63-761: The Admission Act , formally An Act to Provide for the Admission of the State of Hawaii into the Union ( Pub. L. 86–3 , 73 Stat. 4 , enacted March 18, 1959 ) is a statute enacted by the United States Congress and signed into law by President Dwight D. Eisenhower which dissolved the Territory of Hawaii and established the State of Hawaii as the 50th state to be admitted into
126-497: A bill to become an act, the text must pass through both houses with a majority, then be either signed into law by the president of the United States , be left unsigned for ten days (excluding Sundays) while Congress remains in session, or, if vetoed by the president, receive a congressional override from 2 ⁄ 3 of both houses. In the United States, acts of Congress are designated as either public laws , relating to
189-528: A congressional investigation into the events surrounding the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy. After receiving the committee's first report , Cleveland recommended the restoration of Queen Liliʻuokalani . This did not go over well even with his own party. Eventually a bipartisan congressional vote called for a "hands off" policy in regards to internal events in Hawaii. Further investigation by Congress led to
252-447: A car and detained five men, all plantation workers. Officers took the men to Massie's hospital bedroom where she identified them. Although evidence could not prove that the men were directly involved, national newspapers quickly ran stories about the brute locals on the prowl for white women in Hawaii. The jury in the initial trial failed to reach a verdict. One of the accused was afterwards severely beaten, while another, Joseph Kahahawai ,
315-485: A new infusion of investment. By getting rid of tariffs imposed on sugarcane sent to the continental United States, planters had more money to spend on equipment, land and labor. Increased capital resulted in increased production. Five kingdom-era corporations benefited from annexation, becoming multimillion-dollar conglomerations : Castle & Cooke , Alexander & Baldwin , C. Brewer & Co. , Theo H. Davies & Co. , and American Factors (later Amfac ). Together,
378-583: A pathway for the admission of a state with a "non-white" majority population at a time when strict " Jim Crow laws " enforced white political control throughout the American South. In early 1900, Congress passed an Act To provide a government for the Territory of Hawaii , which was signed into law by President William McKinley on April 30, 1900. This organic act established the office of governor of Hawaii . Territorial governors were appointed by
441-675: A single section of the Act which created the Hawaii Statehood Commission. The State of Hawaii's territory was defined thus in the Act: The State of Hawaii shall consist of all the islands, together with their appurtenant reefs and territorial waters, included in the Territory of Hawaii on the date of enactment of this Act, except the atoll known as Palmyra Island , together with its appurtenant reefs and territorial waters, but said State shall not be deemed to include
504-559: A territory. Following the Jones–Costigan amendment , another statehood bill was introduced to the House in May 1935 by Samuel Wilder King but it did not come to be voted on, largely because FDR himself strongly opposed Hawaii statehood, while " Solid South " Democrats who could not accept non-white Congressmen controlled all the committees. Hawaii resurrected the campaign in 1940 by placing
567-641: A time the only) hotel on Waikīkī was the Moana Hotel which opened in 1901. As the first hotel in Waikīkī, the Moana Hotel was nicknamed the "First Lady of Waikīkī." The hotel gained international attention in 1920 when Edward, Prince of Wales and future King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom , stayed as a guest. In 1927, the luxurious Royal Hawaiian Hotel , informally called the "Pink Palace of
630-449: A two-year-long trial. The Hawaii 7 were eventually released in 1958: The first Congressional bill for Hawaii statehood was proposed in 1919 by Kuhio Kalanianaole , and was based upon the argument that World War I had proved Hawaii's loyalty. It was ignored, and proposals for Hawaii statehood were forgotten during the 1920s because the archipelago's rulers believed that sugar planters' interests would be better served if Hawaii remained
693-482: Is promulgated , or given the force of law, in one of the following ways: The president promulgates acts of Congress made by the first two methods. If an act is made by the third method, the presiding officer of the house that last reconsidered the act promulgates it. Under the United States Constitution , if the president does not return a bill or resolution to Congress with objections before
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#1732764829168756-547: Is deprecated by some dictionaries and usage authorities. However, the Bluebook requires "Act" to be capitalized when referring to a specific legislative act. The United States Code capitalizes "act". The term "act of Congress" is sometimes used in informal speech to indicate something for which getting permission is burdensome. For example, "It takes an act of Congress to get a building permit in this town." An act adopted by simple majorities in both houses of Congress
819-430: The 111th United States Congress . Public laws are also often abbreviated as Pub. L. No. X–Y. When the legislation of those two kinds are proposed, it is called public bill and private bill respectively. The word "act", as used in the term "act of Congress", is a common, not a proper noun . The capitalization of the word "act" (especially when used standing alone to refer to an act mentioned earlier by its full name)
882-718: The Democratic Party of Hawaii . During the years leading up to the ousting of the Republican Party, Cold War fears brewed and the U.S. was in the middle of the Second Red Scare . The FBI employed the Smith Act toward the ILWU and Communist Party of Hawaii , arresting those who would become known as the Hawaii 7 on August 28, 1951, in synchronized raids at 6:30 that morning. They were convicted in
945-625: The Empire of Japan would seize control of the islands provided momentum for the proponents of annexation. On July 4, 1898, the US Congress passed a joint resolution to provide for annexing of Hawaii to the United States. The resolution, commonly known as the Newlands Resolution (named after US Representative Francis G. Newlands ), was signed into law three days later by President McKinley. The Newlands Resolution states: Whereas,
1008-586: The Hawaiian tropical low shrublands into the largest pineapple plantation in the world. For a long stretch of time, Lanai would produce 75% of the world's pineapple and become immortalized as the "Pineapple Island." By the 1930s, Hawaii became the pineapple capital of the world and pineapple production became its second largest industry. After World War II, there were a total of eight pineapple companies in Hawaii. Today pineapples are imported from Thailand and elsewhere; few are commercially grown in Hawaii. One of
1071-486: The Midway Islands , Johnston Island , Sand Island (off-shore from Johnston Island), or Kingman Reef , together with their appurtenant reefs and territorial waters. Act of Congress#Public law, private law, designation An act of Congress is a statute enacted by the United States Congress . Acts may apply only to individual entities (called private laws ), or to the general public ( public laws ). For
1134-564: The Morgan Report , which established that US troops in Hawaii had been completely neutral during the overthrow, and exonerated the US military from any accusations of complicity. The Provisional Government convened a constitutional convention to establish the Republic of Hawaii . Thurston was urged to become the nation's first president but he was worried his brazen personality would damage
1197-554: The United States Congress passed the Newlands Resolution authorizing the US annexation of the Republic of Hawaii , and five weeks later, on August 12, Hawaii became a US territory . In April 1900, Congress approved the Hawaiian Organic Act which organized the territory. United States Public Law 103-150 adopted in 1993, (informally known as the Apology Resolution ), acknowledged that "the overthrow of
1260-509: The 53rd anniversary of the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom, January 17, 1946, Territorial Senator Alice Kamokila Campbell , one of the few voices that opposed statehood for Hawaii, offered her testimony to the joint congressional committee sent to investigate and report on statehood. Kamokila Campbell testified at Iolani Palace in front of a small crowd of 600 to frequent applause. There she stated. I do not feel...we should forfeit
1323-701: The Constitution may be declared unconstitutional by the courts. A judicial declaration that an act of Congress is unconstitutional does not remove the act from the Statutes at Large or the United States Code; rather, it prevents the act from being enforced. However, the act as published in annotated codes and legal databases is marked with annotations indicating that it is no longer good law. Territory of Hawaii The Territory of Hawaii or Hawaii Territory ( Hawaiian : Panalāʻau o Hawaiʻi )
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#17327648291681386-640: The Government of the Hawaiian Islands, together with every right and appurtenance thereunto appertaining: Therefore, Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That said cession is accepted, ratified, and confirmed, and that the said Hawaiian Islands and their dependencies be, and they are hereby, annexed as a part of the territory of
1449-623: The Government of the Republic of Hawaii having, in due form, signified its consent, in the manner provided by its constitution, to cede absolutely and without reserve to the United States of America, all rights of sovereignty of whatsoever kind in and over the Hawaiian Islands and their dependencies, and also to cede and transfer to the United States, the absolute fee and ownership of all public, Government, or Crown lands, public buildings or edifices, ports, harbors, military equipment, and all other public property of every kind and description belonging to
1512-573: The Kingdom of Hawaii occurred with the active participation of agents and citizens of the United States" and also "that the Native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people over their national lands, either through the Kingdom of Hawaii or through a plebiscite or referendum". Hawaii's territorial history includes a period from 1941 to 1944, during World War II , when
1575-465: The Pacific", opened for business. It was the preferred Hawaii residence of President Franklin D. Roosevelt when he visited Hawaii during World War II. With annexation, the United States saw Hawaii as its most strategic military asset. McKinley and his successor US President Theodore Roosevelt expanded the military presence in Hawaii and established several key bases, some still in use today. By 1906,
1638-529: The President with advice and consent of the Senate. The Act also provided that Hawaii, like other US territories , would have a non-voting delegate to the US Congress . Hawaii's tourism industry began in 1882 when Matson Navigation Company , founded by William Matson , began sailing vessels between San Francisco and Hawaii carrying goods. His transports encouraged him to purchase passenger steamships that would carry tourists hoping to vacation in Hawaii from
1701-465: The Supreme Court of Hawaii), US Senators Shelby M. Cullom (R-Illinois) and John T. Morgan (D-Alabama), and US Representative Robert R. Hitt (R-Illinois). The commission's final report was submitted to Congress for a debate which lasted over a year. Many Southern Representatives and Senators raised objections to establishing an elected territorial government in Hawaii, as doing so would open
1764-633: The US mainland. Matson's fleet included the SS Wilhelmina , rivaling the best passenger ships serving traditional Atlantic routes. With the boom in interest of Hawaiian vacations by America's wealthiest families in the late 1920s, Matson added the SS Mariposa , SS Monterey and SS Lurline (one of many Lurlines) to the fleet. Matson Navigation Company operated two resort hotels in Honolulu near royal grounds. The first (and for
1827-554: The Union . Statehood became effective on August 21, 1959. Hawaii remains the most recent state to join the United States. Prior to 1959, Hawaii was an organized incorporated territory of the United States . The territory was established in 1900 by the Hawaiian Organic Act . In 1946, the United Nations listed Hawaii as a non-self-governing territory under the administration of the United States (Resolution 55(I) of 1946-12-14). Also listed as non-self-governing territories under
1890-474: The United States and are subject to the sovereign dominion thereof, and that all and singular the property and rights hereinbefore mentioned are vested in the United States of America. The resolution took effect on August 12, 1898, and a formal ceremony marking the transfer of Hawaiian state sovereignty to the United States was held that day on the steps of the ʻIolani Palace in Honolulu . The Hawaiian flag
1953-510: The addition of Hawaii's residents to the United States, in light of protests and possibly split loyalties. Upon the election of John A. Burns from the Hawaii Democratic Party as delegate of the Territory of Hawaii to Congress, southern leaders charged that Burns' election was evidence of Hawaii as a haven for communism . Burns, in 1959, would reflect on the obstacles against the statehood campaign and place more emphasis on
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2016-518: The approximately 140,000 votes cast, fewer than 8,000 rejected the Admission Act of 1959. The acceptance of statehood for Hawaii was not without its share of controversy. There were Native Hawaiians who protested against statehood. Prior to admission, various bills creating the state were stalled in congressional hearings since the early 1900s. There was a fear of establishing a state with an Asian American plurality. Some lawmakers worried about
2079-558: The banning of courts that required witnesses and juries. Traffic violations were said to have netted prison terms and the military courts evidenced bias against civilians. There ensued a turf battle between the federal Departments of War, Justice and Interior, in which the middle one played a mediating or flip-flopping role. Indeed, it appeared War if not the Pacific Command was operating autonomously. The Glockner and Seifert cases, actually two detained, naturalized Germans, tested
2142-539: The cause of annexation. The more conservative Sanford B. Dole , former Supreme Court Justice and friend of Queen Liliʻuokalani, was elected as the first and only president of the new government. During the Spanish–American War , Hawaii's strategic location relative to the Philippines made it especially important to American interests, as argued by naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan . This and fears that
2205-409: The entire island of Oahu was being fortified at the coastlines with the construction of a "Ring of Steel," a series of gun batteries mounted on steel coastal walls. One of the few surviving batteries completed in 1911, Battery Randolph , is today the site of the U.S. Army Museum of Hawaii . List of territorial installations: As a territory of the United States, sugarcane plantations gained
2268-505: The financial and political pressure button of subjugation over the people in general of these islands. In 1947, Kamokila Campbell opened the Anti-Statehood Clearing House, where she sent "anti-statehood information, reports and arguments to congress." On March 29, 1949, Kamokila Campbell successfully sued the Hawaii Statehood Commission, to stop them from spending public money to lobby for statehood, invalidating
2331-545: The five companies dominated the Hawaiian economy as the " Big Five ." James Dole , also known as the Pineapple King, arrived in Hawaii in 1899. He purchased land in Wahiawa and established the first pineapple plantation in Hawaii. Confident that canned pineapples could become a popular food export, Dole built a cannery near his first plantation in 1901. Hawaiian Pineapple Company, later renamed Dole Food Company ,
2394-407: The general public, or private laws , relating to specific institutions or individuals. Since 1957, all Acts of Congress have been designated as "Public Law X–Y" or "Private Law X–Y", where X is the number of the Congress and Y refers to the sequential order of the bill (when it was enacted). For example, P. L. 111–5 ( American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 ) was the fifth enacted public law of
2457-510: The implicated fall of military power. List of military governors: The Democratic Revolution of 1954 was a nonviolent revolution consisting of general strikes , protests , and other acts of civil disobedience . The Revolution culminated in the territorial elections of 1954 where the reign of the Hawaii Republican Party in the legislature came to an abrupt end, as they were voted out of office to be replaced by members of
2520-761: The islands were placed under martial law . Civilian government was dissolved and a military governor was appointed. After the Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom in January 1893, the Provisional Government of Hawaii set out to effect Hawaii's speedy annexation by the United States. A commission, led by Lorrin A. Thurston , was sent to Washington, D.C. to negotiate an annexation treaty with US President Benjamin Harrison . A delegation led by Princess Victoria Kaʻiulani also went to Washington to protest
2583-552: The jurisdiction of the United States were American Samoa , Guam , the Panama Canal Zone , Puerto Rico , the Territory of Alaska , and the United States Virgin Islands . Out of a total population of 600,000 in the islands and 155,000 registered voters, 140,000 votes were cast, the highest turnout ever in Hawaii. The vote showed approval rates of at least 93% by voters on all major islands. Of
Hawaii Admission Act - Misplaced Pages Continue
2646-588: The law is accomplished by the president, or the relevant presiding officer in the case of an overridden veto, delivering the act to the archivist of the United States . The archivist provides for its publication as a slip law and in the United States Statutes at Large after receiving the act. Thereafter, the changes are published in the United States Code . Through the process of judicial review , an act of Congress that violates
2709-500: The military's suspension of habeas corpus. In the second year of martial law, August 1943, US District Judge Metzger subpoenaed General Richardson as to why these two were held without charges. The General, according to General Order No. 31, could have had the server arrested for bringing charges against a military person, but instead had the Marshal manhandled so as to evade summons. The prisoners were released outside of Hawaii, avoiding
2772-487: The most prominent challenges territorial Hawaii had to face was race relations. Intermarriage was tolerated and even sought after. Many native women married immigrant men and joined their community. By 1898, most of Hawaii's population was made up of plantation workers from China, Japan, the Philippines, and Portugal. Their plantation experiences molded Hawaii to become a plantation culture. The Hawaiian Pidgin language
2835-415: The news and media, censored all mail, prohibited alcohol , assigned business hours, and administered traffic and special garbage collection. The military governor's laws were called General Orders. Violations meant punishment without appeal by military tribunals . Anthony, the shadow Attorney General of the period, provides different information. The "aged and weak" Poindexter (sic), an appointed Democrat,
2898-469: The overthrow and to lobby against annexation. Harrison and the commission signed a treaty of annexation, which was sent to the US Senate for ratification. However, the Senate did not act before March 4, 1893, when Harrison's term ended and Grover Cleveland took office . The new president was an anti-imperialist and strongly opposed to annexation. He withdrew the treaty from consideration, and ordered
2961-741: The president of the United States with the advice and consent of the US Senate. They served for four years, unless removed sooner by the president. The Organic Act also created a bicameral Hawaii Territorial Legislature . It consisted of a lower chamber, the House of Representatives , and an upper chamber, the Senate . Its members were elected by popular vote . The Act created the Territorial Supreme Court and additional appellate courts . All judges of these courts were appointed by
3024-534: The resistance to statehood in the islands, rather than in Washington itself. The reasons why Hawaii did not achieve statehood, say, ten years ago—and one could without much exaggeration say sixty years ago—lie not in the Congress but in Hawaii. The most effective opposition to statehood has always originated in Hawaii itself. For the most part it has remained under cover and has marched under other banners. Such opposition could not afford to disclose itself, since it
3087-524: The statehood question on the ballot. Two-thirds of the electorate in the territory voted in favor of joining the Union. After World War II, the call for statehood was repeated with even larger support, even from some mainland states. The reasons for the support of statehood were clear: A former officer of the Honolulu Police Department , John A. Burns , was elected Hawaii's delegate to Congress in 1956. A Democrat , Burns won without
3150-463: The territorial constitution suspended, the legislature and supreme court were also dissolved indefinitely. Military law was enforced on all residents of Hawaii. The formation of the military government was mostly done by Major General US Army Judge Advocate General's Corps , who became military Attorney General. General Walter Short appointed himself military governor December 7, 1941. He assumed control of Hawaii and governed from ʻIolani Palace , which
3213-648: The territory. This pressured Governor Lawrence M. Judd to commute the sentences to an hour each in his executive chambers. Hawaii residents were shocked and all of America reconsidered what they thought of Hawaii's racial diversity. The term "local" (Hawaii's non-Caucasian population) was galvanized through the Massie Trial From 1941 to 1944, following the attack on Pearl Harbor and America's entry into World War II, Territorial Governors Joseph Poindexter and Ingram Stainback stripped themselves of their administrative powers by declaring martial law . With
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#17327648291683276-430: The time limit expires, then the bill automatically becomes an act; however, if the Congress is adjourned at the end of this period, then the bill dies and cannot be reconsidered (see pocket veto ). If the president rejects a bill or resolution while the Congress is in session, a two-thirds vote of both houses of Congress is needed for reconsideration to be successful. Promulgation in the sense of publishing and proclaiming
3339-444: The traditional rights and privileges of the natives of our islands for a mere thimbleful of votes in Congress, that we, the lovers of Hawaii from long association with it should sacrifice our birthright for the greed of alien desires to remain on our shores, that we should satisfy the thirst for power and control of some inflated industrialists and politicians who hide under the guise of friends of Hawaii, yet still keeping an eagle eye on
3402-416: The white vote but rather with the overwhelming support of Japanese and Filipinos in Hawaii. His election proved pivotal to the statehood movement. Upon arriving in Washington, D.C., Burns began making key political maneuvers by winning over allies among Congressional leaders and state governors. Burns' most important accomplishment was convincing Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson (D-Texas) that Hawaii
3465-557: Was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from April 30, 1900, until August 21, 1959, when most of its territory, excluding Palmyra Island , was admitted to the United States as the 50th US state , the State of Hawaii . The Hawaii Admission Act specified that the State of Hawaii would not include Palmyra Island, the Midway Islands , Kingman Reef , and Johnston Atoll , which includes Johnston (or Kalama) Island and Sand Island. On July 4, 1898,
3528-464: Was born. With his profits soaring, Dole expanded and built a larger cannery in Iwilei near Honolulu Harbor in 1907. The Iwilei location made his main operations more accessible to labor. The cannery at Iwilei was in operation until 1991. Dole found himself in the midst of an economic boom industry. In response to growing pineapple demand in 1922, Dole purchased the entire island of Lanai and transformed
3591-436: Was developed on the plantations so they all could understand each other. Buddhism and Shintoism grew to become large religions. Catholicism became Hawaii's largest Christian denomination. Race relations in Hawaii took to the national spotlight on September 12, 1931 when Thalia Massie , a US Navy officer's wife, got drunk and alleged that she was beaten and raped. That same night, the Honolulu Police Department stopped
3654-603: Was lowered and the American flag was raised in its place. The Resolution also provided for the establishment of a five-member commission to study what new laws were needed regarding the management and disposition of public lands in Hawaii, and to develop a frame of government for the islands. Its members were Sanford B. Dole (who, under the terms of the Resolution, retained the powers he previously exercised as President of Hawaii), Walter F. Frear (who likewise remained Judge of
3717-464: Was murdered. Police caught the Kahahawai killers: Massie's husband Thomas, mother Grace Fortescue , and two sailors. Famed criminal lawyer Clarence Darrow defended them. A jury of locals found them guilty and sentenced to hard labor for ten years. Outraged by the court's punishment, the territory's white leaders as well as 103 members of Congress signed a letter threatening to impose martial law over
3780-440: Was quickly barricaded and fitted with trenches. He was relieved December 17 and charged with dereliction of duty , accused of making poor preparations in case of attack before the attack on Pearl Harbor. Under martial law, every facet of Hawaiian life was under the control of the military governor. His government fingerprinted all residents over the age of six, imposed blackouts and curfews , rationed food and gasoline, censored
3843-573: Was ready to become a state, despite the continuing opposition of such Deep Southerners as James Eastland and John Sparkman . In March 1959, both houses of Congress passed the Hawaii Admission Act and US President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed it into law. On June 27, 1959, a plebiscite was held asking Hawaii residents to vote on accepting the statehood bill. The plebiscite passed overwhelmingly, with 94.3% voting in favor. On August 21, church bells throughout Honolulu were rung upon
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#17327648291683906-530: Was so decidedly against the interests and desires of Hawaii's people generally. Burns was involved in vigorous lobbying of his colleagues persuading them that the race-based objections were unfair and charges that Communist sympathizers controlled Hawaii were false. Minutes from Johnson's tenure as head of the Senate Democratic Policy Committee indicate he conceded on the issue to the segregationist Senator Richard Russell . On
3969-420: Was variously misled into surrendering his powers. Anthony does not mention fingerprinting; corroborates gasoline rationing but not food (the latter unlike the mainland); and disproves a liquor ban by showing how the military gained handsome profits by liquor permits and fees. The military government instituted employment stasis by General Order No. 91 (no leaving an employer without a letter of good standing); and
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