This is an accepted version of this page
83-538: Hatshepsut ( / h ɑː t ˈ ʃ ɛ p s ʊ t / haht- SHEPP -sut ; c. 1507–1458 BC) was the Great Royal Wife of Pharaoh Thutmose II and the fifth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt , ruling first as regent , then as queen regnant from c. 1479 BC until c. 1458 BC (Low Chronology). She was Egypt's second confirmed queen regnant,
166-515: A false beard and ram's horns. These images are seen as symbolic, and not evidence of cross-dressing or androgyny . Following the tradition of most pharaohs, Hatshepsut had monuments constructed at the Temple of Karnak . She also restored the original Precinct of Mut , the great ancient goddess of Egypt , at Karnak that had been ravaged by the foreign rulers during the Hyksos occupation. It later
249-450: A floating-point representation with a fixed number of significant digits . In a sequence of calculations, these rounding errors generally accumulate , and in certain ill-conditioned cases they may make the result meaningless. Accurate rounding of transcendental mathematical functions is difficult because the number of extra digits that need to be calculated to resolve whether to round up or down cannot be known in advance. This problem
332-529: A tomb when she was the Great Royal Wife of Thutmose II. Still, the scale of this was not suitable for a pharaoh, so when she ascended the throne, preparation for another burial started. For this, KV20 , originally quarried for her father, Thutmose I, and probably the first royal tomb in the Valley of the Kings , was extended with a new burial chamber. Hatshepsut also refurbished her father's burial and prepared for
415-423: A collection of grave goods contained a single pottery jar or amphora from the tomb's chamber, stamped with the date "Year 7". Another jar from the same tomb, discovered in situ by a 1935–36 Metropolitan Museum of Art expedition on a hillside near Thebes , was stamped with the seal of the " God's Wife Hatshepsut", and two jars bore the seal of "The Good Goddess Maatkare". The dating of the amphorae, "sealed into
498-460: A double interment of both Thutmose I and her within KV20. Therefore, it is likely that when she died (no later than the 22nd year of her reign), she was interred in this tomb along with her father. However, during Thutmose III's reign, a new tomb ( KV38 ), was constructed along with fresh burial equipment for Thutmose I. Thus, Thutmose I was relocated from his original tomb and reburied elsewhere. There
581-472: A lioness throne or bedstead, a senet game board with carved lioness-headed, red-jasper game pieces bearing her pharaonic title, a signet ring, and a partial shabti figurine bearing her name. In the Royal Mummy Cache at DB320 , a wooden canopic box featuring an ivory knob was found, bearing the name of Hatshepsut and containing a mummified liver or spleen, along with a molar tooth. There was also
664-618: A male pharaoh would have had other, lesser wives and concubines in addition to the Great Royal Wife. This arrangement would allow the pharaoh to enter into diplomatic marriages with the daughters of allies, as was the custom of ancient kings. In the past the order of succession in Ancient Egypt was thought to pass through the royal women. This theory, referred to as the Heiress Theory, has been rejected regarding
747-531: A number of trade networks that had been disrupted during the Hyksos occupation of Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period . She oversaw the preparations and funding for a mission to the Land of Punt . Hatshepsut's delegation returned from Punt bearing 31 live myrrh trees and other luxuries such as frankincense . Hatshepsut would grind the charred frankincense into kohl eyeliner. This
830-547: A powerful role. This ensured that when the oracle declared her king, the Egyptian public readily accepted her status. However, as with other female heads of state in ancient Egypt, this was only done through the use of male symbols of kingship; hence the description of Hatshepsut and others as female kings rather than queens. Hatshepsut was arguably placed in power by men to further their own wealth. She gained power when Egypt had recently amassed extensive wealth, implying that she
913-410: A queen regnant called Amessis or Amensis, specified by Josephus as having been the sister of her predecessor. This woman was later identified by historians as Hatshepsut. In Josephus's text, her reign is described as lasting for 21 years and 9 months, while Africanus states it as 22 years, apparently rounding up . The latest attestation of Hatshepsut in contemporary records comes from Year 20 of
SECTION 10
#1732773329521996-542: A royal lady with the same name from the 21st dynasty, leading to initial speculation that the artifacts may have belonged to her instead. In 1903, Howard Carter had discovered tomb KV60 in the Valley of the Kings. It contained two female mummies: one identified as Hatshepsut's wet nurse and the other unidentified. In spring 2007, the unidentified body, called KV60A, was finally removed from the tomb by Dr. Zahi Hawass and taken to Cairo's Egyptian Museum for testing. This mummy
1079-407: A threat to traditional gender roles. This raises questions about the conflict between power and traditional gender roles, and to what extent modernism and conservatism overlap. The erasure of Hatshepsut's name—by the men who succeeded her for whatever reason—almost caused her to disappear from Egypt's archaeological and written records. When 19th-century Egyptologists started to interpret the texts on
1162-479: A tie-breaking rule that is commonly taught and used, namely: If the fractional part of x is exactly 0.5, then y = x + 0.5 if x is positive, and y = x − 0.5 if x is negative. For example, 23.5 gets rounded to 24, and −23.5 gets rounded to −24. This can be more efficient on computers that use sign-magnitude representation for the values to be rounded, because only the first omitted digit needs to be considered to determine if it rounds up or down. This
1245-640: A tie-breaking rule that is widely used in many disciplines. That is, half-way values of x are always rounded up. If the fractional part of x is exactly 0.5, then y = x + 0.5 For example, 23.5 gets rounded to 24, and −23.5 gets rounded to −23. Some programming languages (such as Java and Python) use "half up" to refer to round half away from zero rather than round half toward positive infinity . This method only requires checking one digit to determine rounding direction in two's complement and similar representations. One may also round half down (or round half toward negative infinity ) as opposed to
1328-525: Is a possibility that at the same time, Hatshepsut's mummy was moved into the tomb of her nurse, Sitre In , in KV60 . These actions could have been motivated by Amenhotep II , Thutmose III's son from a secondary wife, in an effort to secure his own uncertain claim to the throne. Besides what was recovered from KV20 during Egyptologist Howard Carter 's clearance of the tomb in 1903, other funerary furniture belonging to Hatshepsut has been found elsewhere, including
1411-508: Is also called convergent rounding , statistician's rounding , Dutch rounding , Gaussian rounding , odd–even rounding , or bankers' rounding . This is the default rounding mode used in IEEE 754 operations for results in binary floating-point formats. By eliminating bias, repeated addition or subtraction of independent numbers, as in a one-dimensional random walk , will give a rounded result with an error that tends to grow in proportion to
1494-539: Is common to virtually all royal inscriptions of Egyptian history. While all ancient leaders used it to laud their achievements, Hatshepsut has been called the most accomplished pharaoh at promoting her accomplishments. Hatshepsut assumed all the regalia and symbols of the Pharaonic office in official representations: the Khat head cloth, topped with the uraeus , the traditional false beard, and shendyt kilt. Hatshepsut
1577-449: Is known as " the table-maker's dilemma ". Rounding has many similarities to the quantization that occurs when physical quantities must be encoded by numbers or digital signals . A wavy equals sign ( ≈ , approximately equal to ) is sometimes used to indicate rounding of exact numbers, e.g. 9.98 ≈ 10. This sign was introduced by Alfred George Greenhill in 1892. Ideal characteristics of rounding methods include: Because it
1660-411: Is not usually possible for a method to satisfy all ideal characteristics, many different rounding methods exist. As a general rule, rounding is idempotent ; i.e., once a number has been rounded, rounding it again to the same precision will not change its value. Rounding functions are also monotonic ; i.e., rounding two numbers to the same absolute precision will not exchange their order (but may give
1743-433: Is one method used when rounding to significant figures due to its simplicity. This method, also known as commercial rounding , treats positive and negative values symmetrically, and therefore is free of overall positive/negative bias if the original numbers are positive or negative with equal probability. It does, however, still have bias away from zero. It is often used for currency conversions and price roundings (when
SECTION 20
#17327733295211826-592: Is the first recorded use of the resin. Hatshepsut had the expedition commemorated in relief at Deir el-Bahari , which is also famous for its realistic depiction of Queen Ati of the Land of Punt. Hatshepsut also sent raiding expeditions to Byblos and the Sinai Peninsula shortly after the Punt expedition. Very little is known about these expeditions. Although many Egyptologists have claimed that her foreign policy
1909-404: Is the integer that is closest to 0 (or equivalently, to x ) such that x is between 0 and y (included). For example, 23.2 gets rounded to 24, and −23.2 gets rounded to −24. These six methods are called rounding to the nearest integer . Rounding a number x to the nearest integer requires some tie-breaking rule for those cases when x is exactly half-way between two integers – that is, when
1992-437: Is the odd integer nearest to x . Thus, for example, 23.5 becomes 23, as does 22.5; while −23.5 becomes −23, as does −22.5. This method is also free from positive/negative bias and bias toward/away from zero, provided the numbers to be rounded are neither mostly even nor mostly odd. It also shares the round half to even property of distorting the original distribution, as it increases the probability of odds relative to evens. It
2075-502: Is the smallest integer that is not less than x . For example, 23.2 gets rounded to 24, and −23.7 gets rounded to −23. One may also round toward zero (or truncate , or round away from infinity ): y is the integer that is closest to x such that it is between 0 and x (included); i.e. y is the integer part of x , without its fraction digits. For example, 23.7 gets rounded to 23, and −23.7 gets rounded to −23. One may also round away from zero (or round toward infinity ): y
2158-404: Is usually better stated as "about 123500 ". On the other hand, rounding of exact numbers will introduce some round-off error in the reported result. Rounding is almost unavoidable when reporting many computations – especially when dividing two numbers in integer or fixed-point arithmetic ; when computing mathematical functions such as square roots , logarithms , and sines ; or when using
2241-471: The Hyksos that James P. Allen has translated. This temple was altered later, and some of its insides were altered by Seti I of the Nineteenth Dynasty in an attempt to have his name replace that of Hatshepsut. Following the tradition of many pharaohs, the masterpiece of Hatshepsut's building projects was a mortuary temple . She built hers in a complex at Deir el-Bahari . The identity of
2324-941: The Karnak Temple Complex , the Red Chapel , the Speos Artemidos and most famously, the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari . Hatshepsut died probably in Year 22 of Thutmose III. Towards the end of the reign of Thutmose III and into the reign of his son Amenhotep II , an attempt was made to remove her from official accounts of Egyptian historiography: her statues were destroyed, her monuments were defaced, and many of her achievements were ascribed to other pharaohs. Many modern historians attribute this to ritual and religious reasons, rather than personal hostility as previously thought. Hatshepsut
2407-552: The Second Intermediate Period . A special place in the history of great royal wives was taken by Hatshepsut . She was Great Royal Wife to her half-brother Thutmose II . During this time Hatshepsut also became God's Wife of Amun (the highest ranking priestess in the temple of Amun in Karnak). After the death of her husband, she became regent because of the minority of her stepson, the only male heir (born to Iset), who eventually would become Thutmose III . During this time Hatshepsut
2490-410: The fraction 312/937 with 1/3, or the expression √2 with 1.414 . Rounding is often done to obtain a value that is easier to report and communicate than the original. Rounding can also be important to avoid misleadingly precise reporting of a computed number, measurement, or estimate; for example, a quantity that was computed as 123456 but is known to be accurate only to within a few hundred units
2573-531: The Deir el-Bahari temple walls (which were illustrated with two seemingly male kings) their translations made no sense. Jean-François Champollion , the French decoder of hieroglyphs , said: If I felt somewhat surprised at seeing here, as elsewhere throughout the temple, the renowned Moeris [Thutmose III], adorned with all the insignia of royalty, giving place to this Amenenthe [Hatshepsut], for whose name we may search
Hatshepsut - Misplaced Pages Continue
2656-479: The Eighteenth Dynasty ever since a 1980s study of its royalty. The throne likely passed to the eldest living son of those pharaohs. The mother of the heir to the throne was not always the Great Royal Wife, but once a pharaoh was crowned, it was possible to grant the mother of the king the title of Great Royal Wife, along with other titles. Examples include Iset , the mother of Thutmose III , Tiaa ,
2739-607: The Unfinished Obelisk , it provides evidence of how obelisks were quarried. Hatshepsut built the Temple of Pakhet at Beni Hasan in the Minya Governorate south of Al Minya . The name, Pakhet, was a synthesis that occurred by combining Bast and Sekhmet , who were similar lioness war goddesses, in an area that bordered the north and south division of their cults. The cavernous underground temple, cut into
2822-461: The [tomb's] burial chamber by the debris from Senenmut's own tomb", is undisputed, meaning that Hatshepsut was acknowledged as pharaoh of Egypt—and no longer merely regent—by Year 7 of her reign. She was certainly pharaoh by Year 9, the date of the Punt expedition, c. 1471 BC ; her last dated attestation as pharaoh is Year 20, c. 1460 BC , and she no longer appears in Year 22, c. 1458 . Hatshepsut re-established
2905-482: The amount is first converted into the smallest significant subdivision of the currency, such as cents of a euro) as it is easy to explain by just considering the first fractional digit, independently of supplementary precision digits or sign of the amount (for strict equivalence between the paying and recipient of the amount). One may also round half to even , a tie-breaking rule without positive/negative bias and without bias toward/away from zero. By this convention, if
2988-638: The architect behind the project remains unclear. It is possible that Senenmut , the Overseer of Works, or Hapuseneb , the High Priest, was responsible. It is also likely that Hatshepsut provided input to the project. Located opposite the city of Luxor , it is considered to be a masterpiece of ancient architecture. The complex's focal point was the Djeser-Djeseru or "the Holy of Holies". Hyperbole
3071-403: The beginning of Thutmose III's reign as sole ruler of Egypt—and presumably of Hatshepsut's death—is considered to be Year 22, II Peret, Day 10, recorded on a single stela erected at Armant , corresponding to 16 January 1458 BC. This information validates the basic reliability of Manetho's king list records since Hatshepsut's known accession date was I Shemu , Day 4. Hatshepsut began constructing
3154-416: The close of Thutmose III's reign, it is not clear why it happened, other than as a manifestation of the typical pattern of self-promotion that existed among the pharaohs and their administrators, or perhaps to save money by not building new monuments for the burial of Thutmose III, and instead using the grand structures built by Hatshepsut. Amenhotep II , the son of Thutmose III, who became a co-regent toward
3237-566: The conventional round half away from zero . If the fractional part of x is exactly 0.5, then y = x − 0.5 if x is positive, and y = x + 0.5 if x is negative. For example, 23.5 gets rounded to 23, and −23.5 gets rounded to −23. This method treats positive and negative values symmetrically, and therefore is free of overall positive/negative bias if the original numbers are positive or negative with equal probability. It does, however, still have bias toward zero. One may also round half away from zero (or round half toward infinity ),
3320-587: The dignitaries, and the leaders of the people heard this proclamation of the promotion of his daughter, the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Maatkare—may she live eternally. Hatshepsut's last dated attestation as pharaoh is Year 20, III Peret , Day 2, c. 22 May 1459 BC , but the reign length of 21 years and 9 months for her by Manetho in Josephus 's book Contra Apionem indicates that she ceased to reign in Year 22, c. 1458 BC . The precise date of
3403-401: The displacements from the original number x to the rounded value y are all directed toward or away from the same limiting value (0, +∞ , or −∞). Directed rounding is used in interval arithmetic and is often required in financial calculations. If x is positive, round-down is the same as round-toward-zero, and round-up is the same as round-away-from-zero. If x is negative, round-down is
Hatshepsut - Misplaced Pages Continue
3486-437: The end of his father's reign, is suspected by some as being the defacer during the end of the reign of a very old pharaoh. He would have had a motive because his position in the royal lineage was not so strong as to assure his elevation to pharaoh. He is documented, further, as having usurped many of Hatshepsut's accomplishments during his own reign. His reign is marked with attempts to break the royal lineage as well, not recording
3569-415: The evidence that Hatshepsut assumed traditionally male roles as pharaoh. She employed the great architect Ineni , who also had worked for her father, her husband, and for the royal steward Senenmut . The extant artifacts of the statuary provide archaeological evidence of Hatshepsut's portrayals of herself as a male pharaoh, with physically masculine traits and traditionally male Ancient Egyptian garb, such as
3652-399: The examples below, sgn( x ) refers to the sign function applied to the original number, x . One may round down (or take the floor , or round toward negative infinity ): y is the largest integer that does not exceed x . For example, 23.7 gets rounded to 23, and −23.2 gets rounded to −24. One may also round up (or take the ceiling , or round toward positive infinity ): y
3735-472: The first being Sobekneferu/Nefrusobek in the Twelfth Dynasty . Hatshepsut was the daughter of Thutmose I and Great Royal Wife , Ahmose . Upon the death of her husband and half-brother Thutmose II , she had initially ruled as regent to her stepson , Thutmose III , who inherited the throne at the age of two. Several years into her regency, Hatshepsut assumed the position of pharaoh and adopted
3818-463: The form of Thutmose I. Hatshepsut is conceived by Ahmose. Khnum , the god who forms the bodies of human children, is then instructed to create a body and ka , or corporal presence/life force, for Hatshepsut. Heket , the goddess of life and fertility, and Khnum then lead Ahmose along to a place where she gives birth to Hatshepsut. Reliefs depicting each step in these events are at Karnak and in her mortuary temple. The Oracle of Amun proclaimed that it
3901-420: The fraction part of x is exactly 0.5. If it were not for the 0.5 fractional parts, the round-off errors introduced by the round to nearest method would be symmetric: for every fraction that gets rounded down (such as 0.268), there is a complementary fraction (namely, 0.732) that gets rounded up by the same amount. When rounding a large set of fixed-point numbers with uniformly distributed fractional parts,
3984-411: The fractional part of x is 0.5, then y is the even integer nearest to x . Thus, for example, 23.5 becomes 24, as does 24.5; however, −23.5 becomes −24, as does −24.5. This function minimizes the expected error when summing over rounded figures, even when the inputs are mostly positive or mostly negative, provided they are neither mostly even nor mostly odd. This variant of the round-to-nearest method
4067-442: The full royal titulary , making her a co-ruler alongside Thutmose III. In order to establish herself in the Egyptian patriarchy, she took on traditionally male roles and was depicted as a male pharaoh, with physically masculine traits and traditionally male garb. Hatshepsut's reign was a period of great prosperity and general peace. One of the most prolific builders in Ancient Egypt, she oversaw large-scale construction projects such as
4150-528: The great royal wife of Thutmose III, but there is no clear evidence for this proposed marriage. Elsewhere, in Kush and other major states of ancient Africa , the rulers often structured their households in much the same way as has just been described. Rounding Rounding or rounding off means replacing a number with an approximate value that has a shorter, simpler, or more explicit representation. For example, replacing $ 23.4476 with $ 23.45 ,
4233-424: The high and low estimates of her reign, although the length of the reigns of Thutmose I and Thutmose II cannot be determined with certainty. With short reigns, Hatshepsut would have ascended the throne 14 years after her father's coronation; longer reigns would put her accession 25 years after his coronation. The earliest attestation of Hatshepsut as pharaoh occurs in the tomb of Ramose and Hatnofer , where
SECTION 50
#17327733295214316-399: The market appeared to be rising. The problem was caused by the index being recalculated thousands of times daily, and always being truncated (rounded down) to 3 decimal places, in such a way that the rounding errors accumulated. Recalculating the index for the same period using rounding to the nearest thousandth rather than truncation corrected the index value from 524.811 up to 1098.892. For
4399-426: The more common round half up . If the fractional part of x is exactly 0.5, then y = x − 0.5 For example, 23.5 gets rounded to 23, and −23.5 gets rounded to −24. Some programming languages (such as Java and Python) use "half down" to refer to round half toward zero rather than round half toward negative infinity . One may also round half toward zero (or round half away from infinity ) as opposed to
4482-469: The mother of Thutmose IV and Mutemwia , the mother of Amenhotep III . Meretseger , the chief wife of Senusret III , may be the earliest queen whose name appears with this title; she also was the first consort known to write her name in a cartouche . However, she is only attested in the New Kingdom so the title might be an anachronism. Perhaps the first holder of its title was Nubkhaes of
4565-502: The names of his queens and eliminating the powerful titles and official roles of royal women, such as God's Wife of Amun. Some of these titles would be restored in the reign of his son Thutmose IV . For many years, presuming that it was Thutmose III acting out of resentment once he became pharaoh, early modern Egyptologists presumed that the erasures were similar to the Roman damnatio memoriae . Egyptologist Donald Redford says that this
4648-451: The only woman to have ever taken power as king in ancient Egypt during a time of prosperity and expansion." Historian Joyce Tyldesley stated that Thutmose III may have ordered public monuments to Hatshepsut and her achievements to be altered or destroyed in order to place her in a lower position of co-regent, meaning he could claim that royal succession ran directly from Thutmose II to Thutmose III without any interference from his aunt. This
4731-494: The order of succession of early 18th Dynasty pharaohs . The dilemma takes its name from confusion over the chronology of the rule of Queen Hatshepsut and Thutmose I, II, and III. Great Royal Wife Great Royal Wife , or alternatively, Chief King's Wife ( Ancient Egyptian : ḥmt nswt wrt ) is the title that was used to refer to the principal wife of the pharaoh of Ancient Egypt , who served many official functions. While most ancient Egyptians were monogamous ,
4814-452: The regnal count of Thutmose III; she is no longer mentioned in Year 22, when he undertook his first major foreign campaign. This is compatible with the 21 years 9 months recorded by Manetho and Josephus, which would place the end of Hatshepsut's reign in Year 22 of Thutmose III. Dating the beginning of her reign is more difficult. Her father, Thutmose I, began his reign in either 1526 BC or 1506 BC according to
4897-610: The rock cliffs on the eastern side of the Nile , was admired and called the Speos Artemidos by the Greeks during their occupation of Egypt, known as the Ptolemaic Dynasty . They saw the goddess as akin to their hunter goddess, Artemis. The temple is thought to have been built alongside much more ancient ones that have not survived. This temple has an architrave with a long dedicatory text bearing Hatshepsut's famous denunciation of
4980-427: The role of pharaoh, Hatshepsut was the only female ruler to do so in a time of prosperity, and she arguably had more powers than her female predecessors. Retrospectively, Hatshepsut was described by ancient authors as having reigned for about 21–22 years, which included both her regency and her reign as queen regnant. Josephus and Julius Africanus follow the earlier testimony of Manetho (3rd century BC), mentioning
5063-531: The rounding errors by all values, with the omission of those having 0.5 fractional part, would statistically compensate each other. This means that the expected (average) value of the rounded numbers is equal to the expected value of the original numbers when numbers with fractional part 0.5 from the set are removed. In practice, floating-point numbers are typically used, which have even more computational nuances because they are not equally spaced. One may round half up (or round half toward positive infinity ),
SECTION 60
#17327733295215146-481: The royal lists in vain, still more astonished was I to find upon reading the inscriptions that wherever they referred to this bearded king in the usual dress of the Pharaohs, nouns and verbs were in the feminine, as though a queen were in question. I found the same peculiarity everywhere... This problem was a major issue in late 19th-century and early 20th-century Egyptology , centering on confusion and disagreement on
5229-550: The same as round-away-from-zero, and round-up is the same as round-toward-zero. In any case, if x is an integer, y is just x . Where many calculations are done in sequence, the choice of rounding method can have a very significant effect on the result. A famous instance involved a new index set up by the Vancouver Stock Exchange in 1982. It was initially set at 1000.000 (three decimal places of accuracy), and after 22 months had fallen to about 520, although
5312-478: The same value). In the general case of a discrete range, they are piecewise constant functions . Typical rounding problems include: The most basic form of rounding is to replace an arbitrary number by an integer. All the following rounding modes are concrete implementations of an abstract single-argument "round()" procedure. These are true functions (with the exception of those that use randomness). These four methods are called directed rounding to an integer , as
5395-406: The square root of the number of operations rather than linearly. However, this rule distorts the distribution by increasing the probability of evens relative to odds. Typically this is less important than the biases that are eliminated by this method. One may also round half to odd , a similar tie-breaking rule to round half to even. In this approach, if the fractional part of x is 0.5, then y
5478-640: The tooth to retrieve the DNA. Her death has since been attributed to a benzopyrene carcinogenic skin lotion found in possession of the Pharaoh, which led to her having bone cancer . Other members of the queen's family are thought to have suffered from inflammatory skin diseases that tend to be genetic. Assuming that the mummy is that of Hatshepsut, it is likely that she inadvertently poisoned herself while trying to soothe her itchy, irritated skin. It also would suggest that she had arthritis and bad teeth, which may be why
5561-720: The tooth was removed. However, in 2011, the tooth was identified as the molar from a lower jaw, whereas the mummy from KV60 was missing a molar from its upper jaw, thus casting doubt on the supposed identification. Toward the end of the reign of Thutmose III and into the reign of his son, an attempt was made to remove Hatshepsut from certain historical and pharaonic records. Her cartouches and images were chiselled off stone walls. Erasure methods ranged from full destruction of any instance of her name or image to replacement, inserting Thutmose I or II where Hatshepsut once stood. There were also instances of smoothing, patchwork jobs that covered Hatshepsut's cartouche; examples of this can be seen on
5644-442: The walls of the Deir el-Bahari temple. Simpler methods also included covering, where new stone was added to fully cover reliefs or sacred stone work. At the Deir el-Bahari temple, Hatshepsut's many statues were torn down and in many cases, smashed or disfigured before being buried in a pit. At Karnak, an attempt was made to wall up her monuments. While it is clear that much of this rewriting of Hatshepsut's history occurred only during
5727-418: Was ambiguous and androgynous in many of her statues and monuments. She would create a masculine version of herself to establish herself in the Egyptian patriarchy. Osirian statues of Hatshepsut—as with other pharaohs—depict the dead pharaoh as Osiris, with the body and regalia of that deity. To further lay her claim to the throne, priests told a story of divine birth. In this myth, Amun goes to Ahmose in
5810-408: Was born in 1507 BC, and is believed to have been the daughter of Thutmose I and his great royal wife , Ahmose . After her father's death, Hatshepsut was then married to Thutmose II , her half-brother and father's heir , when she was fourteen or fifteen years old. The couple were around the same age. Upon the death of Thutmose II, the underage Thutmose III became the pharaoh of Egypt. Hatshepsut
5893-453: Was crowned as pharaoh and ruled very successfully in her own right for many years. Although other women before her had ruled Egypt, Hatshepsut was the first woman to take the title, pharaoh , as it was a new term being used for the rulers, not having been used before the eighteenth dynasty. When she became pharaoh, she designated her daughter, Neferure , as God's Wife of Amun to perform the duties of high priestess. Her daughter may have been
5976-401: Was her father's designated successor with inscriptions on the walls of her mortuary temple: Then his majesty said to them: "This daughter of mine, Khnumetamun Hatshepsut—may she live!—I have appointed as my successor upon my throne... she shall direct the people in every sphere of the palace; it is she indeed who shall lead you. Obey her words, unite yourselves at her command." The royal nobles,
6059-501: Was mainly peaceful, it is possible that she led military campaigns against Nubia and Canaan . Hatshepsut was one of the most prolific builders in Ancient Egypt, commissioning hundreds of construction projects throughout both Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt . Many of these building projects were temples to build her religious base and legitimacy beyond her position as God's Wife of Amun. At these temples, she performed religious rituals that had hitherto been reserved for kings, corroborating
6142-599: Was missing a tooth, and the space in the jaw perfectly matched Hatshepsut's existing molar, found in the DB320 "canopic box". Based on this, Hawass concluded that the KV60A mummy is very likely Hatshepsut. While the mummy and the tooth could be DNA tested to see if it belonged to the same person and confirm the mummy's identity, Hawass, the Cairo Museum and some Egyptologists have refused to do it as it would require destroying
6225-547: Was not borne out of hatred but was a political necessity to assert his own beliefs. Redford added: But did Thutmose remember her? Here and there, in the dark recesses of a shrine or tomb where no plebeian eye could see, the queen's cartouche and figure were left intact ... which never vulgar eye would again behold, still conveyed for the king the warmth and awe of a divine presence. Hatshepsut is, according to Egyptologist James Henry Breasted , "the first great woman in history of whom we are informed." In some ways, Hatshepsut's reign
6308-477: Was placed in power by Egyptian elites due to her record as successful in various domains—as High Priestess or as a placeholder serving for her father Thutmose I in Thebes while he was away on military campaigns. This record of success made such elites confident that she could handle Egyptian wealth and trade, capitalizing on Egypt's moment of prosperity. Indeed, historian Kara Cooney describes Hatshepsut as "arguably,
6391-421: Was ravaged by other pharaohs, who took one part after another to use in their own projects. The precinct awaits restoration. She had twin obelisks erected at the entrance to the temple which at the time of building were the tallest in the world. Only one remains upright, which is the second-tallest ancient obelisk still standing , the other having toppled and broken in two. The official in charge of those obelisks
6474-409: Was seen as going against the patriarchal system of her time. She managed to rule as regent for a son who was not her own, going against the system which had previously only allowed mothers to rule on behalf of their biological sons. She used this regency to create her female kingship, constructing extensive temples to celebrate her reign, which meant that the public became used to seeing a woman in such
6557-475: Was supported by Thutmose III's officials, and as Hatshepsut's officials either died or were no longer in the public eye, there was little opposition to this. Tyldesley, along with historians Peter Dorman and Gay Robins , say that the erasure and defacement of Hatshepsut's monuments may have been an attempt to extinguish the memory of female kingship (including its successes, as opposed to the female pharaoh Sobekneferu , who failed to rejuvenate Egypt's fortunes and
6640-460: Was the high steward Amenhotep . Another project, Karnak's Red Chapel, or Chapelle Rouge , was built as a barque shrine. Later, she ordered the construction of two more obelisks to celebrate her 16th year as pharaoh; one of the obelisks broke during construction, and a third was therefore constructed to replace it. The broken obelisk was left at its quarrying site in Aswan , where it remains. Known as
6723-477: Was the will of Amun that Hatshepsut be pharaoh, further strengthening her position. She reiterated Amun's support by having these proclamations by the god Amun carved on her monuments: Welcome my sweet daughter, my favorite, the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Maatkare, Hatshepsut. Thou art the Pharaoh, taking possession of the Two Lands. Once she became pharaoh herself, Hatshepsut supported her assertion that she
6806-464: Was therefore more acceptable to the conservative establishment as a tragic figure) and re-legitimise his right to rule. The "Hatshepsut Problem" is a direct link to gender normatives in regards to ancient Egyptian social structures. Although she did hold Queen status, her reign, especially after, was disregarded and even erased. Her reign could be considered more successful than some pharaohs' reigns, for example with expanding borders, which can be seen as
6889-622: Was thought of by early modern scholars to have only served as regent alongside him. However, modern scholars agree that, while she initially served as regent for young Thutmose III from his accession in c. 1479 BC , Hatshepsut eventually assumed the position of pharaoh alongside him by Year 7 of his reign, c. 1472 BC ; becoming queen regnant , Hatshepsut shared Thutmose III's existing regnal count, effectively back-dating her accession as pharaoh to Year 1, when she had been merely regent. Although queens Sobekneferu and possibly Nitocris may have previously assumed
#520479