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94-507: Guaranty Building , also known as Guaranty Building and Loan Association , Hollywood Guaranty Building , Allstate Title Building , and L. Ron Hubbard Life Exhibition Building , is a historic high-rise Beaux Arts office building located at 6331 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California . It is currently owned by the Church of Scientology . Hollywood's Guaranty Building

188-528: A chevron device, and with a concave apophyge on which the buds of some flowers are sculpted. Volute capitals, also known as proto-Aeolic capitals, are encountered in Iron-Age Southern Levant and ancient Cyprus , many of them in royal architectural contexts in the kingdoms of Israel and Judah starting from the 9th century BCE, as well as in Moab , Ammon , and at Cypriot sites such as

282-532: A "stone bracket", discovered in the archaeological excavations at the ancient Buddhist site of Sarnath . The pillar displays Ionic volutes and palmettes . It has been variously dated from the 3rd century BCE during the Mauryan Empire period, to the 1st century BCE, during the Sunga Empire period. Some capitals with strong Greek and Persian influence have been found in northeastern India in

376-538: A chance to study the classical architecture of antiquity in Rome. The formal neoclassicism of the old regime was challenged by four teachers at the academy, Joseph-Louis Duc , Félix Duban , Henri Labrouste , and Léon Vaudoyer , who had studied at the French Academy in Rome at the end of the 1820s. They wanted to break away from the strict formality of the old style by introducing new models of architecture from

470-547: A civic face to railroads. Chicago's Union Station , Detroit's Michigan Central Station , Jacksonville's Union Terminal , Grand Central Terminal and the original Pennsylvania Station in New York, and Washington, D.C.'s Union Station are famous American examples of this style. Cincinnati has a number of notable Beaux-Arts style buildings, including the Hamilton County Memorial Building in

564-552: A combination of a cylinder and a slab. The structures of Armenian palaces, churches, courtyards ( Dvin , Aruch , Zvartnots , Ishkhan , Banak, Haghpat , Sanahin , Ani structures) are diverse and unique. In the Renaissance period the feature became of the greatest importance and its variety almost as great as in the Romanesque and Gothic styles. The flat pilaster, which was employed extensively in this period, called for

658-563: A cushion-like convex moulding known as an echinus, and a square slab termed an abacus. In the Ionic capital , spirally coiled volutes are inserted between the abacus and the ovolo. This order appears to have been developed contemporaneously with the Doric, though it did not come into common usage and take its final shape until the mid-5th century BC. The style prevailed in Ionian lands, centred on

752-657: A delicate uniting curve. The sloping side of the echinus becomes flatter in the later examples, and in the Colosseum at Rome forms a quarter round (see Doric order ). In versions where the frieze and other elements are simpler the same form of capital is described as being in the Tuscan order . Doric reached its peak in the mid-5th century BC, and was one of the orders accepted by the Romans. Its characteristics are masculinity, strength and solidity. The Doric capital consists of

846-404: A different set of design principles. In order not to protrude excessively from the wall surface, these structures tend to have a rather flat surface, forming brick-shaped capitals, called "anta capitals". Anta capitals are known from the time of the Doric order. An anta capital can sometimes be qualified as a "sofa" capital or a "sofa anta capital" when the sides of the capital broaden upward, in

940-529: A harmonious "ensemble," and a somewhat theatrical nobility and accessible charm, embraced ideals that the ensuing Modernist movement decried or just dismissed. The first American university to institute a Beaux-Arts curriculum is the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1893, when the French architect Constant-Désiré Despradelle was brought to MIT to teach. The Beaux-Arts curriculum

1034-407: A hybrid capital developed from Ionic and Corinthian elements. The Tuscan and Corinthian columns were counted among the classical canon of orders by the architects of Renaissance architecture and Neoclassical architecture . The Doric capital is the simplest of the five Classical orders : it consists of the abacus above an ovolo molding, with an astragal collar set below. It was developed in

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1128-596: A long plain fluted section which is square, although the shaft of the column is round, and also fluted. The earliest Aegean capital is that shown in the frescoes at Knossos in Crete (1600 BC); it was of the convex type, probably moulded in stucco . Capitals of the second, concave type, include the richly carved examples of the columns flanking the Tomb of Agamemnon in Mycenae (c. 1100 BC): they are carved with

1222-421: A model republic, particularly with regard to culture and aesthetic tastes. Buenos Aires is a center of Beaux-Arts architecture which continued to be built as late as the 1950s. Several Australian cities have some significant examples of the style. It was typically applied to large, solid-looking public office buildings and banks, particularly during the 1920s. Capital (architecture) The Composite order

1316-482: A planar rendition of the capital, executed in high relief. This affected the designs of capitals. A traditional 15th-century variant of the Composite capital turns the volutes inwards above stiffened leaf carving. In new Renaissance combinations in capital designs most of the ornament can be traced to Classical Roman sources. The 'Renaissance' was as much a reinterpretation as a revival of Classical norms. For example,

1410-474: A recessed entrance bay that is flanked by rectangular piers on block bases topped with modified Corinthian capitals . An egg-and-dart design adds decoration around the doors and on the second story molding , while a classic cornice serves as a stringcourse at the top of the third story. The middle section consists of the fourth through tenth floors and features a central bay set against slightly recessed side bays. Single, double-hung sash windows break

1504-460: A shape reminiscent of a couch or sofa . Anta capitals are sometimes hard to distinguish from pilaster capitals, which are rather decorative, and do not have the same structural role as anta capitals. The origins of the Tuscan order lie with the Etruscans and are found on their tombs. Although the Romans perceived it as especially Italianate, the Tuscan capital found on Roman monuments

1598-493: A strong local history in the American Greek Revival of the early 19th century. For the first time, repertories of photographs supplemented meticulous scale drawings and on-site renderings of details. Beaux-Arts training made great use of agrafes , clasps that link one architectural detail to another; to interpenetration of forms, a Baroque habit; to "speaking architecture" ( architecture parlante ) in which

1692-565: A top a pillar bearing the edicts of the emperor Ashoka . Like most of Ashoka's capitals, it is brilliantly polished. Located at the site of Buddha's first sermon and the formation of the Buddhist order, it carried imperial and Buddhist symbols, reflecting the universal authority of both the emperor's and the Buddha's words. The capital today serves as the emblem of the Republic of India . Minus

1786-523: A trend towards freer, more inventive (and often more coarsely carved) capitals in Late Antiquity . The anta capital is not a capital which is set on top of column, but rather on top of an anta , a structural post integrated to the frontal end of a wall, such as the front of the side wall of a temple. The top of an anta is often highly decorated, usually with bands of floral motifs. The designs often respond to an order of columns, but usually with

1880-569: A variety of architectural styles at the École des Beaux-Arts , and installed fragments of Renaissance and Medieval buildings in the courtyard of the school so students could draw and copy them. Each of them also designed new non-classical buildings in Paris inspired by a variety of different historic styles: Labrouste built the Sainte-Geneviève Library (1844–1850), Duc designed the new Palais de Justice and Court of Cassation on

1974-414: Is a band of bead and reel pattern, then under it a band of waves, generally right-to-left, except for the back where they are left-to-right. Further below is a band of egg-and-dart pattern, with eleven "tongues" or "eggs" on the front, and only seven on the back. Below appears the main motif, a flame palmette , growing among pebbles. The Sarnath capital is a pillar capital, sometimes also described as

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2068-486: Is a good example of this style, decorated not just with columns (mainly Ionic ), but also with allegorical statues placed in niches , that depict Agriculture, Industry, Commerce, and Justice. Because of the popularity of this style, it changed the way Bucharest looks, making it similar in some way with Paris, which led to Bucharest being seen as "Little Paris". Eclecticism was very popular not just in Bucharest and Iași ,

2162-697: Is in fact closer to the Greek Doric order than to Etruscan examples, its capital being nearby identical with the Doric. The Romans invented the Composite order by uniting the Corinthian order with the Ionic capital, possibly as early as Augustus 's reign. In many versions the Composite order volutes are larger, however, and there is generally some ornament placed centrally between the volutes. Despite this origin, very many Composite capitals in fact treat

2256-593: The De architectura , by Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, better known as Vitruvius , dedicated to the emperor Augustus . The various orders are discussed in Vitruvius' books iii and iv. Vitruvius describes Roman practice in a practical fashion. He gives some tales about the invention of each of the orders, but he does not give a hard and fast set of canonical rules for the execution of capitals. Two further, specifically Roman orders of architecture have their characteristic capitals,

2350-647: The École des Beaux-Arts , are identified as creating work characteristic of the Beaux-Arts style within the United States: Charles McKim, William Mead, and Stanford White would ultimately become partners in the prominent architectural firm of McKim, Mead & White , which designed many well-known Beaux-Arts buildings. From 1880 the so-called Generation of '80 came to power in Argentine politics. These were admirers of France as

2444-541: The Buddha or Bodhisattvas , usually as central figures surrounded by, and often under the shade of, the luxurious foliage of Corinthian designs. Byzantine capitals vary widely, mostly developing from the classical Corinthian, but tending to have an even surface level, with the ornamentation undercut with drills. The block of stone was left rough as it came from the quarry, and the sculptor evolved new designs to his own fancy, so that one rarely meets with many repetitions of

2538-746: The Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark in Brussels and expansions of the Palace of Laeken in Brussels and Royal Galleries of Ostend also carry the Beaux-Arts style, created by the French architect Charles Girault . Furthermore, various large Beaux-Arts buildings can also be found in Brussels on the Avenue Molière/Molièrelaan. As an old student of the École des Beaux-Arts and as a designer of the Petit Palais , Girault

2632-469: The Ionic . Composite capitals line the principal space of the nave. Ionic capitals are used behind them in the side spaces, in a mirror position relative to the Corinthian or composite orders (as was their fate well into the 19th century, when buildings were designed for the first time with a monumental Ionic order). At Hagia Sophia, though, these are not the standard imperial statements. The capitals are filled with foliage in all sorts of variations. In some,

2726-587: The Maurya Empire palace of Pataliputra , dating to the 4th–3rd century BC. Examples such as the Pataliputra capital belong to the Ionic order rather than the later Corinthian order . They are witness to relations between India and the West from that early time. Indo-Corinthian capitals correspond to the much more abundant Corinthian-style capitals crowning columns or pilasters, which can be found in

2820-676: The Mediterranean Basin , the Near East , and the wider Hellenistic world including the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom and the Indo-Greek Kingdom , numerous variations on these and other designs of capitals co-existed with the regular classical orders. The only architectural treatise of classical antiquity to survive is De architectura by the 1st-century BC Roman architect Vitruvius , who discussed

2914-598: The Middle Ages and the Renaissance . Their goal was to create an authentic French style based on French models. Their work was aided beginning in 1837 by the creation of the Commission of Historic Monuments, headed by the writer and historian Prosper Mérimée , and by the great interest in the Middle Ages caused by the publication in 1831 of The Hunchback of Notre-Dame by Victor Hugo. Their declared intention

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3008-602: The Over-the-Rhine neighborhood, and the former East End Carnegie library in the Columbia-Tusculum neighborhood. Two notable ecclesiastical variants on the Beaux-Arts style—both serving the same archdiocese, and both designed by the same architect—stand in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis–Saint Paul , Minnesota. Minneapolis ' Basilica of St. Mary , the first basilica constructed and consecrated in

3102-815: The Style Louis XIV , and then French neoclassicism beginning with Style Louis XV and Style Louis XVI . French architectural styles before the French Revolution were governed by Académie royale d'architecture (1671–1793), then, following the French Revolution, by the Architecture section of the Académie des Beaux-Arts . The academy held the competition for the Grand Prix de Rome in architecture, which offered prize winners

3196-626: The University of California, Berkeley (commissioned in 1898), designed by John Galen Howard ; the United States Naval Academy (built 1901–1908), designed by Ernest Flagg ; the campus of MIT (commissioned in 1913), designed by William W. Bosworth ; Emory University and Carnegie Mellon University (commissioned in 1908 and 1904, respectively), both designed by Henry Hornbostel ; and the University of Texas (commissioned in 1931), designed by Paul Philippe Cret . While

3290-495: The architrave ; on their backs they carry other brackets at right angles to support the cross timbers. The bull is the most common, but there are also lions and griffins . The capital extends below for further than in most other styles, with decoration drawn from the many cultures that the Persian Empire conquered including Egypt , Babylon , and Lydia . There are double volutes at the top and, inverted, bottom of

3384-555: The city-state of Tamassos in the Archaic period. The orders, structural systems for organising component parts, played a crucial role in the Greeks' search for perfection of ratio and proportion. The Greeks and Romans distinguished three classical orders of architecture, the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders; each had different types of capitals atop the columns of their hypostyle and trabeate monumental buildings. Throughout

3478-548: The dosseret required to carry the arch , the springing of which was much wider than the abacus of the capital. On eastern capitals the eagle, the lion and the lamb are occasionally carved, but treated conventionally. There are two types of capitals used at Hagia Sophia : Composite and Ionic. The composite capital that emerged during the Late Byzantine Empire , mainly in Rome, combines the Corinthian with

3572-560: The inverted bell -shaped lotus flower, this has been adopted as the National Emblem of India , seen from another angle, showing the horse on the left and the bull on the right of the Ashoka Chakra in the circular base on which the four Indian lions are standing back to back. On the side shown here there are the bull and elephant; a lion occupies the other place. The wheel "Ashoka Chakra" from its base has been placed onto

3666-787: The main branch of the New York Public Library ; Bancroft Hall at the Naval Academy, the largest academic dormitory in the world; and Michigan Central Station in Detroit, the tallest railway station in the world at the time of completion. In the late 1800s, during the years when Beaux-Arts architecture was at a peak in France, Americans were one of the largest groups of foreigners in Paris. Many of them were architects and students of architecture who brought this style back to America. The following individuals, students of

3760-515: The 19th century was initiated by four young architects trained at the École des Beaux-Arts , architects; Joseph-Louis Duc , Félix Duban , Henri Labrouste , and Léon Vaudoyer , who had first studied Roman and Greek architecture at the Villa Medici in Rome, then in the 1820s began the systematic study of other historic architectural styles , including French architecture of the Middle Ages and Renaissance. They instituted teaching about

3854-406: The 4th-7th centuries the capitals of Armenian architectural facades and masonry facades are tall rectangular stones with a total volume, which are converted into a slab by means of a bell. In the structures of the early period ( Ereruyk , Tekor , Tsopk , etc.) they were sculpted with plant and animal images, palm trees. In the 10th century and in the following centuries, capitals are mainly formed by

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3948-803: The Beaux-Arts style never really became prominent in the Netherlands. However, a handful of significant buildings have nonetheless been made in this style during the period of 1880 to 1920, mainly being built in the cities of Rotterdam , Amsterdam and The Hague . In the Romanian Old Kingdom , towards the end of the century, many administrative buildings and private homes are built in the «Beaux-Arts» or «Eclectic» style, brought from France through French architects who came here for work in Romania, schooled in France. The National Bank of Romania Palace on Strada Lipscani , built between 1883 and 1885

4042-649: The Scientology network of corporations. It is the official corporate office for Church of Scientology International and Religious Technology Center . On the ground floor is the L. Ron Hubbard Life Exhibition. The building includes offices for David Miscavige , the President of the Church of Scientology (when Heber Jentzsch held that post), and the Office of Special Affairs among other departments. It houses most of

4136-970: The Senate Vestibule in the United States Capitol in 1807, he introduced six columns that he "Americanized" with ears of corn (maize) substituting for the European acanthus leaves. As Latrobe reported to Thomas Jefferson in August ;1809, Another example is the Delhi Order invented by the British architect Edwin Lutyens for New Delhi 's central palace, Viceroy's House, now the Presidential residence Rashtrapati Bhavan , using elements of Indian architecture . Here

4230-608: The United States in the period from 1880 to 1920. In contrast, many European architects of the period 1860–1914 outside France gravitated away from Beaux-Arts and towards their own national academic centers. Owing to the cultural politics of the late 19th century, British architects of Imperial classicism followed a somewhat more independent course, a development culminating in Sir Edwin Lutyens 's New Delhi government buildings . The Beaux-Arts training emphasized

4324-617: The United States, was designed by Franco-American architect Emmanuel Louis Masqueray (1861–1917) and opened in 1914. A year later in neighboring Saint Paul , construction of the massive Masqueray -designed Cathedral of Saint Paul (also known as National Shrine Cathedral of the Apostle Paul ) was completed. The third-largest Roman Catholic cathedral in the United States, its architecture predominantly reflects Beaux-Arts principles, into which Masqueray integrated stylistic elements of other celebrated French churches. Other examples include

4418-558: The abacus has become square (See the more complete discussion at Ionic order ). According to the Roman architect Vitruvius , the Ionic order's main characteristics were beauty, femininity, and slenderness, derived from its basis on the proportion of a woman. The volutes of an Ionic capital rest on an echinus, almost invariably carved with egg-and-dart. Above the scrolls was an abacus, more shallow than that in Doric examples, and again ornamented with egg-and-dart. It has been suggested that

4512-533: The appropriateness of symbolism was paid particularly close attention. Beaux-Arts training emphasized the production of quick conceptual sketches, highly finished perspective presentation drawings, close attention to the program , and knowledgeable detailing. Site considerations included the social and urban context. All architects-in-training passed through the obligatory stages—studying antique models, constructing analos , analyses reproducing Greek or Roman models, "pocket" studies and other conventional steps—in

4606-512: The area around Paris. The most varied were carved in 1130–1170. In Britain and France the figures introduced into the capitals are sometimes full of character, these are referred to as historiated (or figured capital). These capitals, however, are not equal to those of the Early English Gothic , in which foliage is treated as if copied from metalwork, and is of infinite variety, being found in small village churches as well as in cathedrals. Armenian capitals are often versions of Byzantine forms. In

4700-408: The budget allowed, carvers were able to indulge their inventiveness. Capitals were sometimes used to hold depictions of figures and narrative scenes, especially in the Romanesque . In Romanesque architecture and Gothic architecture capitals throughout western Europe present as much variety as in the East, and for the same reason, that the sculptor evolved his design in accordance with the block he

4794-403: The building was appraised for $ 1,325,000 and over the years, its tenants have included Charlie Chaplin, Cecil B. Demille, Hedda Hopper , Al Jolson , Rudolph Valentino , and others. The building was hit hard by the Great Depression , with its primary tenant Guaranty Savings declaring bankruptcy in 1930, an event that had ripple effects throughout Hollywood. Allstate Title Company moved into

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4888-471: The building's date. Capitals occur in many styles of architecture, before and after the classical architecture in which they are so prominent. The two earliest Egyptian capitals of importance are those based on the lotus and papyrus plants respectively, and these, with the palm tree capital, were the chief types employed by the Egyptians, until under the Ptolemies in the 3rd to 1st centuries BC, various other river plants were also employed, and

4982-414: The centre of the National Flag of India The Pataliputra capital is a monumental rectangular capital with volutes designs, that was discovered in the palace ruins of the ancient Mauryan Empire capital city of Pataliputra (modern Patna , northeastern India ). It is dated to the 3rd century BC. The top is made of a band of rosettes , eleven in total for the fronts and four for the sides. Below that

5076-412: The coast of Asia Minor and Aegean islands . The order's form was far less set than the Doric, with local variations persisting for many decades. In the Ionic capitals of the archaic Temple of Artemis at Ephesus (560 BC) the width of the abacus is twice that of its depth, consequently the earliest Ionic capital known was virtually a bracket capital. A century later, in the temple on the Ilissus ,

5170-416: The conventional lotus capital went through various modifications. Many motifs of Egyptian ornamentation are symbolic , such as the scarab , or sacred beetle, the solar disk , and the vulture . Other common motifs include palm leaves, the papyrus plant, and the buds and flowers of the lotus . Some of the most popular types of capitals were the Hathor , lotus, papyrus and Egyptian composite. Most of

5264-432: The craftsman level supported the design teams of the first truly modern architectural offices. Characteristics of Beaux-Arts architecture included: Even though the style was not used as much as in neighbouring country France, some examples of Beaux-Arts buildings can still be found in Belgium. The most prominent of these examples is the Royal Museum for Central Africa in Tervuren , but the complexes and triumphal arch of

5358-459: The design divided into three horizontal sections, the top and bottom sections mirroring each other. These sections are sheathed in terra cotta and grey granite , while the middle section is faced with light colored brick . Brass and bronze metalwork also feature throughout the exterior of the building. The bottom section consists of the first three floors, the first and second tied together by two massive Corinthian engaged columns inside

5452-404: The different proportions of each of these orders and made recommendations for how the column capitals of each order were to be constructed and in what proportions. In the Roman world and within the Roman Empire , the Tuscan order was employed, originally from Italy and with a capital similar to Greek Doric capitals, while the Roman imperial period saw the emergence of the Composite order , with

5546-462: The director of the Academy of San Carlos from 1903 to 1912. Having studied at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, he aimed to incorporate and adapt its teachings to the Mexican context. Among the texts produced on the Beaux-Artes style, Eléments et théorie de l'architecture from Julien Guadet is said to have had the most influence in Mexico. The style lost popularity following the Mexican Revolution (beginning in 1910). In contemporary architecture,

5640-412: The entire context, as in Greek Revival . There are numerous newly invented orders, sometimes called nonce orders , where a different ornamentation of the capital is typically a key feature. Within the bounds of decorum , a certain amount of inventive play has always been acceptable within the classical tradition. These became increasingly common after the Renaissance. When Benjamin Latrobe redesigned

5734-548: The essential fully digested and idiomatic manner of his models. Richardson evolved a highly personal style ( Richardsonian Romanesque ) freed of historicism that was influential in early Modernism . The "White City" of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago was a triumph of the movement and a major impetus for the short-lived City Beautiful movement in the United States. Beaux-Arts city planning, with its Baroque insistence on vistas punctuated by symmetry, eye-catching monuments, axial avenues, uniform cornice heights,

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5828-482: The façade shown above, Diana grasps the cornice she sits on in a natural action typical of Beaux-Arts integration of sculpture with architecture. Slightly overscaled details, bold sculptural supporting consoles , rich deep cornices , swags , and sculptural enrichments in the most bravura finish the client could afford gave employment to several generations of architectural modellers and carvers of Italian and Central European backgrounds. A sense of appropriate idiom at

5922-400: The foliage of the Greek Corinthian capital was based on the Acanthus spinosus , that of the Roman on the Acanthus mollis . Not all architectural foliage is as realistic as Isaac Ware's ( illustration, right ) however. The leaves are generally carved in two "ranks" or bands, like one leafy cup set within another. The Corinthian capitals from the Tholos of Epidaurus (400 BC) illustrate

6016-488: The front and back of the column, the Composite volutes are normally treated as four different thinner units, one at each corner of the capital, projecting at some 45° to the façade. The Lion Capital of Ashoka is an iconic capital which consists of four Asiatic lions standing back to back, on an elaborate base that includes other animals. A graphic representation of it was adopted as the official Emblem of India in 1950. This powerfully carved lion capital from Sarnath stood

6110-414: The lands occupied by the Dorians , one of the two principal divisions of the Greek race. It became the preferred style of the Greek mainland and the western colonies (southern Italy and Sicily ). In the Temple of Apollo , Syracuse (c. 700 BC), the echinus moulding has become a more definite form: this in the Parthenon reaches its culmination, where the convexity is at the top and bottom with

6204-423: The lobby features marble floors and walls, and the elevator doors are brass with a textured quilted pattern. Beaux-Arts architecture Beaux-Arts architecture ( / b oʊ z ˈ ɑːr / bohz AR , French: [boz‿aʁ] ) was the academic architectural style taught at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, particularly from the 1830s to the end of the 19th century. It drew upon

6298-456: The location the following year and aided in the area's recovery. In 1979, the building was included in the National Register of Historic Places , and in 1984, the Hollywood Boulevard Commercial and Entertainment District was added to the register, with the Guaranty Building listed as a contributing property in the district. In 1988, the Church of Scientology purchased the building for $ 5.1 million, to be used as management organizations for

6392-430: The long competition for the few desirable places at the Académie de France à Rome (housed in the Villa Medici ) with traditional requirements of sending at intervals the presentation drawings called envois de Rome . Beaux-Arts architecture depended on sculptural decoration along conservative modern lines, employing French and Italian Baroque and Rococo formulas combined with an impressionistic finish and realism. In

6486-411: The mainstream examples of Imperial Roman architecture between Augustus and the Severan emperors , Italian Renaissance , and French and Italian Baroque models especially, but the training could then be applied to a broader range of models: Quattrocento Florentine palace fronts or French late Gothic . American architects of the Beaux-Arts generation often returned to Greek models, which had

6580-490: The northwestern Indian subcontinent , particularly in Gandhara , and usually combine Hellenistic and Indian elements. These capitals are typically dated to the first century BC, and constitute important elements of Greco-Buddhist art . The Classical design was often adapted, usually taking a more elongated form, and sometimes being combined with scrolls, generally within the context of Buddhist stupas and temples . Indo-Corinthian capitals also incorporated figures of

6674-443: The organization's upper and middle management offices. Within Scientology, the building is called the Hollywood Guaranty Building , or the HGB for short. The Guaranty Building is 170 feet tall and contains twelve floors above ground and one floor below. The building is rectangular in plan and made of reinforced concrete , and features a Beaux Arts design that includes Neo-Renaissance and Classical Revival characteristics, with

6768-525: The principles of French neoclassicism , but also incorporated Renaissance and Baroque elements, and used modern materials, such as iron and glass, and later, steel. It was an important style and enormous influence in Europe and the Americas through the end of the 19th century, and into the 20th, particularly for institutional and public buildings. The Beaux-Arts style evolved from the French classicism of

6862-626: The same design. One of the most remarkable designs features leaves carved as if blown by the wind; the finest example being at the 8th-century Hagia Sophia (Thessaloniki) . Those in the Cathedral of Saint Mark, Venice  (1071) specially attracted John Ruskin 's fancy. Others appear in Sant'Apollinare in Classe , Ravenna  (549). The capital in San Vitale, Ravenna  (547) shows above it

6956-536: The small, lush leaves appear to be caught up in the spinning of the scrolls – clearly, a different, nonclassical sensibility has taken over the design. The capitals at Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna ( Italy ) show wavy and delicate floral patterns similar to decorations found on belt buckles and dagger blades. Their inverted pyramidal form has the look of a basket. Capitals in early Islamic architecture are derived from Graeco-Roman and Byzantine forms, reflecting

7050-488: The sturdy and primitive Tuscan capitals , typically used in military buildings, similar to Greek Doric, but with fewer small moldings in its profile, and the invented Composite capitals not even mentioned by Vitruvius, which combined Ionic volutes and Corinthian acanthus capitals, in an order that was otherwise quite similar in proportions to the Corinthian, itself an order that Romans employed much more often than Greeks. The increasing adoption of Composite capitals signalled

7144-415: The style has influenced New Classical architect Jorge Loyzaga . Beaux-Arts architecture had a strong influence on architecture in the United States because of the many prominent American architects who studied at the École des Beaux-Arts , including Henry Hobson Richardson , John Galen Howard , Daniel Burnham , and Louis Sullivan . The first American architect to attend the École des Beaux-Arts

7238-795: The style of Beaux-Art buildings was adapted from historical models, the construction used the most modern available technology. The Grand Palais in Paris (1897–1900) had a modern iron frame inside; the classical columns were purely for decoration. The 1914–1916 construction of the Carolands Chateau south of San Francisco was built to withstand earthquakes, following the devastating 1906 San Francisco earthquake. The noted Spanish structural engineer Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908), famous for his vaultings, known as Guastavino tile work, designed vaults in dozens of Beaux-Arts buildings in Boston, New York, and elsewhere. Beaux-Arts architecture also brought

7332-418: The training of most of the masons producing them. In both periods small columns are often used close together in groups, often around a pier that is in effect a single larger column, or running along a wall surface. The structural importance of the individual column is thereby greatly reduced. In both periods, though there are common types, the sense of a strict order with rules was not maintained, and when

7426-433: The transition between the earlier Greek capital, as at Bassae , and the Roman version that Renaissance and modern architects inherited and refined (See the more complete discussion at Corinthian order ). In Roman architectural practice , capitals are briefly treated in their proper context among the detailing proper to each of the " Orders ", in the only complete architectural textbook to have survived from classical times,

7520-540: The two biggest cities of Romania at that time, but also in smaller ones like Craiova , Caracal , Râmnicu Vâlcea , Pitești , Ploiești , Buzău , Botoșani , Piatra Neamț , etc. This style was used not only for administrative palaces and big houses of wealthy people, but also for middle-class homes. Beaux-Arts was very prominent in public buildings in Canada in the early 20th century. Notably all three prairie provinces ' legislative buildings are in this style. Beaux-Arts

7614-531: The two volutes as different elements, each springing from one side of their leafy base. In this, and in having a separate ornament between them, they resemble the Archaic Greek Aeolic order , though this seems not to have been the route of their development in early Imperial Rome . Equally, where the Greek Ionic volute is usually shown from the side as a single unit of unchanged width between

7708-645: The types are based on vegetal motifs. Capitals of some columns were painted in bright colors. Some kind of volute capital is shown in the Assyrian bas-reliefs , but no Assyrian capital has ever been found; the enriched bases exhibited in the British Museum were initially misinterpreted as capitals. In the Achaemenid Persian capital , the brackets are carved with two heavily decorated back-to-back animals projecting right and left to support

7802-697: The volutes of ancient Greek and Roman Ionic capitals had lain in the same plane as the architrave above them. This had created an awkward transition at the corner – where, for example, the designer of the temple of Athena Nike on the Acropolis in Athens had brought the outside volute of the end capitals forward at a 45-degree angle. This problem was more satisfactorily solved by the 16th-century architect Sebastiano Serlio , who angled outwards all volutes of his Ionic capitals. Since then use of antique Ionic capitals, instead of Serlio's version, has lent an archaic air to

7896-425: The wall surface of the side bays, while paired, double-hung sash windows articulate the central bay. The top section consists of the eleventh and twelfth floors, with stone columns topped with capital ornamentation connecting them. A heavy cornice finishes the design at the roofline. The building's side elevation is designed with the same divisions as the facade, but features engaged piers instead of columns. Inside,

7990-472: The Île-de-la-Cité (1852–1868), Vaudroyer designed the Conservatoire national des arts et métiers (1838–1867), and Duban designed the new buildings of the École des Beaux-Arts . Together, these buildings, drawing upon Renaissance, Gothic and Romanesque and other non-classical styles, broke the monopoly of neoclassical architecture in Paris. Germany is one of the countries where the Beaux-Arts style

8084-405: Was Richard Morris Hunt , between 1846 and 1855, followed by Henry Hobson Richardson in 1860. They were followed by an entire generation. Richardson absorbed Beaux-Arts lessons in massing and spatial planning, then applied them to Romanesque architectural models that were not characteristic of the Beaux-Arts repertory. His Beaux-Arts training taught him to transcend slavish copying and recreate in

8178-526: Was architecturally relevant in Mexico in the late 19th century and the first decade of 20th century. The style was popular among the científicos of the Porfiriato . The Academy of San Carlos had an impact on the style's development in Mexico. Notable architects include Genaro Alcorta , Alfred Giles , and Antonio Rivas Mercado (the preeminent Mexican architect during this era). Rivas Mercado served as

8272-461: Was built in 1923, with Gilbert Bessemyer as the owner and Charlie Chaplin and Cecil B. DeMille included as investors. The building features Beaux-Arts architecture and was designed by John C. Austin and Frederick M. Ashley , with John Austin and his partners noted at the time for their work on Los Angeles City Hall , Griffith Observatory , Cathedral of Saint Vibiana , Shrine Civic Auditorium , and Hollywood Masonic Temple . Upon completion,

8366-479: Was carving, but in the west variety goes further, because of the clustering of columns and piers . The earliest type of capital in Lombardy and Germany is known as the cushion-cap, in which the lower portion of the cube block has been cut away to meet the circular shaft. These types were generally painted at first with geometrical designs, afterwards carved. The finest carving comes from France, especially from

8460-473: Was formalized in the 16th century following Roman Imperial examples such as the Arch of Titus in Rome. It adds Ionic volutes to Corinthian acanthus leaves. From the highly visible position it occupies in all colonnaded monumental buildings, the capital is often selected for ornamentation; and is often the clearest indicator of the architectural order . The treatment of its detail may be an indication of

8554-542: Was subsequently begun at Columbia University , the University of Pennsylvania , and elsewhere. From 1916, the Beaux-Arts Institute of Design in New York City schooled architects, painters, and sculptors to work as active collaborators. Numerous American university campuses were designed in the Beaux-Arts, notably: Columbia University (commissioned in 1896), designed by McKim, Mead & White ;

8648-438: Was the figurehead of the Beaux-Arts around the 20th century. After the death of Alphonse Balat , he became the new and favourite architect of Leopold II of Belgium . Since Leopold was the grandson of Louis Philippe I of France, he loved this specific building style which is similar to and has its roots in the architecture that has been realized in the 17th and 18th century for the French crown. The Beaux-Arts style in France in

8742-589: Was to "imprint upon our architecture a truly national character." The style referred to as Beaux-Arts in English reached the apex of its development during the Second Empire (1852–1870) and the Third Republic that followed. The style of instruction that produced Beaux-Arts architecture continued without major interruption until 1968. The Beaux-Arts style heavily influenced the architecture of

8836-766: Was well received, along with Baroque Revival architecture . The style was especially popular and most prominently featured in the now non-existent region of Prussia during the German Empire . The best example of Beaux-Arts buildings in Germany today are the Bode Museum in Berlin, and the Laeiszhalle and Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg in Hamburg. Compared to other countries like France and Germany,

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