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79-408: Originally in the later County of Holland , Old Frisian or a related Ingvaeonic dialect was spoken. There is no evidence for the theory that migrating Low Franconian settlers were responsible for the change to Old Dutch in the 12th and 13th centuries. Instead, long-term language contact between Frisian speakers and Frankish speakers before the 12th century could have led to a Hollandic dialect that

158-579: A shire or county in England) was the gau ( Frankish ) or pagus (Latin). A comes ( count ) ruled one or more gaue . Because of the low volume of trade, the negative trade balance with the Byzantine Empire and the Muslim states and the disappearance of currency, the economy was more or less reduced to barter . The king's vassals could be rewarded only with land ( beneficium or, from

237-455: A "Hollandification" of the other provinces and a more uniform culture for the whole of the Republic. In the early decades of the uprising, a great number of refugees from Flanders and Brabant settled in the big cities of Holland. They had a Frankish influence on the new dialect of urban Holland (that earlier had more Frisian influences) that in later centuries became the standard language of

316-546: A castle at Silva Meriwido , the future Vlaardingen. From this castle, he forced merchants that travelled per ship from Tiel to England to pay toll. The Bishop of Utrecht, Adalbold and the merchants of Tiel complained against this piracy at the Reichstag of Nijmegen in 1018, the merchants of Tiel effectively pointing out that the emperor was losing tax revenue when he allowed the Tiel merchants to being plundered by Dirk III. It

395-530: A confederation between the seven liberated provinces. From then on, the executive and legislative power would again rest with the States of Holland and West Friesland , which were led by a political figure who held the office of Grand Pensionary . The county, now a sovereign state within this larger confederation, became the cultural, political and economic centre of the Dutch Republic , in the 17th century,

474-403: A considerable amount of independence from Holy Roman Empire leadership in the 10th and 11th centuries. Until at least the second half of the 10th century, Holland's leadership valued secular principles, a contrast to the nearby Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht . The count of Holland was in this period more of a military commander who had to resist Viking raids, and be subject to the authority of

553-692: A forest and field between the mouth of the Old Rhine (and presumably Bennebroek ), Suithardeshaga, the border between the former Frankish counties of Rijnland and Kennemerland. A line of Gerulf's descendants became the Counts of Holland. King Charles the Simple gave the church in Egmond and its possessions to Count Dirk I of Holland in 922 in gratitude for Dirk's support in the Battle of Soissons to suppress

632-599: A literal no-man's land . However, during the reclamation the counts of Holland managed to expand their influence at the cost of Utrecht. North Holland North Holland ( Dutch : Noord-Holland , pronounced [ˌnoːrt ˈɦɔlɑnt] ) is a province of the Netherlands in the northwestern part of the country. It is located on the North Sea , north of South Holland and Utrecht , and west of Friesland and Flevoland . As of January 2023, it had

711-576: A population of about 2,952,000 and a total area of 4,092 km (1,580 sq mi), of which 1,429 km (552 sq mi) is water. From the 9th to the 16th century, the area was an integral part of the County of Holland . During this period West Friesland was incorporated. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the area was part of the province of Holland and commonly known as the Noorderkwartier (English: "Northern Quarter"). In 1840,

790-570: A rebellion of his West Frankish vassals. The West Frankish king was able to do this because the lands and churches he granted to Dirk were outside his jurisdiction; Egmond was just north of possessions which Dirk had received from Gerulf and was a good match. He then founded Egmond Abbey , Holland's oldest monastery. When Charles the Simple was deposed in 923, King Henry the Fowler of East Francia allied with Count Gilbert of Hainaut (son of Duke Reginar of Lorraine ) and re-conquered Lotharingia. By 925,

869-648: A revolt that by severe mismanagement by Philip II and his governor the Duke of Alva turned into the Eighty Years' War . As a consequence, Holland and the other six allied provinces became an independent nation called the Republic of the Seven United Provinces . Over William of Orange Blum says, "His patience, tolerance, determination, concern for his people, and belief in government by consent held

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948-479: A series of wars and battles in Holland between 1350 and 1490. Most of these wars were fought over the title of count, but some have argued that the underlying reason was because of the power struggle of the bourgeois in the cities against the ruling nobility. The Cod faction generally consisted of the more progressive cities of Holland . The Hook faction consisted of a large part of the conservative noblemen. Some of

1027-443: A war broke out, in which it is not clear whether it was against Brabant , Utrecht or Liège. During this war, Floris was ambushed while relaxing too much and in too small a company when he was raiding in the former Teisterbant county, now Utrechtian territory. He was killed by either Utrechtian or Gueldrian troops. His son Dirk V was still a minor, so his mother Gertrude of Saxony became regent. Gertrude remarried in 1063 with Robert

1106-535: Is Arthur van Dijk  [ nl ] , who has been serving since 2019. There are 45 municipalities and three (including parts of) water boards in the province. The busiest airport in the Netherlands and Europe's third-busiest airport, Amsterdam Airport Schiphol , is in North Holland. The province of North Holland as it is today has its origins in the period of French rule from 1795 to 1813. This

1185-726: Is also the largest municipality in the Netherlands), Haarlem , Zaanstad , Haarlemmermeer and Alkmaar . Another seven municipalities have a population between 50,000 and 100,000 inhabitants ( Hilversum , Amstelveen , Purmerend , Hoorn , Velsen , Den Helder and Dijk en Waard ). Municipalities are grouped for statistical purposes. North Holland has various regions that, for historical or other reasons, have their own identities. Some of these regions are unofficial, ill-defined and sometimes overlapping. Others are official and are part of regional groupings artificially created for various administrative purposes. These regions are not

1264-473: Is located in the city. Other companies based in the Netherlands' capital include Akzo Nobel , Heineken International , ING Group , ABN AMRO , TomTom , Delta Lloyd Group , Booking.com and Philips . Randstad Holding has its headquarters in Diemen while KPMG and KLM operate from Amstelveen . Several national nature friendly organisations like Milieudefensie , the national "Union of vegetarians",

1343-515: Is mentioned as Florentius comes de Hollant (Floris, Count of Holland). Another early usage of the word is a deed dated 1083 in which Dirk V used the term "Count of Holland" for himself. Holland is probably from the Old Dutch holt lant , literally "wood land". The counts of Holland generally kept to this single title until 1291, when Floris V, Count of Holland decided to call himself Count of Holland and Zeeland, lord of Friesland . This title

1422-408: Is situated at 52°40′N 4°50′E  /  52.667°N 4.833°E  / 52.667; 4.833 in the northwest of the Netherlands with to the northeast the province of Friesland , to the east the province of Flevoland , to the southeast the province of Utrecht , to the southwest the province of South Holland , and to the west the North Sea . North Holland is a broad peninsula for

1501-574: Is spoken. In the east and south, the Hollandic dialects gradually become Brabantian respectively Kleverlandish . Utrechts-Alblasserwaards, spoken in the area immediately east of the coastal districts, is considered to be a subdialect of Hollandic or a separate dialect. Zuidwest-Limburg and Centraal zuidelijke dialecten as well as Tienen County of Holland 52°9′47.7″N 4°32′12.4″E  /  52.163250°N 4.536778°E  / 52.163250; 4.536778 The County of Holland

1580-548: Is still spoken today, like the old Waterlands dialect, which exists as well in Volendam. Both Zaans and Waterlands are unintelligible for someone who does not come from that region in North Holland. However, people who speak Zaans, West Frisian or Waterlands are able to understand one another better than outsiders because all three dialects use similar words. On the South Holland island of Goeree-Overflakkee , Zeelandic

1659-520: The Bishopric of Utrecht . In 985, King Otto III , at the request of his mother Theophanu , granted the ownership ( proprium ) of a number of lands to count Dirk II. These lands had already been given in loan ( beneficium ). This was the area between the rivers Loira or Lier and Hisla (a gouw called Masaland ), villa Sunnimeri (on the Zeelandish island of Schouwen), the area between

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1738-489: The Dutch Golden Age , the wealthiest nation in the world. The largest cities in the republic were situated in the province of Holland, such as Amsterdam , Rotterdam , Leiden , Alkmaar , Delft , Dordrecht , Haarlem , and the nation's capital, The Hague . From the great ports of Holland, Hollandic merchants sailed to and from destinations all over Europe , and merchants from all over Europe gathered to trade in

1817-575: The First Rutte cabinet , for the desire to create one Randstad province has already been mentioned in the coalition agreement . The province of South Holland, part of the Randstad urban area, visioned to be part of the Randstad province, and very much supportive of the idea of a merger into one province. With or without South Holland, if created, the new province would be the largest in the Netherlands in both area and population . North Holland

1896-723: The Saxony , the Bavaria and the Swabia . Lotharingia had considerable self-determination ; this became clear when Louis the Child , East Francia's last Carolingian , died in 911. Although the stem duchies flocked to Duke Conrad I of Franconia , Lotharingia chose the Carolingian king of West Francia , Charles the Simple . In Frisia, the situation was complex. Power was in the hands of Rorik's successor, Godfrid , who became embroiled in

1975-611: The 11th century the 'Great Reclamation' started, under the control of the counts of Holland and the bishops of Utrecht. Until the 13th century, large amounts of land were reclaimed between the IJ bay in the north, the dunes in the west, the Lek and Waal rivers in the south and the Old Rhine in the east. Before the Great Reclamation, the borders between the county of Holland and the bishopric of Utrecht were unclear, and there existed

2054-583: The 1560s, the Protestant community had become a significant influence in the county, although it clearly formed a minority then. In a society dependent on trade, freedom and tolerance were considered essential. Nevertheless, the Catholic rulers Charles V and his successor Philip II felt it was their duty to defeat Protestantism, which was considered a heresy by the Catholic Church and a threat to

2133-634: The Bishopric of Utrecht. After the death of Henry II in 1024, Dirk III supported the candidature of Conrad II in an attempt to reconcile with the imperial authorities, so as to keep the lands he had acquired or expand them even further. Emperor Conrad II died during a stay in Utrecht in 1039 during the rule of bishop Bernold , after which his organs were interred in the Cathedral of Utrecht . His son and successor, Henry III , granted numerous favors to

2212-573: The Dutch together and kept alive their spirit of revolt." The main breakthrough came when Holland, along with Zeeland, was conquered in 1572 and following years by the Watergeuzen , a somehow effective maritime force of mainly Calvinists who turned pirate and pirates who turned Calvinist. The States General of the Netherlands signed the Act of Abjuration , deposing Philip as Count of Holland and forming

2291-666: The Frisian , a younger brother of the count of Flanders , Baldwin VI and a grandson of a former French king, Robert II , who also acted as regent for Dirk V. In 1064, Emperor Henry IV donated lands belonging to the county of Holland, 'west of the Vlie and around the banks of the Rhine' (the gouw of Westflinge), to William, Bishop of Utrecht , on whose support the Emperor could count. Dirk V

2370-422: The Frisian managed however against some odds to become count of Flanders in 1076 when in the battle of Cassel he managed to beat a grand coalition of Hainaut, French and Normandian forces. Being now the count of Flanders he was able to assist his stepson to reclaim the county of Holland. The pair started by taking out their most dangerous adversary. Godfrey IV was killed at night while defecating. Shortly afterwards

2449-469: The Hollandic dialect is still an important part of the local West Frisian dialect group . In Zaanstreek (central North Holland), a traditional region, the old Hollandic dialect, Zaans , is still found but with little West Frisian influence. Some words are similar because of the influence of migrating West Frisian farmers in the 13th to the 15th centuries. Zaans can be seen as one of the few (together with Westfries) and oldest original Hollandic dialects and

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2528-623: The Lotharingian nobles accepted his rule and Lotharingia (with the Frisian lands) became a fifth German stem duchy. Henry's power was limited by his vassal, Gilbert (Duke of Lotharingia), whose power was limited to his own counties. The rising status of the House of Holland was shown when in 938 Count Dirk II , probably the grandson of Count Dirk I, married at the age of 8 with Hildegard of Flanders, daughter of Count Arnulf I of Flanders . The County of Holland and other nearby territories had

2607-483: The Netherlands . Holland was divided into the present provinces North Holland and South Holland in 1840. The county covered an area roughly corresponding to the current Dutch provinces of North Holland and South Holland , as well as the northwestern part of the current province of North Brabant (roughly between the towns of Willemstad , Geertruidenberg and Werkendam ), and the islands of Terschelling , Vlieland , Urk and Schokland , though it did not include

2686-711: The Netherlands and Dutch-speaking Belgium. Nominally, the County of Holland formally came to an end in 1795, when the Batavian Revolution ended the republic and reformed it as the Batavian Republic . The territory of the former county was divided between the departments of the Amstel , Delf , Texel , and Schelde en Maas . After 1813, Holland was restored as a province of the United Kingdom of

2765-573: The area living at the east side of North Holland, also confusingly known as "West-Frisians". It was not until 1289 that Count Floris V was able to bring this long war to an end and subjugate these West Frisians, this only after the St. Lucia's flood in 1287 had completely devastated nearly all the lands of the West-Frisians. After this, the county was officially known until 1795 as the county of Holland and West Friesland. The Hook and Cod Wars were

2844-647: The bishop of Cologne and the Emperor), which outsmarted Godfrid and the Danes. The chief conspirator in the murder was Everard Saxo , count of Hamaland . One of those who profited most from the power vacuum was the Frisian Gerolf , comes Fresonum (count of Frisia), from Westergo in the present-day province of Friesland . Gerolf, Godfrid's former envoy to the emperor, demanded lands in the Moselle valley from

2923-483: The bishopric of Utrecht. In this way, the Oversticht was assigned to the bishopric in 1040. Though the count of Holland had been reconciled with the emperor, Henry III still decided to punish the count. In 1046 the emperor forced Dirk IV to relinquish the lands he had conquered. However, the emperor was not able to maintain himself in the area and was forced to retreat, after which Dirk IV started to raid and plunder

3002-506: The bishoprics of Utrecht and Liège. Moreover, Dirk signed treaties with Godfrey the Bearded , duke of Lower Lorraine, as well as the counts of Flanders and Hainaut . The Emperor responded with a second punitive expedition in which Vlaardingen and the castle at Rijnsburg were taken from Dirk IV. The castle was completely destroyed. However, the emperor suffered heavy losses during his retreat, upon which Dirk's allies openly revolted against

3081-421: The borders of the old Holland; the latter two were made up of parts of different provinces. In 1801 the old borders were restored when the department of Holland was created. This reorganisation had been short-lived, but it gave birth to the concept of breaking up Holland and making it a less powerful province. In 1807, Holland was reorganised. This time the two departments were called "Amstelland" (corresponding to

3160-587: The cities of Holland proper. The refugees caused a mixture of their dialects with those of the people who were already there. The new language replaced most of the original Hollandic dialects with Brabantian influences and further diluted the Frisian influences on Dutch. That certainly slowed linguistic change by the influence on spoken language of the very conservative written standard. As a result, Standard Dutch has kept many features of late-16th-century Brabantian. The colloquial Dutch in Holland proper (the area of

3239-617: The code ISO 3166-2:NL -NH. As of 24 March 2022, North Holland is divided into 44 municipalities ( local government ). After the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles , three islands in the Caribbean : Bonaire , Saba , and Sint Eustatius , were offered to join the province. However, the offer has been neither accepted nor rejected. North Holland has five municipalities with 100,000 or more inhabitants. They are, in order of size, Amsterdam (in terms of population this

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3318-416: The count in this southern part of the later county of Holland are known. As a result of a promise he had made during the Frisian rebellion, Dirk III went on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. When he returned, the northern side of his county had become unsafe, so he travelled south and started granting rights to reclaim lands from nature around present-day Vlaardingen in order to cultivate these lands. He also built

3397-482: The defeat of the French in 1813, this organisation remained unchanged for a year or so. When the 1814 Constitution was introduced, the country was reorganised as provinces and regions ( landschappen ). Zuiderzee and Monden van de Maas were reunited as the province of "Holland". One of the ministers on the constitutional committee (van Maanen) suggested that the old name "Holland and West Friesland" be reintroduced to respect

3476-511: The duke of Lower Lorraine, when Godfrey was on the verge of being killed. So as not to weaken the protection the county of Holland offered against the Viking raids, King Henry II decided to let the matter rest, though he did strengthen the position of the Bishop of Utrecht, the nominal feudal lord of the counts of Holland. Nonetheless, Dirk managed to expand his territory to the east at the cost of

3555-725: The emperor to provoke a war. After the elimination of a large portion of the Danish population, Gerulf controlled a large Frisian part of the later county of Holland. This fait accompli was recognised when Gerolf was given lands in full ownership on 4 August 889 by the East Frankish king Arnulf of Carinthia , who needed strong warlords in the delta region to keep the Danes and other Vikings out. The lands in question included an area outside Gerulf's county, in Teisterbant, which included Tiel , Aalburg and Asch . It also involved

3634-510: The emperor. In 1049 Dirk IV was lured into a trap and killed by assassins hired by the bishops of Metz , Liège and Utrecht. Dirk died young, unmarried and childless. He was succeeded by his brother Floris I . Floris I managed to expand his territory with a small area within the Rijnland Gouw, an area called Holtland ("Woodland"), or Holland . It is most likely that this name soon became synonymous with Floris' whole territory. In 1061

3713-518: The end of the reign of Emperor Louis the Pious , royal power had weakened by the flood of 838 and by infighting between the king's sons. After Louis died in 840, his son, Emperor Lothair I , who was king of Middle Francia , rewarded the Danish Viking brothers Rorik and Harald with Frisia in an attempt to resist Viking attacks. When Lothair died in 855, the northern part of Middle Francia

3792-461: The feelings of the people of that region. This proposal was rejected. However, the division was not totally reversed. When the province of Holland was re-established in 1814, it was given two governors, one for the former department of Amstelland (area that is now North Holland) and one for the former department of Maasland (now South Holland). Even though the province had been reunited, the two areas were still being treated differently in some ways and

3871-586: The formidable bishop William of Utrecht also died. After this Robert I and his stepson Dirk V besieged the new Utrecht/Lotharingian castle at a strategic place at the delta in IJsselmonde , where the Hollandse IJssel (still existing) joined the Merwede (not existing any more in the form of 1000 years ago) . In the battle of IJsselmonde they managed to capture the new bishop Conrad of Swabia , who

3950-497: The idea of dividing Holland remained alive. During this reorganisation the islands of Vlieland and Terschelling were returned to Holland and parts of "Hollands Brabant" (including "Land of Altena") went to North Brabant . The borders with Utrecht and Gelderland were definitively set in 1820. When the constitutional amendments were introduced in 1840, it was decided to split Holland once again, this time into two provinces called "North Holland" and "South Holland". The need for this

4029-407: The island of Goeree-Overflakkee . In the early Middle Ages, large parts of the area covered by the present-day Netherlands were covered by peat bogs . These bogs limited the size of arable land in the Netherlands, but also proved to be a good source of fuel. Around 950, small-scale reclamation was started on the enormous bogs in Holland and Utrecht, probably set in motion by the minor nobility. In

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4108-592: The main figures in this multi-generational conflict were William IV , Margaret , William V , William VI, Count of Holland and Hainaut , John and Philip the Good. Perhaps the most well known, however, is Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut . By the end of the Hook and Cod Wars, Philip the Good , Duke of Burgundy , had taken control of Holland. Leading noblemen in Holland had invited the duke to conquer Holland, even though he had no historical claim to it. Some historians say that

4187-515: The modern province of North Holland) and "Maasland" (corresponding to the modern province of South Holland ). This also did not last long. In 1810, all the Dutch provinces were integrated into the French Empire. Amstelland and Utrecht were amalgamated as the department of "Zuiderzee" ( Zuyderzée in French) and Maasland was renamed "Monden van de Maas" ( Bouches-de-la-Meuse in French). After

4266-667: The most part, located between the North Sea , the Wadden Sea , the IJsselmeer , and the Markermeer . More than half of the province consists of reclaimed polder land situated below sea level. The West Frisian islands of Noorderhaaks and Texel are also part of the province. North Holland makes up a single region of the International Organization for Standardization world region code system, having

4345-428: The municipality of Leimuiden in 1864. In 1942, the islands Vlieland and Terschelling went back to the province of Friesland . In 1950, the former island Urk was ceded to the province of Overijssel . In February 2011, North Holland, together with the provinces of Utrecht and Flevoland , showed a desire to investigate the feasibility of a merger between the three provinces. This has been positively received by

4424-694: The numerous cities had their own legal rights and local governments, usually controlled by the merchants, On top of this, however, the Burgundians had imposed an overall government, the Estates General of the Netherlands, with its own officials and courts. During the 16th century, the Protestant Reformation rapidly gained ground in northern Europe, especially in its Lutheran and Calvinist forms. Protestants in Holland, after initial repression, were tolerated by local authorities. By

4503-414: The old County of Holland), particularly the Hollandic now spoken in some urban areas, is closer to Standard Dutch than anywhere else. In Friesland , Hollandic is spoken on Terschelling only. In the north of North Holland , especially in the region of West Friesland , and in parts of South Holland such as Scheveningen , Katwijk and other coastal places, the original West Frisian substratum of

4582-484: The owner in 1506, but in 1515 he left to become king of Spain and later became the Holy Roman Emperor. Charles turned over control to regents (his close relatives), and in practice rule was exercised by mostly French speaking Burgundians he controlled. Holland retained its own governments and court, controlled by the local nobility, and its own traditions and rights ("liberties") dating back centuries. Likewise

4661-411: The politics of the Frankish empire and was allied with the children of Lothair II. Danish rule ended in 885 with the murder of Godfrid at Herispijk , and all Danes east of the coastal areas of West Frisia were killed or driven out in what must have been a complex, successful conspiracy. Henry of Franconia led a coalition of Babenberg Franks, Hamaland Saxons and Teisterbant Frisians (in cooperation with

4740-428: The primary trading port in Europe for grain from the Baltic region. Amsterdam distributed grain to the major cities of Belgium, Northern France and England. This trade was vital to the people of Holland, because Holland could no longer produce enough grain to feed itself. Land drainage had caused the peat of the former wetlands to reduce to a level that was too low for drainage to be maintained. Charles (1500–58) became

4819-411: The province of Holland was split into the two provinces of North Holland and South Holland. In 1855, the Haarlemmermeer was drained and turned into land. The provincial capital is Haarlem (pop. 161,265). The province's largest city and also the largest city in the Netherlands is the Dutch capital Amsterdam , with a population of 862,965 as of November 2019. The King's Commissioner of North Holland

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4898-399: The relevant site pages of national nature conservation organisations Natuurmonumenten and Staatsbosbeheer , as well as provincial organisation "Landschap Noord-Holland". Several international organisations such as Amnesty International have settled the head office of their Netherlands branch in the province and particularly in Amsterdam ; the international head office of Greenpeace

4977-461: The rivers Medemelaka and Chinnelosara gemerchi ( Kinheim ) and the gouw Texla . In 993, count Arnulf of Ghent was killed in a battle against Frisian land reclaimers who did not want to pay their due to the count. It is unknown where this battle took place but it was probably in the Rijnland or in the Maas estuary. Arnulf's son, count Dirk III of Holland was too young to rule, so his mother Lutgardis of Luxemburg acted as regent. In 1005 Dirk

5056-417: The ruling class in Holland wanted Holland to integrate with the Flemish economic system and adopt Flemish legal institutions. Under the Burgundians, Holland's trade developed rapidly, especially in the areas of shipping and transport. The new rulers defended Dutch trading interests. The fleets of Holland defeated the fleets of the Hanseatic League several times. Amsterdam grew and in the 15th century became

5135-400: The same as the municipalities. List of some of these unofficial and official regions in North Holland: About one in six Dutch people live in North Holland, which resulted in a population density over eight times the European average as of 2004. Some of the best known nature reserves in this province are: More information about nature reserves in North Holland is available (in Dutch) on

5214-409: The stability of the whole hierarchical political system. The Catholic Spanish responded with harsh persecution and introduced the Spanish Inquisition . Calvinists rebelled. First, there was the iconoclasm in 1566, which was the systematic destruction of statues of saints and other Catholic devotional depictions in churches. After 1566 William the Silent , more or less by accident became the leader of

5293-539: The tenth century, feodum ) and usufruct , and feudalism developed from that. The vassals, who were generally appointed by the king, strove for a system of inheritance. This informal rule became more widespread and in 877 was legalised in the Capitulary of Quierzy . Upon the death of a king, the Frankish kingdom was frequently divided among his heirs. The system of partible inheritance often caused internal strife, which made centralized government problematic. The Viking raids further undermined centralized government. At

5372-449: The warehouses of Amsterdam and other trading cities of Holland. Many Europeans thought of the United Provinces first as "Holland" rather than as the "Republic of the Seven United Provinces of the Netherlands". A strong impression of "Holland" was planted in the minds of other Europeans, which then was projected back onto the Republic as a whole. Within the provinces themselves, a gradual slow process of cultural expansion took place, leading to

5451-415: Was a state of the Holy Roman Empire and from 1433 part of the Burgundian Netherlands , from 1482 part of the Habsburg Netherlands and from 1581 onward the leading province of the Dutch Republic until the Batavian Revolution in 1795. The territory of the County of Holland corresponds roughly with the current provinces of North Holland and South Holland in the Netherlands . The County of Holland

5530-491: Was a time of bewildering changes to the Dutch system of provinces. In 1795, the old order was swept away and the Batavian Republic was established. In the Constitution enacted on 23 April 1798, the old borders were radically changed. The republic was reorganised into eight departments ( département ) with roughly equal populations. Holland was split up into five departments named " Texel ", " Amstel ", " Delf ", " Schelde en Maas ", and " Rijn ". The first three of these lay within

5609-429: Was also used after Holland was united with Hainault , Bavaria-Straubing , and the Duchy of Burgundy . The titles eventually lost their importance, and the last count, Philip II of Spain , only mentioned them halfway through his long list of titles. Around 800, under Charlemagne , the Frankish Empire covered much of Europe. In much of this empire, an important unit of regional administration (corresponding roughly to

5688-539: Was awarded to his second son, Lothair II , and was called Lotharingia . Rorik was granted the right to rule Kennemerland in 862. The 880 Treaty of Ribemont added the Kingdom of Lotharingia (which included the Low Countries ) to East Francia , which attempted to integrate it. However, there were no strong political connections like those between the four German stem duchies of east Francia: Franconia ,

5767-440: Was decided to act against Dirk III. An army led by Godfrey II Duke of Lower Lorraine , consisting of a fleet with soldiers from the bishops of Utrecht , Cologne , Cambrai and Liège was however surprisingly ambushed in a swamp and nearly annihilated by Dirk III Frisian subjects in what was called the Battle of Vlaardingen , Dirk III himself playing a coordinating role, only to appear from his castle to officially take prisoner

5846-592: Was not felt in South Holland or in West Friesland (which feared the dominance of Amsterdam ). The impetus came largely from Amsterdam, which still resented the 1838 relocation of the court of appeal to The Hague in South Holland. After the Haarlemmermeer was drained in 1855 and turned into arable land, it was made part of North Holland. In exchange, South Holland received the greater part of

5925-401: Was now forced to return the lands to Dirk V's control. In 1101, the name "Holland" first appears in a deed. Holland's influence continued to gradually grow over the next two centuries. The counts of Holland were able to conquer most of Zeeland , to diminish the power of bishops of Utrecht and from the start of the 12th until the 13th century fight a 150-year-long war against the inhabitants of

6004-605: Was old enough to rule in his own name, but he still made thankful use of the good connections that his mother had made. According to Thietmar of Merseburg, a reconciliation with the Frisians was arranged with help from his uncle-in-law, king Henry II , who travelled with an army and a fleet from Utrecht to the Maas-estuary (probably Vlaardingen ) to force the inhabitants to recognize their count. This expedition appears to have been successful since after 1005 no revolts against

6083-462: Was only allowed to keep the gouw of Masaland. Through battles in 1071 and 1072, William of Utrecht, with support from the highly competent Duke Godfrey IV of Lower Lorraine, managed to gain actual central control over nearly the entire later county of Holland for the first time. Robert the Frisian and Dirk V had to flee to Ghent . This could have been the end of the Gerulfingian dynasty. Robert

6162-531: Was partly Low Franconian and partly influenced by Frisian. In the 16th century, Dutch was standardised, with the Brabantian dialect of Antwerp being the most influential one, according to many linguists. During the Eighty Years' War , especially after 1585, the Sack of Antwerp and the 1580s successes of the Duke of Parma made between 100,000 and 200,000 of Brabantish and Flemish, many Calvinist , settle in

6241-444: Was the first Holy Roman county in the area to reach the level of economic, cultural, military, and technological development it did, having had time to undergo this development before the area became classed as a county. The oldest sources refer to the not clearly defined county as Frisia , west of the Vlie (also known as West Frisia ). Before 1101, sources talk about Frisian counts, but in this year Floris II, Count of Holland ,

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