70-575: The Hong Kong National Party was a localist political party from 2016 to 2018 in Hong Kong. It was the first political party in Hong Kong to advocate for Hong Kong independence . The Hong Kong National Party is also the first political party to be outlawed since Hong Kong's 1997 handover to China . In the 2016 Hong Kong legislative election , the HKNP's convenor Chan Ho-tin was barred from standing due to his pro-independence stance for Hong Kong. Chan
140-574: A "Hongkonger," while 38.6% of respondents identified themselves as "Chinese," which was the highest point throughout the 22 years survey. In the last survey conducted in June 2019, when the Anti-Extradition Law Amendment Bill Movement first started, research results show that only 10.8% of respondents identified themselves as "Chinese," and 52.9% of respondents identified themselves as a "Hongkonger," which reached
210-466: A Chinese nationalistic theme, Civic Passion organised its alternative 4 June rally in Tsim Sha Tsui . The alternative event attracted 200 people in 2013 and 7,000 in 2014, compared with 180,000 and 150,000 respectively for the main event. In mid 2012, the government's decision to implement Moral and National Education was criticised for applauding the communist and nationalist positions of
280-545: A colonisation scheme by Beijing, including the increasing use of Mandarin Chinese and simplified Chinese in daily use and in schools. He advocates "Hong Kong First" and "Hong Kong–China separation" positions in order to protect Hong Kong from " cultural genocide ", arguing that Hong Kong was already highly autonomous under Britain, and had formed its own identity with the preserved Chinese culture joining with British culture and more. He suggested consolidating Hong Kong into
350-656: A commercial film, a political party or association may not be supported". Ying E Chi reaffirmed that the film was a documentary that never praised or advocated for an individual, and Ying e Chi suspected the office's decision was political censorship. In 2021, the student union of the University of Hong Kong showed Lost in the Fumes , but the University of Hong Kong suspected that the film might violate National Security Law . The student union reaffirmed that their aim
420-662: A few years and professionals who were mostly in their 20s. The party was convened by Chan Ho-tin, a Hong Kong Polytechnic University student who participated in the protests of 2014 and led a campaign in an attempt to split the HKPU student union from the Hong Kong Federation of Students . The Companies Registry refused to register the Hong Kong National Party without giving explanation. District Councillor and solicitor Maggie Chan Man-ki said it
490-572: A fully autonomous city-state Chin's view was largely accepted by Hong Kong independence advocates and those who advocate for the restoration of British rule in Hong Kong. Since then, it has created a diversification in Hong Kong's political discussion, from reinterpreting colonial history, nostalgia for British rule, to cherishing historical or current Hong Kong culture, and various forms of anti-Chinese sentiment through different ideologies like anti-communism, Confucianism , Taoism , constitutionalism, liberalism, socialism and more. He once joined
560-408: A more general Chinese sense of self". Although more Hongkongers have been learning and speaking Mandarin since the 1980s, some of the younger generation consciously avoids using Mandarin in their daily lives to resist the "mainlandisation of Hong Kong". While localists promote Cantonese and speak Cantonese, the Hong Kong government continues to promote and popularise Mandarin. For example, Peter Lam ,
630-694: A new organization, the Hong Kong Public Opinion Research Institute, and continued its polls and studies. The research results on citizen's categorical ethnic identity were quoted by media from different political spectrum, including the Hong Kong Free Press and MingPao. The most well-known research by the HKUPOP is about people's ethnic identity. The research was first started in August 1997, right after
700-661: A revision of the current immigration policy. Many conflicts between Mainlanders and Hongkongers also occurred due to the influx of the tourists and immigrants, such as the Dolce & Gabbana controversy , the Kong Qingdong incident , birth tourism , and parallel trading among mainland tourists , among others. These incidents and issues intensified the anti-Chinese sentiment among the Hong Kong public. Some of them published an advertisement in local newspapers, calling Mainlanders "locusts" who steal resources from Hongkongers. At
770-723: A strong critic of the Chinese Communist Party and a former member of People Power ; and his protégé Wong Yeung-tat , leader of the activist group Civic Passion ; also switched to the localist cause soon after the election. Criticising the annual vigil to commemorate the Tiananmen Square crackdown held by the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China for having
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#1732779956511840-513: Is a political movement centred on the preservation of the city's autonomy and local culture. The Hong Kong localist movement encompasses a variety of groups with different goals, but all of them oppose the perceived growing encroachment of the Chinese central government on the city's management of its own political, economic, and social affairs. While the movement's milder elements advocate for greater autonomy while remaining as part of China ,
910-405: Is a proliferation of extremism in Hong Kong. The ‘Hong Kong National Party’ can be considered to be at the forefront of extremism – even the possibility of using violence is mentioned." The State Council's Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office issued a statement through the official Xinhua News Agency on 30 March 2016, following the declaration of the formation of Hong Kong National Party, condemning
980-425: Is a proper form of Chinese and not simply a dialect. The bureau ultimately apologised and deleted the phrase. Stakeholders hold polarised opinions about localist films. Some localist films were censored by the Hong Kong government and the Chinese government, and cannot be shown in mainstream cinemas. Ten Years (2015) Ten Years was produced by five localist directors. The film depicts controversies between
1050-584: Is associated with Hong Kong's typical lifestyle. Moreover, localist " Hongkonger " ideas include the mindset of separating Hong Kong people from mainland Chinese orientated identity. Cultural localism does not completely reject the Chinese identity. It does not resist traditional Chinese culture, such as traditional customs and festivals, but rejects the present Chinese identity and contemporary Chinese culture. People in Hong Kong frequently debate about Cantonese and Mandarin . Localists focus on protecting Cantonese. The dichotomy between Mandarin and Cantonese
1120-468: Is not a necessary condition for becoming a Hong Kong citizen. According to the mid-year population of 2016, 568,395 Hong Kong citizens do not hold Chinese nationality. In this situation, not all Hong Kong citizens are Chinese. The self-identity of Hong Kong citizens changes through time. Major events like the 2008 Beijing Olympics and the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests were key factors that changed citizens' perception of their ethnic identity. The research
1190-481: Is very important for "Hongkonger" as identity confirmation. Many Hongkongers decline to use the simplified characters used in mainland China, and instead uses the traditional characters in their daily lives. Linguistics scholar Lau Chaak-ming is one who promotes the Cantonese written form , explaining that "the rise of written form Cantonese [is due] to greater awareness of a local Cantonese identity, as opposed to
1260-473: The 2014 Hong Kong protests and the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests and led to friction between the pro-democracy camp and pro-Beijing camp . Hong Kong as an international city was formed by people with different nationalities. Foreigners who are not nationals of the People's Republic of China can become permanent residents of Hong Kong. Whether by personal identification or official definition, becoming Chinese
1330-420: The 2016 Legislative Council election , localist candidates won 6 of the 35 seats allocated for geographical constituencies , earning a 19 per cent share of total votes. After the election, the government took legal actions against the localist and the radical democrat legislators over the oath-taking controversy , which resulted in the disqualifications of six legislators, and furthermore, the disqualification of
1400-569: The Handover of Hong Kong . The HKUPOP team conducted telephone surveys by interviewers to target Cantonese speakers in Hong Kong age 18 or above. The sample size of these surveys was more than 500 successful cases each time. Since May 2000, the number has been increased to more than 1000 and weighted according to the gender-age distribution of the Hong Kong population. The research focuses on the categorical ethnic identity of "Chinese" and "Hongkonger," but these identities can exist non-exclusively. Thus
1470-467: The Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts commented that he had never heard of "a film [selling] full houses at every single screening [being] pulled out from the theatres", and stated that "no exhibitor will admit to censorship or direct pressure from China". As a result, Ten Years was also shown on private screens at universities and rented places. Lost in the Fumes (2017) Lost in
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#17327799565111540-684: The Mong Kok site, as opposed to the main site in Admiralty which was led by the HKFS. They blamed the HKFS leadership for failure of the protest. Political localism and cultural localism coexist in Hong Kong . Political localism is an idea that is the opposite of centralising government power, and which advocates for deliberative democracies. Cultural localism focuses on the popular culture side, including languages, daily lives, films, and books. It
1610-688: The Nationalists which dominated the political scene at the time. There were few advocates for decolonisation of Hong Kong from the British rule during the post-war period, notably Ma Man-fai and the Democratic Self-Government Party of Hong Kong in the 1960s. The 1970s saw unprecedented waves of student movements, such as the Chinese Language Movement and the anti-corruption movement, the defend
1680-458: The mainland Chinese 's cultural and political threat to the city, and attempts to reinforce a Hong Kong identity as opposed to the Chinese national identity . It often includes an anti-immigration stance, and it has been said that " nativism " is synonymous with localism. Some localists call themselves "autonomists", while the Beijing government brands them as " secessionists ". Hong Kong
1750-568: The territory's transfer of sovereignty in 1997 , today's movement as a whole emerged in the early 2010s and gained significant traction following widespread protests in 2014 against the Chinese government's decision to pre-screen Chief Executive candidates before allowing them to be chosen by the general public for the 2017 election . Following these protests, a number of localist political parties were formed, organising protests and participating in Legislative Council elections. In
1820-550: The 1990s as colonial rule was coming to an end. The 1989 Tiananmen massacre sparked massive local protest and fear about the looming Chinese rule. The local cultural scene responded by consolidating enthusiasm about distinctive features and the diversity of Hong Kong culture and identity. It cited post-colonial theory, rejecting a Sinocentric form of chauvinism , and promoting the cosmopolitanism of Hong Kong as an international city, together with liberal ideals of inclusiveness, diversity, and trans-nationality. It also emphasised
1890-487: The Chinese government and attacking Western-style democracy. A student-led group, Scholarism , headed by Joshua Wong , occupied the Hong Kong government headquarters, drawing a massive protester turnout and succeeding in securing a government backdown. The Undergrad , the official publication of the Hong Kong University Students' Union (HKUSU), from February 2014, published a few articles on
1960-612: The Diaoyu Islands movement , and so on, which were independent of the left-right spectrum and became the first wave of local consciousness. The Chinese Language Movement succeeded in having Chinese join English as an official language of Hong Kong. The student movements at the time consisted of some liberal , Chinese nationalist, and anti-colonialist elements. In the 1960s and 70s, the colonial government also attempted to create an apolitical local consciousness in order to boost
2030-655: The Fumes is a documentary about Hong Kong activist Edward Leung . In 2020, Ying e Chi , an organization for independent filmmakers, asked to broadcast Lost in the Fumes , but the request was rejected by the Wong Tai Sin District Office. The Office replied that the film advocated for and praised an individual. According to Manual on the Use of the District Council Funds , "projects that may give undue credit or publicity to an individual,
2100-511: The HKNP to be an illegal society and banned the operation of HKNP on national security grounds under the Societies Ordinance . The Hong Kong National Party states that it wants to establish Hong Kong as "a self-reliant nation. An independent Hong Kong" as the party's goal. The party lays out six policies on their platform: The party asserts its ultimate objectives to be the cessation of Chinese government control in Hong Kong and
2170-705: The Journalism and Media Studies Centre at the University of Hong Kong in May 2000. In January 2002, it was transferred back to the Faculty of Social Sciences in the University of Hong Kong. On 23 April 2019, the Public Opinion Programme of the University of Hong Kong (HKUPOP) has announced that it will spin off from the university and continue its work independently, as a separate body. HKUPOP was closed on 30 June 2019. Its Director, Dr. Robert Chung, set up
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2240-468: The Party. The police claimed that the party has engaged in sedition and that the party may be banned on grounds of national security with respect to Chinese territorial integrity. The notice contained highly-detailed surveillance material on the party leadership's public engagements. The ban prohibited anyone who claims to be a HKNP member, or is found to provide aid to the party in any way, would be under
2310-488: The ban with the chief executive and Executive Council. The two filed separate appeals to make clear they were acting as individuals, not as a party. In August, a controversy erupted in 2018 when the FCC hosted a lunchtime talk with convenor Andy Chan on 14 August. Victor Mallet, Vice-chairman of the press organisation, chaired the session. The event was opposed by both Hong Kong SAR government and Chinese central government, because
2380-399: The candidacies of the accused "pro-independence" localist candidates. Localism in the western context constitutes libertarian ideas of a decentralised local government as opposed to the central government, and stresses on self-sufficiency , agriculture, and communalism . Although Hong Kong localism also stresses the city's economic self-sufficiency and local democracy, it also emphasises
2450-572: The capitalist system in Hong Kong. They were also dissatisfied with the established opposition pro-democracy camp , which they considered ineffective in challenging the system. Several conservation movements led by young activists emerged, protesting against demolition of the Edinburgh Place Ferry Pier , the Queen's Pier , and the buildings on Lee Tung Street (known as "Wedding Card Street") in 2006 and 2007. Protests against
2520-568: The construction of the Hong Kong section of the high-speed rail link to Guangzhou (XRL) escalated in 2009 and 2010 and established a new high point of the localist movement. The failure of the peaceful anti-XRL protests damaged the reputation of the left-leaning moderate activists. Some turned to a more radical approach. Scholar Chin Wan published the book On the Hong Kong City-State in 2011, which triggered fierce public debate and
2590-538: The debate and sales of the book Hong Kong Nationalism which featured the articles. In 2013, legal scholar Benny Tai , considered a moderate democrat, advocated a civil disobedience plan to pressure Beijing to implement genuine universal suffrage in Hong Kong . The plan matured into Occupy Central . The radical localists were largely against it, mainly because they believed it was a plot by pan-democrats to hijack popular support. Student activists from Scholarism and Hong Kong Federation of Students (HKFS) emerged as
2660-411: The democracy movement and came out onto the streets. 7.1 People Pile was one of the groups which emerged after the protest. They were upset by the rapid urban development which was sweeping away old neighbourhoods and communities ( gentrification ). They were strongly opposed to the political and economic monopoly of vested interests, collusion between business and government, and questioned the nature of
2730-405: The establishment of a sovereign and self-governing Republic of Hong Kong. The party said it would use "whatever effective means" to push for independence, including fielding candidates in the 2016 Legislative Council election . The Hong Kong National Party was established on 28 March 2016 by members consisting of mostly active university students, also some fresh graduates who have been working for
2800-650: The film a "pro-independence film". China decided to stop the live broadcast of the ceremony due to the film's politically sensitive nature. In response, one of the film's directors said that he does not see Ten Years as promoting a political agenda, but imagining the future of Hong Kong and reflecting Hong Kong's political reality. Some theatres in Hong Kong also refused to broadcast the film despite it grossing over 6 million Hong Kong dollars . This included Broadway Circuit, one of Hong Kong's main theaters chains. In its explanation, it claimed that there were "too many films" screening at that time. A film critic and professor at
2870-549: The form and his candidacy was "invalidated" along with five other pro-independence activists after the end of the nomination period. The Hong Kong National Party launched a rally on 5 August which was dubbed the "first pro-independence rally in Hong Kong" against the EAC's disqualifications. On 17 July 2018, the Hong Kong Police Force served the party convenor a notice under the Societies Ordinance and sought to ban
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2940-459: The government and the localist camp. It nominated to be one of the best films at the 35th Hong Kong Film Awards Presentation Ceremony. An editorial published in Global Times , a tabloid owned by the Chinese Communist Party , mentioned that the film was ridiculous and promoted desperation in Hong Kong, calling it a "virus of the mind". Meanwhile, pro-Beijing newspaper Ta Kung Pao called
3010-611: The group Hong Kong Autonomy Movement , but later left and set up his own autonomist group called the Hong Kong Resurgence Order . Another group inspired by Chin's idea and called the Hong Kong Nativism Power was set up in 2011. They protested against the inclusion of non- Hong Kong permanent residents in the HK$ 6,000 cash handouts program demanded by new immigrants support groups, and called for
3080-566: The head of the Hong Kong Tourism Board , suggested popularising Mandarin by starting teaching Mandarin from kindergarten, as teaching Cantonese separated Hong Kong from mainland China. In 2014, the Education Bureau stated that Cantonese was a "Chinese dialect that is not an official language" on its website detailing Hong Kong's language policy, sparking controversy among Hongkongers, who believe that Cantonese
3150-503: The highest point since 1997. Research on citizens' categorical ethnic identity from 1997 to 2019. Demonstrates a significant increase in the categories of "Hongkonger" and "Hongkonger and Hongkonger in China," whereas the number of identifying themselves as "Chinese," "Chinese in Hong Kong," "Chinese and Chinese in Hong Kong" and "mixed identity" had decreased. After the Occupy movement, several organisations named "Umbrella organisations" by
3220-623: The importance of universal values, a diverse civil society, civic education, press and academic freedoms after 1997. In the late 1980s, established politicians, most notably Anson Chan , Chung Sze-yuen , and the Office of the Unofficial Members of the Executive and Legislative Councils (UMELCO), sought to voice the concerns on the behalf of the Hong Kong people in discussions between the Chinese and British governments. This, however,
3290-405: The increasing number of mainland immigrants and mainland tourists . Although grouped together with liberals , they have a distinct view as they advocate for Hongkongers' right to self-determination . In the aftermath of the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests , localists were largely absorbed into the pro-democracy camp . Though localist camps with different agendas and ideologies have existed since
3360-434: The issue of independence was said to cross one of the bottom lines on national sovereignty. Upon returning to Hong Kong after a visit to Bangkok, Mallet was denied a working visa by the Hong Kong government. Mallet was subjected to a four-hour interrogation by immigration officers on his return from Thailand on Sunday 7 October before he was finally allowed to enter Hong Kong on a seven-day tourist visa. Mallet's visa rejection
3430-559: The law." In the 2016 Legislative Council election , convenor Chan Ho-tin intended to run in the New Territories West . The Electoral Affairs Commission (EAC) carried out a new election measure, requiring all candidates to sign an additional "confirmation form" in the nomination to declare their understanding of Hong Kong being an inalienable part of China as stipulated in the Basic Law of Hong Kong . Chan refused to sign
3500-417: The leaders in the Occupy protests. They posted the slogan "self-determination of our fate" outside the government headquarters. Radical localists, many of whom criticised the occupation plan before, participated in the protests and advocated a more "militant" approach as opposed to the strict principles of non-violence advocated by the three promoters of Occupy Central and the student activists. They gathered at
3570-527: The legitimacy of the colonial rule. Under Governor Murray MacLehose 's administration, Hong Kong underwent a massive decolonisation reform. The aim of creating a local identity was to raise the bid for the British side in the upcoming negotiation over Hong Kong sovereignty after 1997 . The British government also carefully avoided increasing the Hong Kong people's sense of Britishness as it had already decided to prevent massive migration from Hong Kong to Britain. The second wave of local consciousness emerged in
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#17327799565113640-553: The media were set up, in which many of them carried certain degree of localist discourses, notably Youngspiration and Hong Kong Indigenous . Youngspiration took part in the 2015 District Council election with many other newcoming "Umbrella soldiers" and eventually won one seat out of nine candidates. Hong Kong Indigenous is notable for its protest style, in which it calls for a "militant" approach with "some kind of clash", as opposed to pan-democrats' "gentle approach" of non-violent civil disobedience. The Hong Kong Independence Party
3710-464: The more radical elements call for a return to British rule or full independence as a sovereign state . Some also advocate for a more aggressive and militant stance against the mainland government in defending local interests. For that reason, they are labelled as "radicals" and " separatists " by the Chinese government. Issues of concern to the localist camp include land use and development, cultural and heritage conservation, parallel trading , and
3780-438: The party: "The action to establish a pro-independence organisation by an extremely small group of people in Hong Kong has harmed the country’s sovereignty, security, endangered the prosperity and stability of Hong Kong, and the core interests of Hong Kong... It is firmly opposed by all Chinese people, including some seven million Hong Kong people. It is also a serious violation of the country’s constitution, Hong Kong’s Basic Law and
3850-462: The relevant existing laws." The Hong Kong government issued a statement after the formation of the party, stating that "any suggestion that Hong Kong should be independent or any movement to advocate such 'independence' is against the Basic Law, and will undermine the stability and prosperity of Hong Kong and impair the interest of the general public… The SAR Government will take action according to
3920-414: The same time, the localists are hostile toward the pan-democracy camp , as they believed the pan-democrats' cosmopolitanism as unrealistic and their wish for a democratic China will sacrifice Hong Kong's interests. They are also dissatisfied with the believed ineffectiveness of the pan-democrats as the opposition party for the past 20 years. On the other hand, the nativist tendency of the localist movements
3990-458: The subject of a Hong Kong nation. Articles entitled "The Hong Kong nation deciding its own fate" and "Democracy and Independence for Hong Kong" raised the localist discourse to the level of political autonomy for Hong Kong, which in effect would be tantamount to Hong Kong independence. Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying used his 2015 New Year's policy address to direct harsh criticism at the magazine for promoting Hong Kong independence , fanning both
4060-410: The survey provides 7 options for respondents: Hongkonger (香港人), Hongkonger in China (中國的香港人), Chinese in Hong Kong (香港的中國人), Chinese (中國人), Hongkonger and Hongkonger in China (香港人+中國的香港人), Chinese and Chinese in Hong Kong (中國人+香港的中國人) and mixed identity (混合身分). In the June 2008 survey, during the 2008 Sichuan earthquake and the 2008 Beijing Olympics , only 18.1% of respondents identified themselves as
4130-505: The threat of being fined and jailed for up to two years. The definition of "providing aid" to the party and the two leaders were not made clear. Chan's lawyers wrote to the Department of Justice seeking an assurance that providing legal assistance to him would not be regarded as providing assistance to the HKNP, but that assurance was not forthcoming. On 24 October 2018, Andy Chan and party spokesman Jason Chow Ho-fai filed appeals against
4200-551: Was among the first individual barred from participating in the election along with five other pro-independence activists. The Hong Kong SAR government states that Hong Kong independence contravenes the principle of " one country, two systems " and Article 1 and 12 of the Basic Law , which stipulates that Hong Kong is an SAR of the People's Republic of China. On 24 September 2018, the Hong Kong SAR government officially declared
4270-570: Was condemned as "xenophobic" by mainstream activists and the Chinese government. In the 2012 Legislative Council election , some pan-democrat candidates, including Claudia Mo of the Civic Party and Gary Fan of the Neo Democrats , both claiming to be moderates, expressed some localist ideas and raised concerns on tourist and immigration policies. For that, they set up a parliamentary group called HK First . Legislator Wong Yuk-man ,
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#17327799565114340-599: Was conducted by the Hong Kong University Public Opinion Program (HKUPOP). HKUPOP was established in June 1991 to collect and study public opinion on topics that could be of interest to academics, journalists, policy-makers, and the general public. HKUPOP was at first under the Social Sciences Research Centre, a unit under the Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Hong Kong. It was transferred to
4410-574: Was established in 1841 as a free port . The colonial government encouraged the free movement of capital and labour and there was not a strict sense of "Hong Kong residents" or "Hong Kong people". Residents were not registered by the government until 1949, a response to the influx of refugees fleeing from the Communists ' takeover in mainland China . Sociologist Lui Tai-lok in his book Four Generations of Hong Kong People , divided Hong Kong people into four generations. The first generation, he states,
4480-666: Was formed in April 2015 advocating an independent Hong Kong within the British Commonwealth . The localists' disaffection toward the HKFS resulted in a great split in the student federation. The localists launched a campaign quitting the HKFS. By the end of 2015, four of the eight student unions consisting the federation, the Hong Kong University Students' Union (HKUSU), the Hong Kong Polytechnic University Students' Union (HKPUSU),
4550-561: Was legal for the Companies Registry to deny the application as advocating Hong Kong independence is an illegal activity according to the Crimes Ordinances Sections 9 and 10. An editorial piece in the state-run Global Times slammed the Hong Kong National Party by stating that it is "impossible to achieve" independence for Hong Kong and calling it "a practical joke". The editorial opined, "Today, there
4620-451: Was popular among the young generation. In the book, Chin suggests abandoning the hope for a democratic China and positioning the democracy movement in a "localist" perspective, in order to counter Beijing's " neo-imperialist " policies toward Hong Kong. It analysed the potential threat of the influx of mainland tourists and mainland immigrants to the established institutions and social customs of Hong Kong, which he considered likely part of
4690-586: Was the ones who were born before 1945 and had experienced the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong ; while the baby boomers , the second generation born after the war, were the first wave of local consciousness. The baby boomers were children of the refugees, but were born and raised in Hong Kong and have a strong sense of belonging. They sought to break through the Cold War rivalry between the Communists and
4760-433: Was to let students understand Hong Kong's local history, and said that they would continue the broadcast, and hoped that the university would stop restricting political freedoms. Over the past 23 years, Hong Kong citizens' self-identity has evolved. In 2008, most Hong Kong citizens responded and identified themselves as Chinese, but by 2019, most people in Hong Kong regard themselves as Hongkongers. This change contributed to
4830-461: Was unfruitful and saw Hong Kong's sovereignty transferred to the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1997. The 1 July 2003 march recorded an estimated 500,000 to 700,000 people demonstrating against the government's proposed anti-sedition legislation , the largest protest since the public response to the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests. Many post-80s (the generation who were born in the 1980s, millennials in western terminology) were inspired by
4900-808: Was widely seen to be retribution for his role in chairing the Andy Chan talk which the FCC refused to call off. Secretary for Security John Lee insisted the ban on Mallet was unrelated to press freedom, but declined to explain the decision. Localism in Hong Kong High Court District Court Magistrates' Court Special courts and tribunals: Chief Executive Elections Legislative elections District council elections Consular missions in Hong Kong Hong Kong–China relations Hong Kong–Taiwan relations In Hong Kong , localism
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