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86-425: It was still occasionally defended through the mid-19th century, notably by John Cleves Symmes Jr. and J. N. Reynolds , but by this time it was part of popular pseudoscience and no longer a scientifically viable hypothesis. The concept of a hollow Earth still recurs in folklore and as a premise for subterranean fiction , a subgenre of adventure fiction . Hollow Earth also recurs in conspiracy theories such as

172-460: A 1908 novel that included the idea that the North Pole was the entrance to the hollow planet. In William Henry Hudson 's 1887 romance, A Crystal Age , the protagonist falls down a hill into a Utopian paradise; since he falls into this world, it is sometimes classified as a hollow Earth story; although the hero himself thinks he may have traveled forward in time by millennia. The idea

258-610: A Hollow Earth, Symmes and some of his contemporaries certainly thought Euler had. In an 1824 exchanges of newspaper letters with Symmes, D. Preston implied that Symmes' theory was not original, and cited both Halley and Euler as earlier examples. Symmes himself insisted that he had not known of Hollow Earth proposals of Halley and Euler at the time he conceived his theory, and that he had only learned of their works much later. Symmes' disciple, James McBride , promoting and explaining Symmes' theory in his book, Symmes's Theory of Concentric Spheres (1826), cited Euler as an earlier proponent of

344-647: A Symmes-like Hollow Earth hypothesis, but failed to mention Symmes himself. Symmes's son Americus then published The Symmes' Theory of Concentric Spheres in 1878 to set the record straight. Sir John Leslie proposed a hollow Earth in his 1829 Elements of Natural Philosophy (pp. 449–53). In 1864, in Journey to the Center of the Earth Jules Verne describes an expedition into the Earth's interior via

430-609: A campaign of circulars, newspaper letters, and lectures aimed at defending and promoting his hypothesis of a Hollow Earth—and to build support for a polar expedition to vindicate his theory. In its original form, Symmes's Hollow Earth theory described the world as consisting of five concentric spheres, with our outer earth and its atmosphere as the largest. He visualized the Earth's crust as being approximately 1,000 miles (1,610 km) thick, with an Arctic opening about 4,000 miles (6,450 km) wide, and an Antarctic opening around 6,000 miles (9,650 km) wide. Symmes proposed that

516-524: A cave located in Station Island , County Donegal in Ireland, where they made journeys inside the Earth into a place of purgatory . In County Down , Northern Ireland there is a myth which says tunnels lead to the land of the subterranean Tuatha Dé Danann , a group of people who are believed to have introduced Druidism to Ireland, and then went back underground. In Hindu mythology, the underworld

602-737: A continent in the Arctic called Hyperborea . This influenced some early Hollow Earth proponents. According to Marshall Gardner, both the Eskimo and Mongolian peoples had come from the interior of the Earth through an entrance at the North Pole . NEQUA or The Problem of the Ages , first serialized in a newspaper printed in Topeka, Kansas in 1900 and considered an early feminist utopian novel, mentions John Cleves Symmes' theory to explain its setting in

688-534: A desert, which is where the people of Atlantis moved. She said an entrance to the subterranean kingdom will be discovered in the 21st century. Marshall Gardner wrote A Journey to the Earth's Interior in 1913 and published an expanded edition in 1920. He placed an interior sun in the Earth and built a working model of the Hollow Earth which he patented ( U.S. patent 1,096,102 ). Gardner made no mention of Reed, but did criticize Symmes for his ideas. Around

774-607: A detailed mapping of the Concave Earth model. In his book On the Wild Side (1992), Martin Gardner discusses the Hollow Earth model articulated by Abdelkader. According to Gardner, this hypothesis posits that light rays travel in circular paths, and slow as they approach the center of the spherical star-filled cavern. No energy can reach the center of the cavern. A drill, Gardner says, would lengthen as it traveled away from

860-409: A hole drilled through the center, unrelated to a hollow Earth. In 1818, John Cleves Symmes, Jr. suggested that the Earth consisted of a hollow shell about 1,300 km (810 mi) thick, with openings about 2,300 km (1,400 mi) across at both poles with 4 inner shells each open at the poles. Symmes became the most famous of the early Hollow Earth proponents, and Hamilton, Ohio even has

946-466: A hollow Earth. An early 20th-century proponent of hollow Earth, William Reed , wrote Phantom of the Poles in 1906. He supported the idea of a hollow Earth, but without interior shells or the inner sun. The spiritualist writer Walburga, Lady Paget in her book Colloquies with an unseen friend (1907) was an early writer to mention the hollow Earth hypothesis. She claimed that cities exist beneath

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1032-530: A hollow planet, sometimes called a "convex" Hollow Earth hypothesis, it is hypothesized humans live on the interior surface. This has been called the "concave" Hollow Earth hypothesis or skycentrism. Cyrus Teed , a doctor from upstate New York, proposed such a concave Hollow Earth in 1869, calling his scheme "Cellular Cosmogony". Teed founded a group called the Koreshan Unity based on this notion, which he called Koreshanity . The main colony survives as

1118-518: A large part of the interior. Nickel-iron alloy under the conditions expected in a non-hollow Earth would have densities ranging from about 10 to 13 g/cm, which brings the average density of Earth to its observed value. Drilling holes does not provide direct evidence against the hypothesis. The deepest hole drilled to date is the Kola Superdeep Borehole , with a true vertical drill-depth of around 12 km (7.5 mi). However,

1204-450: A monument to him and his ideas. He proposed making an expedition to the North Pole hole, thanks to efforts of one of his followers, James McBride . J. N. Reynolds also delivered lectures on the "Hollow Earth" and argued for an expedition. Reynolds went on an expedition to Antarctica himself but missed joining the Great U.S. Exploring Expedition of 1838–1842, even though that venture was

1290-571: A mountain underground. Natives of the Trobriand Islands believe that their ancestors had come from a subterranean land through a cavern hole called "Obukula". Mexican folklore also tells of a cave in a mountain five miles south of Ojinaga , and that Mexico is possessed by devilish creatures who came from inside the Earth. In the Middle Ages , an ancient German myth held that some mountains located between Eisenach and Gotha hold

1376-675: A paper written a little over ten years later, Bouguer commented that his results had at least falsified the Hollow Earth Theory. In 1772, Nevil Maskelyne proposed to repeat the same experiment to the Royal Society. Within the same year, the Committee of Attraction was formed and they sent Charles Mason to find the perfect candidate for the vertical deflection experiment. Mason found the Schiehallion mountain, where

1462-420: A planetary nature, from the greatest to the smallest, from the sun down to the most minute blazing meteor or falling star, are all constituted, in a greater or less degree, of a collection of spheres". Ultimately, Symmes was to simplify his theory, abandoning the series of concentric inner spheres, and teaching "only one concentric sphere (a hollow earth), not five" by the time he embarked on his lecture tour of

1548-513: A popular survey of science as natural theology . Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler has often been claimed as a proponent of a Hollow Earth theory. The version of the Hollow Earth theory ascribed to Euler lacked the concentric spheres of Halley's proposal, but added the element of an interior sun. But Euler may never have actually suggested any such thing; Euler scholar, C. Edward Sandifer, has examined Euler's writings and found no evidence for any such belief. Whether or not Euler ever proposed

1634-518: A portal to the inner Earth. A Russian legend says the Samoyeds , an ancient Siberian tribe , traveled to a cavern city to live inside the Earth. The Italian writer Dante describes a hollow earth in his well-known 14th-century work Inferno , in which the fall of Lucifer from heaven caused an enormous funnel to appear in previously solid and spherical earth, as well as an enormous mountain opposite it, "Purgatory". In Native American mythology , it

1720-477: A preserved Florida state historic site, at Estero, Florida , but all of Teed's followers have now died. Teed's followers claimed to have experimentally verified the concavity of the Earth's curvature, through surveys of the Florida coastline making use of "rectilineator" equipment. Several 20th-century German writers, including Peter Bender , Johannes Lang, Karl Neupert, and Fritz Braut, published works advocating

1806-517: A result of his agitation. Though Symmes himself never wrote a book on the subject, several authors published works discussing his ideas. McBride wrote Symmes' Theory of Concentric Spheres in 1826. It appears that Reynolds has an article that appeared as a separate booklet in 1827: Remarks of Symmes' Theory Which Appeared in the American Quarterly Review. In 1868, professor W.F. Lyons published The Hollow Globe which put forth

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1892-852: A similar theory. For the first two years after the publication of his theory, Symmes confined his promotional efforts to circulars and letters published in newspapers and magazines. In all, he issued seven additional circulars from 1818 to 1819, including Light Between the Spheres, which gained a national audience via its publication in the National Intelligencer . But though Symmes made converts, his theory continued to be greeted with general ridicule. In 1819, Symmes moved his family from St. Louis to Newport, Kentucky . And in 1820, Symmes began to promote his theory directly, lecturing on it in Cincinnati and other towns and cities in

1978-640: A subterranean realm beneath the Earth known as Subterranea . The Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) video game Terranigma features this concept in the opening and closing acts of the game. The Hollow Earth is a key location in Legendary Pictures 's MonsterVerse franchise, being the point of origin of the Titans and the strange animals of Skull Island . Initially being teased in Kong: Skull Island and Godzilla: King of

2064-761: A subterranean world inside the Earth. The elders of the Hopi people believe that a Sipapu entrance in the Grand Canyon exists which leads to the underworld . Brazilian Indians , who live alongside the Parima River in Brazil, claim that their forefathers emerged in ancient times from an underground land, and that many of their ancestors still remained inside the Earth. Ancestors of the Inca supposedly came from caves which are located east of Cuzco , Peru. The notion

2150-405: A support center and market community for the surrounding area. Though it is on the border Ojinaga has drawn little benefit from maquiladoras . Selkirk has a plant which makes chimney, venting and air distribution products and Solitaire Homes has established a factory for prefabricated homes . There are about 15,000 acres (60 km ) used for agriculture, the largest area being cattle pasture, with

2236-413: A thought experiment which defines a coordinate transformation such that the interior of the Earth becomes "exterior" and the exterior becomes "interior". (For example, in spherical coordinates, let radius r go to R / r where R is the Earth's radius; see inversive geometry .) The transformation entails corresponding changes to the forms of physical laws. This is not a hypothesis but an illustration of

2322-672: A whirlpool there, may have been inspired by Symmes' assertions, or have been intended as a satire of Symzonia itself. Symmes features as the source of information about the hollow Earth used as a literary trope in Grigsby, Alcanoan O and Mary P. Lowe 's "Nequa, or The Problem of the Ages" (1900). Compare a fictional echo of Symmes in Ian Wedde 's Symmes Hole (1987); and a focus on both Symmes and Reynolds in James Chapman's Our Plague: A Film From New York (1993). Symmes' work

2408-716: Is a town and seat of the municipality of Ojinaga , in the northern Mexican state of Chihuahua . As of 2015, the town had a total population of 28,040. It is a rural border town on the U.S.–Mexico border , with the city of Presidio , Texas , directly opposite, on the U.S. side of the border. Ojinaga is situated where the Río Conchos drains into the Río Grande (known as the Rio Bravo in Mexico), an area called La Junta de los Rios. Presidio and Ojinaga are connected by

2494-437: Is a story of a man who, after traveling through the darkness of a tunnel in the mountain of "Mashu", entered a subterranean garden. In Celtic mythology there is a legend of a cave called " Cruachan ", also known as "Ireland's gate to Hell", a mythical and ancient cave from which strange creatures would emerge and be seen on the surface of the Earth. There are also stories of medieval knights and saints who went on pilgrimages to

2580-702: Is referenced in Vladimir Obruchev 's 1915 novel Plutonia (novel) . John Cleves Symmes also makes an appearance in Rudy Rucker 's steampunk novel, The Hollow Earth , and in Felix J. Palma 's The Map of the Sky . Samuel Highgate Syme, the subject of The Syme Papers in Benjamin Markovits 's book of the same name, is based on John Cleves Symmes. Ojinaga Ojinaga ( Manuel Ojinaga )

2666-585: Is referred to as Patala . In the Bengali version of the Hindu epic Ramayana , it has been depicted how Rama and Lakshmana were taken by the king of the underworld Ahiravan , brother of the demon king Ravana . Later on they were rescued by Hanuman . The Angami Naga tribes of India claim that their ancestors emerged in ancient times from a subterranean land inside the Earth. The Taino from Cuba believe their ancestors emerged in ancient times from two caves in

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2752-767: Is said that the ancestors of the Mandan people in ancient times emerged from a subterranean land through a cave on the north side of the Missouri River . There is also a tale about a tunnel in the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation in Arizona near Cedar Creek which is said to lead inside the Earth to a land inhabited by a mysterious tribe. It is also the belief of the tribes of the Iroquois that their ancient ancestors emerged from

2838-460: The Amazon rainforest . In " A Culture of Conspiracy ", Political scientist Michael Barkun draws a distinction between the terms hollow earth and inner earth , to differentiate materials that conceive the majority of the interior of the planet to be hollow, from those that view it as solid but honeycombed with interconnected spaces. Instead of saying that humans live on the exterior surface of

2924-522: The Battle of Ojinaga between Pancho Villa 's revolutionaries and government troops under Pascual Orozco . Orozco's defeat here after a long military campaign led to his exile in the United States. The U.S. writer Ambrose Bierce may have died there, although that is uncertain. Ojinaga still retains its rural culture and environment, with relatively little pollution and few urban problems. Some of

3010-836: The Greek underworld , the Nordic Svartálfaheimr , the Christian Hell , and the Jewish Sheol (with details describing inner Earth in Kabalistic literature, such as the Zohar and Hesed L'Avraham ). The idea of a subterranean realm is also mentioned in Tibetan Buddhist belief. According to one story from Tibetan Buddhist tradition, there is an ancient city called Shamballa which is located inside

3096-782: The Himalayas of Tibet , filled with ancient machinery, records and treasure. Michael Grumley , a cryptozoologist , has linked Bigfoot and other hominid cryptids to ancient tunnel systems underground. According to the ancient astronaut writer Peter Kolosimo a robot was seen entering a tunnel below a monastery in Mongolia. Kolosimo also claimed a light was seen from underground in Azerbaijan. Kolosimo and other ancient astronaut writers such as Robert Charroux linked these activities to UFOs . A book by "Dr. Raymond Bernard " which appeared in 1964, The Hollow Earth , exemplifies

3182-474: The Mahar , who evolved from pterosaurs. The series ran for six more books, ending with Savage Pellucidar (1963). The 1915 novel Plutonia by Vladimir Obruchev uses the concept of the Hollow Earth to take the reader through various geological epochs. In recent decades, the idea has become a staple of the science fiction and adventure genres across films ( Children Who Chase Lost Voices , Ice Age: Dawn of

3268-710: The Presidio–Ojinaga International Bridge and the Presidio–Ojinaga International Rail Bridge . Ojinaga was founded around AD 1200 by the Pueblo Native Americans , who were later assimilated by Uto-Aztecan speakers . Ojinaga was first visited by Spanish explorers (led by Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca ) in 1535. (See La Junta Indians ) During the Mexican Revolution , Ojinaga was the scene of

3354-597: The atmosphere inside as luminous (and possibly inhabited) and speculated that escaping gas caused the Aurora Borealis . Le Clerc Milfort in 1781 led a journey with hundreds of Muscogee Peoples to a series of caverns near the Red River above the junction of the Mississippi River . According to Milfort the original Muscogee Peoples' ancestors are believed to have emerged out to the surface of

3440-438: The gravitational potential energy of a rotating physical object; having hollowness is unfavorable in the energetic sense. In addition, ordinary matter is not strong enough to support a hollow shape of planetary size against the force of gravity; a planet-sized hollow shell with the known, observed thickness of the Earth's crust would not be able to achieve hydrostatic equilibrium with its own mass and would collapse. Based upon

3526-558: The " La Entrada al Pacífico " or "The Entrance to the Pacific", has made Ojinaga and Presidio, Texas , into a proposed inland trade corridor between the two countries. The route extends into Odessa-Midland, Texas . Several changes have also had to be made to the port of entry in Presidio, Texas , to accommodate the growing amount of traffic crossing the border . Truck lanes for heavy vehicles have also been added. Ojinaga serves as

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3612-608: The Army, Symmes moved to St. Louis (then a frontier settlement) and went into business as a trader. He sold supplies to Army, and obtained a license to trade with the Fox Indians. However, his business venture was unsuccessful and in 1819, Symmes moved his family to Newport, KY . But while failing as a trader, Symmes was contemplating the rings of Saturn and developing his theory of the Hollow Earth—a theory which he would spend

3698-487: The Center of the Earth , which showed a subterranean world teeming with prehistoric life; George Sand 's 1864 novel Laura, Voyage dans le Cristal where giant crystals could be found in the interior of the Earth; Sir Edward Bulwer-Lytton 's novel Vril: The Power of the Coming Race , published anonymously in 1871; Etidorhpa , an 1895 science-fiction allegory with major subterranean themes; and The Smoky God ,

3784-458: The Dead, Lost Races & UFOs from Inside the Earth did the full story of Bernard/Siegmeister become well-known. The science fiction pulp magazine Amazing Stories promoted one such idea from 1945 to 1949 as "The Shaver Mystery". The magazine's editor, Ray Palmer , ran a series of stories by Richard Sharpe Shaver , claiming that a superior pre-historic race had built a honeycomb of caves in

3870-680: The Dinosaurs , Aquaman and the MonsterVerse ), television programs ( Inside Job , Slugterra , and the third and fourth seasons of Sanctuary ), role-playing games (e.g., the Hollow World Campaign Set for Dungeons & Dragons , Hollow Earth Expedition ), and video games ( Torin's Passage and Gears of War ). The idea is also partially used in the Marvel Comics universe, where there exists

3956-433: The Earth in ancient times from the caverns. Milfort also claimed the caverns they saw "could easily contain 15,000 – 20,000 families". It is often claimed that mathematician Leonhard Euler proposed a single-shell hollow Earth with a small sun (1,000 kilometres across) at the center, providing light and warmth for an inner-Earth civilization, but that is not true. Instead, he did a thought experiment of an object dropped into

4042-514: The Earth is Hollow, Habitable Within, and Widely Open About the Poles, Compiled by Americus Symmes, from the Writings of his Father, Capt. John Cleves Symmes (not to be confused with the book of a very similar title published by James McBride in 1826). Edgar Allen Poe's' short story "MS. Found in a Bottle" (1833), which describes a ship driven toward the South Pole by a storm and consumed by

4128-409: The Earth is mostly filled with solid rock (mantle and crust), liquid nickel-iron alloy (outer core), and solid nickel-iron (inner core). Another set of scientific arguments against a Hollow Earth or any hollow planet comes from gravity . Massive objects tend to clump together gravitationally, creating non-hollow spherical objects such as stars and planets. The solid spheroid is the best way to minimize

4214-400: The Earth, and that their degenerate descendants, known as "Dero", live there still, using the fantastic machines abandoned by the ancient races to torment those of us living on the surface. As one characteristic of this torment, Shaver described "voices" that purportedly came from no explainable source. Thousands of readers wrote to affirm that they, too, had heard the fiendish voices from inside

4300-778: The Earth. According to the Ancient Greeks , there were caverns under the surface which were entrances leading to the underworld , some of which were the caverns at Tainaron in Lakonia , at Troezen in Argolis , at Ephya in Thesprotia , at Herakleia in Pontos , and in Ermioni . In Thracian and Dacian legends, it is said that there are caverns occupied by an ancient god called Zalmoxis . In Mesopotamian religion there

4386-584: The Earth. It was known to Buddhists as Agharti . George Papashvily in his Anything Can Happen (1940) claimed the discovery in the Caucasus Mountains of a cavern containing human skeletons "with heads as big as bushel baskets" and an ancient tunnel leading to the center of the Earth. One man entered the tunnel and never returned. Novelist Lobsang Rampa in his book The Cave of the Ancients said an underground chamber system exists beneath

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4472-555: The Earth. The writer David Hatcher Childress authored Lost Continents and the Hollow Earth (1998) in which he reprinted the stories of Palmer and defended the Hollow Earth idea based on alleged tunnel systems beneath South America and Central Asia. Hollow Earth proponents have claimed a number of different locations for the entrances which lead inside the Earth. Other than the North and South poles, entrances in locations which have been cited include: Paris in France, Staffordshire in England, Montreal in Canada, Hangzhou in China, and

4558-472: The East Coast. Writing in August 1817 to his stepson, Anthony Lockwood, Symmes for the first time stated that "I infer that all planets and globes are hollow". But Symmes' theory was far from unprecedented. While the idea of polar openings leading into a Hollow Earth was Symmes' innovation, the concept of a Hollow Earth had an intellectual pedigree dating back to the 17th century and Edmond Halley . Halley proposed his Hollow Earth theory as an explanation for

4644-411: The Hollow Earth hypothesis, or Hohlweltlehre . It has even been reported, although apparently without historical documentation, that Adolf Hitler was influenced by concave Hollow Earth ideas and sent an expedition in an unsuccessful attempt to spy on the British fleet by pointing infrared cameras up at the sky. The Egyptian mathematician Mostafa Abdelkader wrote several scholarly papers working out

4730-453: The Monsters , a full expedition into the Hollow Earth is a primary focus of Godzilla vs. Kong , its sequel Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire , and the Monarch: Legacy of Monsters TV series . In 1975, Japanese artist Tadanori Yokoo used elements of the Agartha legend, along with other Eastern subterranean myths, to depict an advanced civilization in the cover art for jazz musician Miles Davis 's album Agharta . Tadanori said he

4816-425: The cavern and eventually pass through the "point at infinity" corresponding to the center of the Earth. Gardner notes that "most mathematicians believe that an inside-out universe, with properly adjusted physical laws, is empirically irrefutable". Gardner rejects the concave Hollow Earth hypothesis on the basis of Occam's razor . Purportedly verifiable hypotheses of a Concave Hollow Earth need to be distinguished from

4902-409: The curvature of the rim of these polar openings was gradual enough that it would be possible to actually enter the inner earth without being aware of the transition. He argued that due to the centrifugal force of Earth's rotation, the Earth would be flattened at the poles, leading to a vast passage into the inner Earth. Symmes's concept of polar openings connecting the Earth's surface to the inner Earth

4988-559: The different locations of the geographic and magnetic poles of the Earth. While Halley's contemporaries found the geomagnetic data he had gathered to be of interest, his proposal of a Hollow Earth was never widely accepted. The theory remained dear to Halley; he chose to have his final portrait (as Astronomer Royal) painted depicting him holding a drawing of the Earth's interior as a set of concentric spheres. Some scholars have proposed that Symmes may have learned of Halley's Hollow Earth via Cotton Mather 's book, The Christian Philosopher,

5074-411: The distance to the center of the Earth is nearly 6,400 km (4,000 mi). The idea of a hollow Earth is a common element of fiction, appearing as early as Ludvig Holberg 's 1741 novel Nicolai Klimii iter subterraneum (« Niels Klim's Underground Travels »), in which Nicolai Klim falls through a cave while spelunking and spends several years living on both a smaller globe within and the inside of

5160-411: The experiment took place and not only supported the earlier Chimborazo Experiment but yielded far greater results. The picture of the structure of the Earth that has been arrived at through the study of seismic waves is quite different from a fully hollow Earth. The time it takes for seismic waves to travel through and around the Earth directly contradicts a fully hollow sphere. The evidence indicates

5246-433: The fact that any description of the physical world can be equivalently expressed in more than one way. In 1735, Pierre Bouguer and Charles Marie de La Condamine chartered an expedition from France to the Chimborazo volcano in Ecuador. Arriving and climbing the volcano in 1738, they conducted a vertical deflection experiment at two different altitudes to determine how local mass anomalies affected gravitational pull. In

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5332-422: The fictional Icelandic volcano Scartaris. The protagonists do not actually reach the centre, but nevertheless discover a subterranean ocean inhabited by creatures believed extinct. They escape through another volcano on the Italian island of Stromboli . William Fairfield Warren , in his book Paradise Found – The Cradle of the Human Race at the North Pole (1885), presented his belief that humanity originated on

5418-404: The five hundred copies would go." Symmes's son Americus wrote of the reaction to Circular No. 1 in 1878, recounting "[i]ts reception by the public can easily be imagined; it was overwhelmed with ridicule as the production of a distempered imagination, or the result of partial insanity. It was for many years a fruitful source of jest with the newspapers." Symmes, though, was not deterred. He began

5504-419: The idea of UFOs coming from inside the Earth, and adds the idea that the Ring Nebula proves the existence of hollow worlds, as well as speculation on the fate of Atlantis and the origin of flying saucers. An article by Martin Gardner revealed that Walter Siegmeister used the pseudonym "Bernard", but not until the 1989 publishing of Walter Kafton-Minkel's Subterranean Worlds: 100,000 Years of Dragons, Dwarfs,

5590-410: The main crops soy, cotton, corn, wheat, onions, peanuts, cantaloupes and vegetables. There are mineral deposits which consist of lead, silver, coal, zinc, manganese, marble and uranium. Conjunto Primavera - Norteño-sax band Los Rieleros del Norte - Norteño-sax band Norteños de Ojinaga - Norteño-sax band Polo Urias - Mexican Singer Victor Leaton Ochoa - Revolutionary and Inventor Ojinaga

5676-432: The most famous norteño-sax artists are from Ojinaga, such as Los Jilgueros del Arroyo, Conjunto Primavera , Los Rieleros del Norte , Polo Urías , Los Norteños de Ojinaga, Los Pescadores del Río Conchos, and Los Diamantes de Ojinaga. Because of its location on the Río Grande border between Chihuahua and the U.S. state of Texas , Ojinaga is often a station for narcotic smuggling and illegal immigration. The creation of

5762-523: The outer shell. Other notable early examples include Giacomo Casanova 's 1788 Icosaméron , a 5-volume, 1,800-page story of a brother and sister who fall into the Earth and discover the subterranean utopia of the Mégamicres, a race of multicolored, hermaphroditic dwarves; Symzonia: A Voyage of Discovery by a "Captain Adam Seaborn" (1820) which reflected the ideas of John Cleves Symmes, Jr.; Edgar Allan Poe 's 1838 novel The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket ; Jules Verne's 1864 novel Journey to

5848-425: The public consciousness, and popular support for his proposed Arctic expedition started to build. In 1820, he sat for a never-completed portrait by artist John J. Audubon for Cincinnati's Western Museum. Audubon wrote on the back of the sketch, "John, Cleeves Simms—The man with the hole at the Pole—Drawn and a good likeness it is". Some have claimed he was the real author of: Symzonia; Voyage of Discovery , which

5934-463: The region, making use of a wooden globe with the polar sections removed to reveal the inner Earth and the spheres within. (Symmes's modified globe can now be found in the collection of Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University .) Symmes was not a commanding lecturer; he was uncomfortable as a public speaker, hesitant in speaking, and possessed a nasal voice. Still, he persevered. Symmes began to make converts and his ideas began to filter into

6020-419: The remainder of his life promoting. I declare the earth is hollow, and habitable within; containing a number of solid concentrick spheres, one within the other, and that it is open at the poles 12 or 16 degrees; I pledge my life in support of this truth, and am ready to explore the hollow, if the world will support and aid me in the undertaking. On April 10, 1818, Symmes announced his Hollow Earth hypothesis to

6106-403: The same time, Vladimir Obruchev wrote a novel titled Plutonia , in which the Hollow Earth possessed an inner Sun and was inhabited by prehistoric species. The interior was connected with the surface by an opening in the Arctic . The explorer Ferdynand Ossendowski wrote a book in 1922 titled Beasts, Men and Gods . Ossendowski said he was told about a subterranean kingdom that exists inside

6192-433: The size of the Earth and the force of gravity on its surface, the average density of the planet Earth is 5.515 g/cm, and typical densities of surface rocks are only half that (about 2.75 g/cm). If any significant portion of the Earth were hollow, the average density would be much lower than that of surface rocks. The only way for Earth to have the force of gravity that it does is for much more dense material to make up

6278-413: The sole support of the family, with an estate significantly in debt. Americus provided for his mother and siblings and paid off his father's debts. He also championed his father's legacy, erecting a memorial to him (a pylon topped with a globe carved in the shape of a hollow sphere) and publishing in 1878 an edited collection of his father's papers, Symmes's Theory of Concentric Spheres: Demonstrating That

6364-447: The spheres revolved at different rates and upon different axes, and that the apparent instability of magnetic North in the Arctic could be explained by travelers moving unawares across and along the verge between the inner and outer earths. Symmes generalized his theory beyond just the Earth, claiming that "the Earth as well as all the celestial orbicular bodies existing in the inverse, visible and invisible, which partake in any degree of

6450-478: The underground kingdom of Agartha and the Cryptoterrestrial hypothesis and is often said to be inhabited by mythological figures or political leaders. In ancient times, the concept of a subterranean land inside the Earth appeared in mythology , folklore and legends . The idea of subterranean realms seemed arguable, and became intertwined with the concept of "places" of origin or afterlife, such as

6536-500: The world, publishing his Circular No. 1. While a few enthusiastic supporters would ultimately lionize Symmes as the " Newton of the West", in general the world was not impressed. Symmes had sent his declaration (at considerable cost to himself) to "each notable foreign government, reigning prince, legislature, city, college, and philosophical societies, throughout the union, and to individual members of our National Legislature, as far as

6622-455: The younger John Cleves Symmes was often referred to by his later military rank, or with the suffix of "Jr.", so as to distinguish him from his uncle. Symmes "received a good common English education" and on March 26, 1802, at the age of twenty-two, obtained a commission as an Ensign in the US Army (with the assistance of his uncle). He was commissioned into the 1st Infantry Regiment and

6708-622: Was attributed to "Captain Adam Seaborn". A recent reprint gives him as the author. Other researchers argue against this idea. Some think it was written as a satire of Symmes's ideas, and believe they identified the author as early American writer Nathaniel Ames. Symmes himself never wrote a book of his ideas, as he was too busy expounding them on the lecture circuit, but others did. His follower James McBride wrote and published Symmes' Theory of Concentric Spheres in 1826. Another follower, Jeremiah N. Reynolds apparently had an article that

6794-695: Was born in Sussex County, New Jersey , son of Thomas and Mercy ( née Harker) Symmes. He was named for his uncle John Cleves Symmes , a delegate to the Continental Congress , a Colonel in the Revolutionary War , Chief Justice of New Jersey , father-in-law of US President William Henry Harrison and pioneer in the settlement and development of the Northwest Territory . Though Justice Symmes had no male children,

6880-550: Was partly inspired by his reading of Raymond W. Bernard 's 1969 book The Hollow Earth . John Cleves Symmes Jr. Captain John Cleves Symmes Jr. (November 5, 1780 – May 28, 1829 ) was an American Army officer, trader, and lecturer. Symmes is best known for his 1818 variant of the Hollow Earth theory , which introduced the concept of openings to the inner world at the poles. John Cleves Symmes Jr.

6966-418: Was promoted to Second Lieutenant on May 1, 1804, to First Lieutenant on July 29, 1807, and to Captain on January 20, 1813. In 1807, Symmes fought a pistol duel with Lieutenant Marshall. Symmes suffered a wound in his wrist; Marshall one in his thigh. Afterwards, the two men became friends. On December 25, 1808, Symmes married Mary Anne Lockwood ( nee. Pelletier), a widow with six children, all of whom he

7052-574: Was proposed by Athanasius Kircher 's non-fiction Mundus Subterraneus (1665), which speculated that there is an "intricate system of cavities and a channel of water connecting the poles". Edmond Halley in 1692 conjectured that the Earth might consist of a hollow shell about 800 km (500 mi) thick, two inner concentric shells and an innermost core. Atmospheres separate these shells, and each shell has its own magnetic poles. The spheres rotate at different speeds. Halley proposed this scheme in order to explain anomalous compass readings. He envisaged

7138-446: Was published as a separate booklet in 1827: Remarks of Symmes' Theory Which Appeared in the American Quarterly Review . In 1868 a professor W.F. Lyons published The Hollow Globe which put forth a Symmes-like Hollow Earth theory, but did not mention Symmes. Symmes's son Americus then republished The Symmes' Theory of Concentric Spheres to set the record straight. Symmes's death left his eldest son, seventeen-year-old Americus Symmes,

7224-455: Was to be his unique contribution to Hollow Earth lore. Such polar openings would come to be known as "Symmes Holes" in literary Hollow Earths. Symmes held that the inner surfaces of the concentric spheres in his Hollow Earth would be illuminated by sunlight reflected off of the outer surface of the next sphere down and would be habitable, being a "warm and rich land, stocked with thrifty vegetables and animals if not men". He also believed that

7310-610: Was to raise alongside his own children by Mary. During the War of 1812 , Symmes was initially stationed in Missouri Territory until 1814 when his 1st Infantry Regiment was sent to Canada , arriving just in time to provide relief to American forces at the Battle of Lundy's Lane . Symmes also served during the Siege of Fort Erie , and continued in his Army career until being honorably discharged on June 15, 1815. After leaving

7396-468: Was used by Edgar Rice Burroughs in the seven-novel " Pellucidar " series, beginning with At the Earth's Core (1914). Using a mechanical drill, called the Iron Mole, his heroes David Innes and Professor Abner Perry discover a prehistoric world called Pellucidar, 500 miles below the surface, that is lit by a constant noonday inner sun. They find prehistoric people, dinosaurs, prehistoric mammals and

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