority of Armenian speakers and a smaller minority of Assyrian Neo-Aramaic speakers. It is believed that before

1846-737: The Khalili Collection of Islamic Art , which holds 10 folios. On 6 April 2011, a page from this manuscript owned by scholar and collector Stuart Cary Welch was sold for 7.4 million pounds ($ 12 million). The huge scale of the work, which consisted of 759 pages total including 258 miniatures, would have required help from all the leading artists of the royal workshop. Some of the artists identified are Mir Sayyid Ali , Sultan Mohammad , Mizra-Ali (son of Sultan Mohammad) Aqa Mirak , Mir Musavvir , Dust Muhammad , and likely Abd al-Samad . A number of artists have been identified from their style by scholars, but are not known by name. Each page size

1917-809: The Ottoman troops intervened and took control of the city by defeating the Russian troops stationed there. By this time, the Ottoman army led by Enver Pasha threatened the whole Russian army in the Caucasus region. Russian troops recaptured the city from the Ottomans at a later stage of the war. By escalation of the revolution in Russia , the Russian armies in Iranian Azerbaijan were evacuated, and

1988-529: The Qajar dynasty, Tabriz was used as residence centre of Iranian Crown Prince (1794–1925). In 2002, during a construction project at the north side of the Blue Mosque (Part of Silk Road Project), an ancient graveyard was revealed. This was kept secret until a construction worker alerted the authorities. Radiocarbon analysis by Allameh Tabatabai University has shown the background of the graves to be more than 3,800 years old. A museum of these excavations including

2059-475: The Treaty of Zohab in 1639. The city was completely devastated by a strong earthquake in 1641 . In summer of 1721, a large earthquake shocked Tabriz, killing about eighty thousand of its residents. The devastation continued in 1724–1725, when the city was invaded by an Ottoman army . During this round of invasion, the Ottomans imprisoned many in Tabriz and killed about two hundred thousand residents. The city

2130-547: The Twelver branch of Shia Islam as the official religion of the Safavid Empire . As a result of this royal order, the mostly Sunni population of Tabriz was force converted to Shiism. Currently, the majority of people are followers of Shia Islam. The city has a visible Armenian Apostolic minority who follow Christianity . There used to be a small Jewish community, but most of them have moved to Tehran . There

2201-673: The Great , as a response to the massacre of 12,000 Christians in the Georgian-controlled city of Ani on Easter day by Muslims. In nearby Ardebil , conquered by the Georgians as well, as many as 12,000 Muslims were killed. The Georgians then pushed further, taking Khoy and Qazvin along the way. After the Mongol invasion, Tabriz came to eclipse Maragheh as the later Ilkhanid Mongol capital of Azerbaijan until it

Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp - Misplaced Pages Continue

2272-495: The Qajar dynasty's Caucasian territories to Imperial Russia , following two Russo-Persian Wars in the first half of the 19th century, Tabriz was at the forefront of Iranian rule over its Caucasian territories. Until 1925, the city was the traditional residence of the Qajar crown princes. According to some sources, including Encyclopædia Britannica , the name Tabriz derives from tap-riz , meaning "flowing hot", in reference to

2343-535: The Safavid era, noting the climate in Tabriz in his travel logs: "Cold weather exists for most of the year. Since the city is northerly, snow exists on the peaks of its mountains for nine months out of the year. The wind blows during mornings and nights, while rain showers form in all seasons except summer. The weather is relatively cloudy the entire year." Highest recorded temperature: 42.0 °C (107.6 °F) on 26 July 1966 Lowest recorded temperature: −25.0 °C (−13.0 °F) on 20 January 1964 Air pollution

2414-520: The absolute monarchy, had a great role in achievement to the goals of Iran's constitutional revolution. In 1909, Tabriz was occupied by the Russian forces. Four months after the constitutional revolution's success, in December 1911, the Russians reinvaded Tabriz . After crushing the local resistance by invading Russian troops, they started suppressing the constitutional revolutionaries and residents of

2485-486: The actual power passed into the hands of the local committee of the democrat party, with Ismail Nawbari at its head. Following Russia's retreat, the Ottomans captured the city once again for a few months until the decisive end of the war, and retreated thereafter. After World War I, a new era in the county's history began. Reza Pahlavi , brigadier-general of the Persian Cossack Brigade , declared himself

2556-501: The air quality in the city is far from world norms for clean air. An immediate environmental threat is the shrinkage and drying out of the Lake Urmia located in the outskirts of Western Tabriz. The lake has faced a grave crisis since the late 20th century. Water depth reduction, increasing water salinity to saturation level and the appearance of vast salt fields around the lake, are alarming indications of gradual total desiccation of

2627-520: The ancient Silk Road . The Byzantine Gregory Chioniades is said to have served as the city's Orthodox bishop during this time. In the 13th century, many western expediters who visited Tabriz on their way to the east were amazed by the richness of the city, its magnificent buildings and its institutions. Marco Polo travelled the Silk Road, passing Tabriz about 1275, described it as: "a great city surrounded by beautiful and pleasant gardens. It

2698-616: The area's many thermal springs . Other sources claim that in AD 246, to avenge his brother's death, king Tiridates II of Armenia repelled Ardashir I of the Sassanid Empire and changed the name of the city from Shahistan to Tauris, deriving from in Grabar ta-vrezh "this revenge". In AD 297, it became the capital of Tiridates III , king of Armenia. However, this story is of popular origin and based on accounts of Vardan Areveltsi ,

2769-415: The best. Some of the most esteemed cultural institutions in northwest Iran are located in Tabriz, which is also a center for intellectual activity. Tabriz contains many historical monuments, representing Iran's architectural transition throughout its long history. Most of Tabriz's preserved historical sites belong to Ilkhanid , Safavid and Qajar . Among these sites is the grand Bazaar of Tabriz , which

2840-620: The binding, text pages, and remaining 118 paintings. Through complex negotiations with the London art dealer Oliver Hoare , the remains of the manuscript were exchanged with the Museum of Contemporary Art in Tehran in 1994 for a Willem de Kooning painting, Woman III . The painting had been purchased by Empress Farah , but was considered distasteful in the Islamic Republic. The dispersed miniatures are in several collections, including

2911-936: The city reached its highest splendour. The later realm stretched from the Amu Darya in the East to the Egypt borders in the West and from the Caucasus in the North to the Indian Ocean in the South. It was again the capital of Iran during the Qara Qoyunlu dynasty from 1375 to 1468 and then during the Ag Qoyunlu within 1468–1500 and it was capital of Iran in the Safavid period from 1501 until their defeat in 1555 . During

Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp - Misplaced Pages Continue

2982-441: The city was captured for Russia in 1828 by General Prince Eristov, who marched into the city with 3,000 soldiers. After Abbas Mirza and Ivan Paskevich signed the peace treaty , which granted for the irrevocable cession of the last remaining Caucasian territories, the Russian army retreated from the city. Nevertheless, Russian political and military influence remained a major force in Tabriz and north-northwestern Iran even until

3053-534: The city were stopped in order to fund the war costs. In addition to the indirect effects of the war, city's industrial zone, especially the oil refinery was also a major target for airstrikes by Iraqi's air forces because of the closeness to the Iraqi borderlines, and their strategic roles in the country's economy. With the escalation of the war, the attacks turned to War of the Cities and the air attacks later turned into

3124-669: The city's residents. The Municipal central office is located in the Tabriz Municipality Palace . Tabriz is divided into 10 municipal districts. Each municipal district retains a number of the older neighborhoods that are of cultural and historical interest. This is table of modern Tabriz districts. Sahand , o mountain of pure snow, Descended from Heaven with Zoroaster Fire in your heart, snow on your shoulders, with storm of centuries, And white hair of history on your chest ... Yadollah Maftun Amini (born in 1926) The city of Tabriz, historically located at

3195-433: The city. Following the invasion, Russian troops executed about 1,200 of Tabriz residents. As a result of the campaign, Tabriz was occupied by the Russian forces between 1911 and 1917. From the very start of World War I , Iran declared neutrality. When the war erupted on a full scale, Tabriz and much of northwestern-northern Iran had already been de facto occupied by Russia for several years. In later years of World War I,

3266-452: The city. One of the major establishments in the period of Pishevari's government was opening of the University of Tabriz which played a major role in the later political movements and protests in the region. For the next 30 years, after the collapse of Azerbaijan's autonomous government, Tabriz enjoyed a stable era until the revolution in 1979. During this period the city received significant investment in its industries and transformed into

3337-607: The end of the 18th century, the city was divided into several districts, each ruled by a family, until 1799, when the Qajar Prince Abbas Mirza was appointed as the governor of the city. During the Qajar Empire the city was the residence for the crown prince. The crown prince normally served as governor of Azerbaijan province as well. Some of the most important events in this period were the wars between Qajar Iran and neighbouring Imperial Russia . Prior to

3408-539: The existing historical monuments including the Blue Mosque belong to the Qara Qoyunlu period. In 1501, Ismail I entered Tabriz and proclaimed it the capital of his Safavid state. In 1514, after the Battle of Chaldiran , Tabriz was sacked by Selim I . On 16 July 1534, prior to Ottoman conquest of Baghdad , Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha occupied Tabriz. In 1555, Tahmasp I transferred its capital to Qazvin to avoid

3479-476: The fall of the Russian empire in the early 20th century. After the retreat of the Russian army, Abbas Mirza , the Qajar Crown Prince, launched a modernization scheme from Tabriz, during which he introduced Western-style institutions, imported industrial machinery, installed the first regular postal service, and undertook military reforms in the city. He also began a rebuilding campaign and established

3550-401: The forced cession of Iran's Caucasian territories—comprising what is now Georgia , southern Dagestan , Azerbaijan , and Armenia —to Imperial Russia following the two Russo-Persian Wars of the first half of the 19th century, Tabriz, being strategically located, was instrumental to the implementation of Iranian rule in its Caucasian territories. During the last Russo-Persian War ( 1826–1828 ),

3621-515: The gradual increase and the dominance of Azerbaijani language in the area, other Iranian languages similar to Persian were spoken in Azerbaijan and Tabriz. The 13th-century manuscript Safina-yi Tabriz has poems in what its Tabriz-born author has called the Tabrizi language ( Zabān-e-Tabrizi ) which is similar to Persian . After being crowned at Tabriz in 1501, Shah Ismail I announced

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3692-619: The growing threat of the Ottoman army to his capital. Between 1585 and 1603, Tabriz was under occupation by Ottomans . After it was retaken by the Safavids under Abbas the Great , the city grew as a major commerce centre, conducting trade with the Ottoman Empire , Russia, and the Caucasus . Tabriz was occupied and sacked by Ottoman Murad IV in 1635, during the Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–39) , before being returned to Iran in

3763-570: The heat of the Iranian Revolution , revolutionary movements of some of Tabriz residents played a major role in the revolution. After the revolution, the residents of the city were unsatisfied with the outcome, mainly because of the ignorance of the revolutionary government about the rights of the Azerbaijani minority. Another major source of dissatisfaction was the support of most of Iranian Azerbaijanis including Tabriz residents from

3834-445: The king of the country following a coup d'état . He started with promises of modernization programs in Iran which was concentrated on the unification of the country, under the idea of one country, one nation . This included centralization of the power and imposing restrictions on the local culture, heritage, and language in Iranian Azerbaijan, and the city of Tabriz. The modernization and nationalization plan of Reza Shah continued until

3905-422: The legendary Garden of Eden was near Tabriz. Archaeologist Eric H. Cline commented on Rohl's views, writing that "his suggestions have not caught on with the scholarly establishment. His argument is not helped by the fact that it depends upon speculations regarding the transmission of place-names for both the various rivers and nearby related areas from antiquity to the present. In the end, while Rohl's suggestion

3976-478: The manuscript. It is the first of many accounts to single out the Court of Guyumars (illustrated above), which he says is by Sultan Mohammad, whom he refers to as a “zenith of the age." Later scholars have called this miniature "matchless" and "probably the greatest picture in Iranian art." Dust Muhammad's account also emphasizes the astonishing talents of portrait artists Aqa Mirak and Mir Musavvir, who also illustrated

4047-400: The position of director, including Sultan Mohammad, Mir Musavvir , and Aqa Mirak . Shah Ismail I died in 1524 shortly after the work on the manuscript had begun. Tahmasp I then succeeded the throne, but at 11 years old was certainly not old enough to recognize the importance of promoting great art and culture in society. Presumably, his advisers pushed for completion of the manuscript and it

4118-595: The present Tabriz are claimed to be built either at the time of the early Sassanids in the 3rd or 4th century AD, or later in the 7th century. The city used to be called T'awrēš in Middle Persian . After the Muslim conquest of Iran , the Arabian Azd tribe from Yemen resided in Tabriz. The development of post-Islamic Tabriz began as of this time. The Islamic geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi says that Tabriz

4189-549: The random strikes on the residential areas of the city in the later phase of the war. In recent years , Tabriz is much more stable and the new developments in the city are rapidly changing the face of the city. Tabriz was chosen as the capital by several rulers commencing from the time of Atropates . It was the capital of the Ilkhanate (Mongol) dynasty since 1265. During the Ghazan Khan era, who came into power in 1295,

4260-649: The styles of the schools of Herat, where the Timurid royal workshops had developed a style of classical restraint and elegance, and the painters of Tabriz, whose style was more expressive and imaginative. Tabriz was the former capital of the Turkmen rulers, successively of the Kara Koyunlu and Ağ Qoyunlu , who had ruled much of Persia before Ismail I defeated them and began the Safavid dynasty in 1501. Dust Muhammad wrote an account of Persian painting which mentions

4331-653: The surge of World War II. At the final year of the World War II despite the declaration of the neutrality by the Iranian government, the country was occupied by the allied forces. The allied forces then urged Reza Pahlavi to abdicate and installed his son Mohammad Reza as the new king of the country. The postwar situation was further complicated by Soviet aid to set up a local government called Azerbaijan People's Government in Northwest Iran , having Tabriz as its capital. The new Soviet-backed local government

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4402-436: The time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 1,378,931 in 378,329 households. The following census in 2011 counted 1,495,452 people in 455,494 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 1,558,693 people in 497,898 households. The majority of the city's population are Azerbaijani people , followed by Persians , Kurds , Armenians , Assyrians , and other People of Caucasus . Tabriz

4473-446: The westernmost end of Iran’s trade route and situated along the Silk Road , has long been a hub of commerce as well as culture and art. This strategic position facilitated both economic prosperity and the flourishing of cultural exchanges. In the modern era , the establishment of Memorial School in the late 19th century, followed by the founding of the University of Tabriz, along with the presence of intellectual movements, further boosted

4544-411: Was a village before Rawwad from the tribe of Azd arrive at Tabriz. In 791 AD, Zubaidah , the wife of Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid , rebuilt Tabriz after a devastating earthquake and beautified the city so much as to obtain the credit for having been its founder. In the Ramadan of 1208, Tabriz, as well as its adjacent cities and territories were conquered by the Kingdom of Georgia under Tamar

4615-401: Was acquired by Arthur Houghton II . The manuscript once contained 258 miniatures, but were sold individually by Houghton to avoid taxes. Houghton kept 118 miniatures for himself, donated 78 paintings to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1972 and sold the rest to other privately and publicly owned collections around the world. After Arthur Houghton II's passing in 1990, his son decided to sell

4686-420: Was first presented. It long remained in the Topkapı Palace library in Istanbul , and commentaries added in the margins around 1800 prove that the remarkably decorated manuscript fascinated many rulers and scholars long after its completion. When the Ottoman Empire fell apart in the early 1900s, the manuscript appeared in the collection of Edmond James de Rothschild . It stayed in the Rothschild family and then

4757-428: Was likely close to completion by the mid-1530s during his reign. The Shahnameh was finally given to the Ottoman Sultan, Selim II , in 1568. Ottoman sources reveal that it arrived at the Iranian Embassy in February 1568, accompanied by 34 camels and other lavish gifts intended for the sultan. Both the sultan and his palace members were impressed with the manuscript, which was estimated to be 30,000 couplets long when it

4828-419: Was run by Ja'far Pishevari and held power for one year starting from 1946. Pishevari's government gave more freedom to speech and education in Azerbaijani language and promoted local cultural heritage and gained some popularity among the residents. However, after the withdrawal of Soviet forces, Pishevari's limited armed forces were crushed by the Imperial Iranian army and the Iranian government retook control of

4899-514: Was sacked by Timur in 1392. Chosen as a capital by Abaqa Khan , fourth ruler of the Ilkhanate, for its favored location in the northwestern grasslands, in 1295, his successor Ghazan Khan made it the chief administrative centre of an empire stretching from Anatolia to the Oxus River and from the Caucasus to the Indian Ocean . Under his rule, new walls were built around the city, and numerous public buildings, educational facilities, and caravansarais were erected to serve traders travelling on

4970-440: Was subsequently retaken by the Iranian army, after which a widespread famine, combined with the spread of fatal diseases, killed more of those who still remained. In addition, another earthquake is disputed to have occurred in 1727 further adding to the region's instability at the time. In 1780, a major earthquake hit near Tabriz and killed as many as two hundred thousand people, leaving only about thirty thousand survivors. At

5041-421: Was to be unquestionably obeyed and respected. Such an expensive and lavishly decorated manuscript would have presented Ismail I as a successful and powerful leader tied to the strength and notoriety of the Persians. Most likely, the manuscript was either intended to ultimately be given as a gift to Suleiman the Magnificent , sultan of the Ottoman Empire , or perhaps to celebrate the return of his son Tahmasp from

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