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21-410: Honai has a small structure that intends to provide warmth and ease its owners to move around. There are three types of honai: honai (for males), ebai (for females), and wamai (for animals). These three names originate from the base word "ai," which means house. Honai comes from the combination of the words "hun/hon," meaning male, ebai comes from the word ebe meaning female, and wamai comes from

42-457: A feast, and that of a village big man (man of influence) or organiser, is often gauged by the number of pigs slaughtered. The Dani use an earth oven method (called bakar batu or barapen ) to cook pigs and their staple crops such as sweet potato , banana , and cassava . They heat stones in a fire until they are extremely hot, and line a pit with some of them. Cuts of meat and pieces of sweet potato or banana are wrapped in banana leaves ,

63-651: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Hubula people The Dani (also spelled Ndani ) are an ethnic group from the Central Highlands of Western New Guinea in Baliem Valley , Highland Papua , Indonesia . Around 100,000 people live in the Baliem Valley, consisting of representatives of the Dani tribes in the lower and upper parts of the valley each 20,000 and 50,000 in

84-608: Is a link between the way of thought and language. A small fringe group of the Dani (technically Nduga ), living south of Puncak Trikora and presenting themselves as the Pesegem and the Horip tribes, were met on 29 October 1909, by the Second South New Guinea Expedition led by Hendrikus Albertus Lorentz , who stayed several nights in their village. First contact with the populous Western Dani ( Lani )

105-728: The Baliem Valley , and while they call themselves Hubula (or Huwulra, Hugula, Hubla ), they have been known as Dani since the 1926 Smithsonian Institution-Dutch Colonial Government expedition to New Guinea under Matthew Stirling who visited the Moni. Linguists identify at least four sub-groupings of Dani languages or Baliem Valley languages: The Dani languages differentiate only two basic colours, mili for cool/dark shades such as blue, green, and black, and mola for warm/light colours such as red, yellow, and white. This trait makes it an interesting field of research for language psychologists, e.g. Eleanor Rosch , eager to know whether there

126-602: The Grand Valley ) is a valley of the Central Highlands in Western New Guinea , specifically in the province of Highland Papua , Indonesia . The main town in the valley is Wamena , which lies on the Baliem River . The valley is about 80 km in length by 20 km in width and lies at an altitude of about 1,600–1,700 metres (5,200–5,600 ft), with a population of over 200,000. The discovery of

147-573: The Aikima in the Baliem Valley . The philosophies contained within the honai are as follows: Here are the materials needed to make a honai : In the past, honai did not use nails, but now some houses do. Some changes have also occurred in honai houses. For example, honai now uses windows to improve air circulation. Furthermore, there are honai houses that use zinc for the roof. Baliem Valley The Baliem Valley ( Indonesian : Lembah Baliem ; also spelled Balim and sometimes known as

168-618: The Baliem Valley to the Western world and the unexpected presence of its large agricultural population was made by Richard Archbold ’s third zoological expedition to New Guinea in 1938. On 21 June an aerial reconnaissance flight southwards from Hollandia (now Jayapura ) found what the expedition called the "Grand Valley". Flights in later weeks described fenced villages of 3-50 houses, farm fields and drainage ditches. They landed on Lake Habbema 15 miles west. Teams of Dutch soldiers and Dayak people recruited from Borneo collected flora and fauna in

189-462: The Baliem Valley, but did not know the language and killed one native without firing a warning shot. 10-15 villages formed a neighborhood, within an hour's walk. Several neighborhoods made a confederation, and several confederations made an alliance of 4,000-5,000 people, which was constantly fighting feuds to avenge previous deaths caused by members of other alliances, though all had the same culture, ethnicity and language. The next known contact with

210-512: The Dani (Lani) of Kanggime  [ id ] in Tolikara were John and Helen Dekker, under whose ministry the Christian population among the Dani grew to 13,000. Sweet potatoes are important in their local culture , being the most important tool used in bartering , especially in dowries . Likewise, pig feasts are extremely important to celebrate events communally; the success of

231-778: The Kurulu with the Harvard-Peabody Expedition in 1961 and wrote Under the Mountain Wall as an account not of the expedition, but of the great warrior Weaklekek, the swineherd Tukum, U-mue and his family, and the boy Weake, killed in a surprise raid. Matthiessen observes these people in their timeless rhythm of work and play and war, of gardening and wood gathering, feasts and funerals, pig stealing and ambush. 4°01′19″S 138°53′46″E  /  4.021809°S 138.896027°E  / -4.021809; 138.896027 This Highland Papua location article

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252-529: The Western world was on May 13, 1945, when a US Army plane crashed in mountains next to the valley. The three survivors, Margaret Hastings, Kenneth Decker, John McCollom, and a rescue team of 11 paratroopers stayed in the valley until the end of June and traded visits with the people living there. There was no road access and no landing strip, so they stayed until the army arranged for a glider to land and be pulled out by an airplane which did not land. Since then

273-472: The food packages are lowered into the pit, more hot stones are placed on top, and the pit is covered with grass and a cover to keep steam in. After a couple of hours, the food is ready to eat. Pigs are too valuable to be served regularly and are reserved for special occasions only. Ritual small-scale warfare between rival villages was an integral part of traditional Dani culture, with much time spent preparing weapons and treating resulting injuries. In 1966, there

294-467: The middle part (with a total of 90,000 people). The areas west of the Baliem Valley are inhabited by approx 180,000, representatives of the Lani people , incorrectly called "Western Dani". All inhabitants of Baliem Valley and the surrounding areas are often called Dani hence they are also sometimes conflated with other highland tribes such as Lani in the west; Walak in the north; Nduga , Mek , and Yali in

315-588: The south and east. They are one of the most populous tribes in the highlands and are found spread out through the highlands. The Dani are one of the best-known ethnic groups in Papua, due to the relatively numerous tourists who visit the Baliem Valley area where they predominate. Ndani meaning 'people of the east' is the name given to the Lani living east of the Moni , at the time misunderstood to refer to all inhabitants of

336-480: The valley has gradually been opened up to a limited amount of tourism, with Baliem Valley Festival ( Festival Lembah Baliem ) as a main tourist event. When Western anthropologists explored Baliem Valley in the 1940s and 1960s, they thought it was only populated by Dani people . However, further exploration to the east and south revealed that the valley was also inhabited by Yali people , Mek people , and Nduga people . During discussions by Dewan Adat Papua in 2002, it

357-411: The word wam , meaning pig. In the past, Dani people did not live in residential houses but sought shelter under large trees. However, seeking shelter under large trees made them cold when it rained, especially if there was strong wind. One day, the Dani tribe observed birds making nests. These birds gathered branches and dry grasses and shaped them into a round form. From this observation, the Dani tribe

378-712: Was a massacre in which 125 people were killed in an attack by an enemy clan. Typically the emphasis in battle is to insult the enemy and wound or kill token victims, as opposed to capturing territory or property or vanquishing the enemy village. Such fighting is no longer done. In 1961, as a member of the Harvard-Peabody study, filmmaker Robert Gardner began recording the Dani of the Baliem River Valley, specifically in Kurulu District and Wita Waya District, Jayawijaya Regency . In 1965, he created

399-544: Was decided that people living in Baliem Valley are called Hubula people , Walak people located to the north, and Lani people (Western Dani) located to the west. The following is copied from the back cover of Peter Matthiessen ’s book Under the Mountain Wall : In the Baliem Valley in Central New Guinea live the Kurulu , a Stone Age tribe that survived into the twentieth century. Peter Matthiessen visited

420-451: Was inspired to construct honai for their house. Apart from being a residence, honai has several functions and philosophies. Firstly, honai serves as a place to store weapons and ancestral equipment. Additionally, in the honai , young boys are taught about war strategies. Secondly, the honai house is used as a storage space for tubers and agricultural produce. There are also honais designated for smoking mummies, which can be found in

441-667: Was made in October 1920 during the Central New Guinea Expedition , in which a group of explorers stayed for six months with them at their farms in the upper Swart River Valley (now Toli Valley , Tolikara Regency ). The Grand Valley was only sighted on 23 June 1938 from a PBY Catalina by Richard Archbold , who stumbled upon the valley while studying high-altitude vegetation in the Jayawijaya Mountains . The first white people to live among

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