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92-595: The Haga Palace Ruins ( Swedish : Haga slottsgrund or Swedish : Stora Haga slottsruin ) are the remnants of King Gustav III 's ambitious vision for a grand and opulent palace in Hagaparken ( Haga Park ). Known as the Haga Great Palace ( Swedish : Haga slottsgrund ), the ruins are located in Solna Municipality , just north of Stockholm , Sweden . Construction began in 1786 with

184-445: A common gender with the definite suffix -en and the definite article den , in contrast with the neuter gender equivalents -et and det . The verb system was also more complex: it included subjunctive and imperative moods and verbs were conjugated according to person as well as number . By the 16th century, the case and gender systems of the colloquial spoken language and the profane literature had been largely reduced to

276-477: A guttural or "French R" pronunciation in the South Swedish dialects ; consequently, these dialects lack retroflex consonants . Swedish is a stress-timed language, where the time intervals between stressed syllables are equal. However, when casually spoken, it tends to be syllable-timed . Any stressed syllable carries one of two tones , which gives Swedish much of its characteristic sound. Prosody

368-542: A 1:500 scale drawing of the foundation, labeled "Haga Ruins (Great Palace Foundation)"; however, it was imprecise. Therefore, in 2006, students from the Royal Institute of Art completed a new, accurate survey. In 2007, these measurements were featured in an exhibition at the park museum, focusing on the history and future of the Great Haga Palace foundation. Today, the palace foundation is classified as

460-537: A change from tauþr into tuþr . Moreover, the øy diphthong changed into a long, close ø , as in the Old Norse word for "island". By the end of the period, these innovations had affected most of the Runic Swedish-speaking area as well, with the exception of the dialects spoken north and east of Mälardalen where the diphthongs still exist in remote areas. Old Swedish (Swedish: fornsvenska )

552-528: A conversation. Due to the close relation between the Scandinavian languages, a considerable proportion of speakers of Danish and especially Norwegian are able to understand Swedish. There is considerable migration between the Nordic countries , but owing to the similarity between the cultures and languages (with the exception of Finnish ), expatriates generally assimilate quickly and do not stand out as

644-747: A group. According to the 2000 United States Census , some 67,000 people over the age of five were reported as Swedish speakers, though without any information on the degree of language proficiency. Similarly, there were 16,915 reported Swedish speakers in Canada from the 2001 census. Although there are no certain numbers, some 40,000 Swedes are estimated to live in the London area in the United Kingdom. Outside Sweden and Finland, there are about 40,000 active learners enrolled in Swedish language courses. In

736-518: A historical monument. Swedish language This is an accepted version of this page Swedish ( endonym : svenska [ˈsvɛ̂nːska] ) is a North Germanic language from the Indo-European language family , spoken predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland . It has at least 10 million native speakers, making it the fourth most spoken Germanic language , and

828-629: A large proportion of the remaining 100,000 in the Scandinavian countries, France, Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Canada and Australia. Over three million people speak Swedish as a second language, with about 2,410,000 of those in Finland. According to a survey by the European Commission , 44% of respondents from Finland who did not have Swedish as a native language considered themselves to be proficient enough in Swedish to hold

920-536: A man of scientific interest, who collected books and had contact with the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . Tempelman had a happy childhood and showed an early interest in design. His received his early education at home and continued studying, along with his cousin, at the high school in Linköping . At Uppsala University in 1763, he began studying theology and the humanities while working as

1012-402: A modest country house to a large palace and changing architects, not only reflects Gustav III's shifting architectural ideals but also underscores its role as a deliberate political statement, that would take increasingly monumental forms. After the foundation stone ceremony, with music and poetry by Carl Michael Bellman on 19 August 1786, Hedvig Elisabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp , who

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1104-425: A more abstract sense, such as that set of fish; while fisken means "the fish". In certain cases, the definite form indicates possession, e. g., jag måste tvätta hår et ("I must wash my hair"). Adjectives are inflected in two declensions – indefinite and definite – and they must match the noun they modify in gender and number. The indefinite neuter and plural forms of an adjective are usually created by adding

1196-527: A more independent design. The 1790s were a politically unsettled time in Sweden. In July 1798, Tempelman complained that sight in one of his eyes was deteriorating. The office of the Superintendent of Antiquities, however, was still busy designing churches, schools, and hospitals, especially outside Stockholm, and this is where Tempelman gave significant effort. After suffering two serious illnesses within

1288-435: A noun. They can double as demonstrative pronouns or demonstrative determiners when used with adverbs such as här ("here") or där ("there") to form den/det här (can also be "denna/detta") ("this"), de här (can also be "dessa") ("these"), den/det där ("that"), and de där ("those"). For example, den där fisken means "that fish" and refers to a specific fish; den fisken is less definite and means "that fish" in

1380-417: A personal interest in his development. While Tempelman wrote his master's thesis, he began work as an architect at the Superintendent's office. The thesis was elegantly illustrated and dedicated to Adelcrantz. He also continued to tutor and met the city architect Carl Henric König , one of the era's most skilled and high-profile architects as well as technically literate; he created drawings and descriptions for

1472-507: A professor. In 1780, he was appointed professor at the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts. Tempelman traveled to Paris and Rome . He visited Naples with Carl August Ehrensvärd and they also made a trip to Pompeii and Vesuvius , returning home via Venice , Milan , Genoa , Antibes , Marseille , and Paris. The 1780s were a successful period of increasingly independent tasks, and, with international experience, he developed

1564-636: A special branch of the Research Institute for the Languages of Finland has official status as the regulatory body for Swedish in Finland. Among its highest priorities is to maintain intelligibility with the language spoken in Sweden. It has published Finlandssvensk ordbok , a dictionary about the differences between Swedish in Finland and Sweden. From the 13th to 20th century, there were Swedish-speaking communities in Estonia , particularly on

1656-442: A suffix ( -t or -a ) to the common form of the adjective, e. g., en grön stol (a green chair), ett grönt hus (a green house), and gröna stolar ("green chairs"). The definite form of an adjective is identical to the indefinite plural form, e. g., den gröna stolen ("the green chair"), det gröna huset ("the green house"), and de gröna stolarna ("the green chairs"). Swedish pronouns are similar to those of English. Besides

1748-542: A tutor for income. But he eventually immersed himself in science, following in the likes of Carl Linnaeus , Anders Celsius , and Samuel Klingenstierna . Tempelman wrote a thesis in astronomy under Daniel Melanderhjelm before starting on a master's thesis in physics , De frictione corporum super plano horizontale motorum . Carl Fredrik Adelcrantz succeeded Carl Johan Cronstedt as Superintendent of Antiquities in 1767, and two years later, he hired Tempelman. Adelcrantz hired Tempelman for his insight and skill, and took

1840-413: A village, Gammalsvenskby ("Old Swedish Village"). A few elderly people in the village still speak a Swedish dialect and observe the holidays of the Swedish calendar, although their dialect is most likely facing extinction. From 1918 to 1940, when Estonia was independent, the small Swedish community was well treated. Municipalities with a Swedish majority, mainly found along the coast, used Swedish as

1932-426: A year, his physical and emotional health deteriorated. He did not give up work entirely, continuing for several years at the office of the Superintendent of Antiquities, and also teaching at the academy. Through his connections with Adelcrantz, Tempelman met Britta Elisabet Gyllenstam, daughter of Colonel Jonas Zacharias Gyllenstam and Catharina Elisabeth von Numers. They married in 1782. In the following year, they had

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2024-481: Is generally seen as adding specific Central Swedish features to the new Bible. Though it might seem as if the Bible translation set a very powerful precedent for orthographic standards, spelling actually became more inconsistent during the remainder of the century. It was not until the 17th century that spelling began to be discussed, around the time when the first grammars were written. Capitalization during this time

2116-491: Is located in the central Copper Tents within the park. The model is highly detailed and was considered furniture maker Christopher Borenstrand's masterpiece. Parts of the model can be removed to reveal miniature, precise interior details. Through a peephole on the side of the model and a mirror system, visitors can even look into the palace's dome as envisioned by architect Desprez. Gustav III's extensive collection of antique art objects, originally intended for Haga Great Palace ,

2208-538: Is marked primarily through suffixes (endings), complemented with separate definite and indefinite articles . The prosody features both stress and in most dialects tonal qualities. The language has a comparatively large vowel inventory. Swedish is also notable for the voiceless dorso-palatal velar fricative , a highly variable consonant phoneme . Swedish nouns and adjectives are declined in genders as well as number . Nouns are of common gender ( en form) or neuter gender ( ett form). The gender determines

2300-568: Is often one of the most noticeable differences between dialects. The standard word order is, as in most Germanic languages , V2 , which means that the finite verb (V) appears in the second position (2) of a declarative main clause . Swedish morphology is similar to English; that is, words have comparatively few inflections . Swedish has two genders and is generally seen to have two grammatical cases – nominative and genitive (except for pronouns that, as in English, also are inflected in

2392-638: Is one of the official languages of the European Union , and one of the working languages of the Nordic Council . Under the Nordic Language Convention , citizens of the Nordic countries speaking Swedish have the opportunity to use their native language when interacting with official bodies in other Nordic countries without being liable for interpretation or translation costs. The Swedish Language Council ( Språkrådet )

2484-475: Is termed nusvenska (lit., "Now-Swedish") in linguistics, and started in the last decades of the 19th century. It saw a democratization of the language with a less formal written form that approached the spoken one. The growth of a public school system also led to the evolution of so-called boksvenska (literally, "book Swedish"), especially among the working classes, where spelling to some extent influenced pronunciation, particularly in official contexts. With

2576-507: Is the national language that evolved from the Central Swedish dialects in the 19th century, and was well established by the beginning of the 20th century. While distinct regional varieties and rural dialects still exist, the written language is uniform and standardized . Swedish is the most widely spoken second language in Finland where its status is co- official language . Swedish was long spoken in parts of Estonia , although

2668-527: Is the predominant language; in 19 municipalities , 16 of which are located in Åland , Swedish is the sole official language. Åland county is an autonomous region of Finland. According to a rough estimation, as of 2010 there were up to 300,000 Swedish-speakers living outside Sweden and Finland. The largest populations were in the United States (up to 100,000), the UK, Spain and Germany (c. 30,000 each) and

2760-455: Is the regulator of Swedish in Sweden but does not attempt to enforce control of the language, as for instance the Académie française does for French . However, many organizations and agencies require the use of the council's publication Svenska skrivregler in official contexts, with it otherwise being regarded as a de facto orthographic standard. Among the many organizations that make up

2852-407: Is the sole official language of Åland (an autonomous province under the sovereignty of Finland), where the vast majority of the 26,000 inhabitants speak Swedish as a first language. In Finland as a whole, Swedish is one of the two "national" languages, with the same official status as Finnish (spoken by the majority) at the state level and an official language in some municipalities . Swedish

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2944-631: Is the term used for the medieval Swedish language. The start date is usually set to 1225 since this is the year that Västgötalagen ("the Västgöta Law") is believed to have been compiled for the first time. It is among the most important documents of the period written in Latin script and the oldest Swedish law codes . Old Swedish is divided into äldre fornsvenska (1225–1375) and yngre fornsvenska (1375–1526), "older" and "younger" Old Swedish. Important outside influences during this time came with

3036-465: The Gustav Vasa Bible , a translation deemed so successful and influential that, with revisions incorporated in successive editions, it remained the most common Bible translation until 1917. The main translators were Laurentius Andreæ and the brothers Laurentius and Olaus Petri . The Vasa Bible is often considered to be a reasonable compromise between old and new; while not adhering to

3128-467: The French vous (see T-V distinction ). Ni wound up being used as a slightly less familiar form of du , the singular second person pronoun, used to address people of lower social status. With the liberalization and radicalization of Swedish society in the 1950s and 1960s, these class distinctions became less important, and du became the standard, even in formal and official contexts. Though

3220-518: The United States , particularly during the 19th and early 20th centuries, there was a significant Swedish-speaking immigrant population. This was notably true in states like Minnesota , where many Swedish immigrants settled. By 1940, approximately 6% of Minnesota's population spoke Swedish. Although the use of Swedish has significantly declined, it is not uncommon to find older generations and communities that still retain some use and knowledge of

3312-534: The West Scandinavian languages , consisting of Faroese , Icelandic , and Norwegian . However, more recent analyses divide the North Germanic languages into two groups: Insular Scandinavian (Faroese and Icelandic), and Continental Scandinavian (Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish), based on mutual intelligibility due to heavy influence of East Scandinavian (particularly Danish) on Norwegian during

3404-581: The nationalist ideas that emerged during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the languages have separate orthographies , dictionaries, grammars, and regulatory bodies. Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish are thus from a linguistic perspective more accurately described as a dialect continuum of Scandinavian (North Germanic), and some of the dialects, such as those on the border between Norway and Sweden, especially parts of Bohuslän , Dalsland , western Värmland , western Dalarna , Härjedalen , Jämtland , and Scania , could be described as intermediate dialects of

3496-410: The object form) – although it is debated if the genitive in Swedish should be seen as a genitive case or just the nominative plus the so-called genitive s , then seen as a clitic . Swedish has two grammatical numbers – plural and singular . Adjectives have discrete comparative and superlative forms and are also inflected according to gender, number and definiteness . The definiteness of nouns

3588-399: The 1950s, when their use was removed from all official recommendations. A very significant change in Swedish occurred in the late 1960s, with the so-called du-reformen . Previously, the proper way to address people of the same or higher social status had been by title and surname. The use of herr ("Mr." or "Sir"), fru ("Mrs." or "Ma'am") or fröken ("Miss") was considered

3680-485: The 8th century, the common Germanic language of Scandinavia, Proto-Norse , evolved into Old Norse. This language underwent more changes that did not spread to all of Scandinavia, which resulted in the appearance of two similar dialects: Old West Norse (Norway, the Faroe Islands and Iceland) and Old East Norse (Denmark and Sweden). The dialects of Old East Norse spoken in Sweden are called Runic Swedish , while

3772-471: The Modern Swedish period were the gradual assimilation of several different consonant clusters into the fricative [ʃ] and later into [ɧ] . There was also the gradual softening of [ɡ] and [k] into [j] and the fricative [ɕ] before front vowels . The velar fricative [ɣ] was also transformed into the corresponding plosive [ɡ] . The period that includes Swedish as it is spoken today

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3864-601: The Swedish Language Council, the Swedish Academy (established 1786) is arguably the most influential. Its primary instruments are the spelling dictionary Svenska Akademiens ordlista ( SAOL , currently in its 14th edition) and the dictionary Svenska Akademiens Ordbok , in addition to various books on grammar, spelling and manuals of style. Although the dictionaries have a prescriptive element, they mainly describe current usage. In Finland,

3956-634: The Younger 's proposal for the Apollo Temple at Versailles as a model. The French-inspired style and the caution that characterized contemporary Swedish Rococo drew heavily on Late Baroque features. Gustav III asked Fredrik Magnus Piper , the royal architect and park architect, to make another design for a smaller pleasure palace on the site of Haga farm. The proposal was included in Piper's master plan presented in 1781 and had, in its basic design,

4048-502: The administrative language and Swedish-Estonian culture saw an upswing. However, most Swedish-speaking people fled to Sweden before the end of World War II , that is, before the invasion of Estonia by the Soviet army in 1944. Only a handful of speakers remain. Swedish dialects have either 17 or 18 vowel phonemes , 9 long and 9 short. As in the other Germanic languages, including English, most long vowels are phonetically paired with one of

4140-540: The building's plinths and moldings, which were likely used in the construction of the Queen's Pavilion ( Haga Palace ) ten years after the king's death. The only part of the planned palace completed after Gustav III's death was a highly detailed wooden model, along with a few sketches and drawings. The model was completed a few years after Gustav III's death and is now the main attraction in Haga Park Museum, which

4232-481: The castle. The model for this was Giulio Romano 's Palazzo del Te in Mantua . At its peak, nearly 800 people worked on the Haga Great Palace project. The workforce consisted of approximately 650 soldiers, supplemented by around 150 Russian prisoners of war who were housed at the finnstugorna . According to contemporary sources, these prisoners "formed a more numerous than valuable reinforcement". Construction of

4324-406: The central pillar of the foundation, which was intended to be the central domed room of the castle. The foundation documents from Gustav III are preserved. The second part of the text reads: At this pleasant location, where Gustav III 14 years ago intended to lay the foundation for the public welfare, and from where, on this day, he just began to restore his fatherland, he now with his own hand laid

4416-537: The city architect Erik Palmstedt was consulted for the royal building in the newly purchased Brahelund area. However, the king changed his mind once again regarding the choice of architect, and finally, Olof Tempelman was given the task. His proposal bore clear features of Villa Rotonda in Vicenza as well as St. Peter's Basilica and Pantheon in Rome . The Haga Great Palace project, with its evolving designs from

4508-504: The colloquial spoken language of its day, it was not overly conservative in its use of archaic forms. It was a major step towards a more consistent Swedish orthography . It established the use of the vowels "å", "ä", and "ö", and the spelling "ck" in place of "kk", distinguishing it clearly from the Danish Bible, perhaps intentionally, given the ongoing rivalry between the countries. All three translators came from central Sweden, which

4600-782: The current status of the Estonian Swedish speakers is almost extinct. It is also used in the Swedish diaspora , most notably in Oslo , Norway, with more than 50,000 Swedish residents. Swedish is an Indo-European language belonging to the North Germanic branch of the Germanic languages . In the established classification, it belongs to the East Scandinavian languages , together with Danish , separating it from

4692-403: The declension of the adjectives . For example, the word fisk ("fish") is a noun of common gender ( en fisk ) and can have the following forms: The definite singular form of a noun is created by adding a suffix ( -en , -n , -et or -t ), depending on its gender and if the noun ends in a vowel or not. The definite articles den , det , and de are used for variations to the definitiveness of

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4784-422: The decoration of Gustav III's Opera ( Swedish : Gustavianska operahuset ) since 1774. In Desprez's final facade drawing for the main palace facade, the building's mighty row of columns can be seen. To the south, a monumental free-standing staircase is flanked by two obeliskes . In one version of the design, Desprez replaced the obelisks with two equestrian statues. The palace has often been said to be planned as

4876-541: The dialects of Denmark are referred to as Runic Danish . The dialects are described as "runic" because the main body of text appears in the runic alphabet . Unlike Proto-Norse, which was written with the Elder Futhark alphabet, Old Norse was written with the Younger Futhark alphabet, which had only 16 letters. Because the number of runes was limited, some runes were used for a range of phonemes , such as

4968-422: The endpoint of a visual axis stretching from Stockholm Palace via Sveavägen , Bellevue Park , and Brunnsviken to Hagaparken , a distance of nearly five kilometers. This is a misconception that was debunked in 1929 by Ragnar Josephson . By 1790, construction was in full swing, despite an expensive war with Russia at the same time. Work on the "Great Stables" was halted to free up all available resources for

5060-545: The firm establishment of the Christian church and various monastic orders, introducing many Greek and Latin loanwords. With the rise of Hanseatic power in the late 13th and early 14th century, Middle Low German became very influential. The Hanseatic league provided Swedish commerce and administration with a large number of Low German -speaking immigrants. Many became quite influential members of Swedish medieval society, and brought terms from their native languages into

5152-567: The first among its type in the Nordic countries overall. Swedish, like the other Nordic languages , is a descendant of Old Norse , the common language of the Germanic peoples living in Scandinavia during the Viking Age . It is largely mutually intelligible with Norwegian and Danish , although the degree of mutual intelligibility is dependent on the dialect and accent of the speaker. Standard Swedish , spoken by most Swedes ,

5244-440: The foundation stone for this building. 19th Aug. 1786. Immediately after this, extensive work began on the foundation and basement of the castle, based on designs by Olof Tempelman . Only after the project had been underway for some time did Gustav III, who was deeply interested in architecture, personally become involved with the design, adding wings to the sides of the building with long rows of 70 Corinthian columns . The palace

5336-430: The industrialization and urbanization of Sweden well under way by the last decades of the 19th century, a new breed of authors made their mark on Swedish literature . Many scholars, politicians and other public figures had a great influence on the emerging national language, among them prolific authors like the poet Gustaf Fröding , Nobel laureate Selma Lagerlöf and radical writer and playwright August Strindberg . It

5428-534: The inventor Christopher Polhem . This was the area that interested Tempelman. In the spring of 1775, Adelcrantz sent Tempelman on a study trip to Copenhagen . In October 1776, Gustav III assigned Tempelman to be an information aide for fortifications ; he trained under Fredrik Dederichs who taught prospective officers and architects since the 1750s, including Erik Palmstedt . Tempelman came to be involved in Gustav III's new opera house at Norrmalmstorg . It

5520-614: The islands (e. g., Hiiumaa , Vormsi , Ruhnu ; in Swedish, known as Dagö , Ormsö , Runö , respectively) along the coast of the Baltic , communities that today have all disappeared. The Swedish-speaking minority was represented in parliament , and entitled to use their native language in parliamentary debates. After the loss of Estonia to the Russian Empire in the early 18th century, around 1,000 Estonian Swedish speakers were forced to march to southern Ukraine , where they founded

5612-484: The language, particularly in rural communities like Lindström and Scandia . Swedish is the official main language of Sweden. Swedish is also one of two official languages of Finland. In Sweden, it has long been used in local and state government, and most of the educational system, but remained only a de facto primary language with no official status in law until 2009. A bill was proposed in 2005 that would have made Swedish an official language, but failed to pass by

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5704-490: The last millennium and divergence from both Faroese and Icelandic. By many general criteria of mutual intelligibility, the Continental Scandinavian languages could very well be considered dialects of a common Scandinavian language. However, because of several hundred years of sometimes quite intense rivalry between Denmark and Sweden, including a long series of wars from the 16th to 18th centuries, and

5796-493: The laying of the foundation stone. The project, involving no fewer than six architects, was designed to create a magnificent palace where the king could retreat for leisure and display his prized collection of antique Roman statues. The palace was also intended to house an extensive gallery celebrating art and nature. However, the construction came to an abrupt halt in 1792, following the Assassination of Gustav III , leaving

5888-482: The masonry were patched, and fallen stone blocks were remortared in place. In 2007, students from the Royal Institute of Art conducted a detailed survey of the structure. Several dimensioned drawings from Desprez's time remain, showing the planned building's foundation layout in plan and section views. However, few modern surveys existed. In 1973, the Swedish National Board of Public Building produced

5980-509: The name was derived from the Templars . The family had immigrated from Dorpat in Estonia , and had for generations lived in Östergötland . Susanna was the daughter of a captain and grew up in Östergötland. When Tempelman was three years old, his father died. He was cared for by his father's older brother, Peter Tempelman, who served as priest in the Östra Stenby congregation . His uncle was

6072-577: The narrowest possible margin (145–147) due to a pairing-off failure. A proposal for a broader language law, designating Swedish as the main language of the country and bolstering the status of the minority languages, was submitted by an expert committee to the Swedish Ministry of Culture in March 2008. It was subsequently enacted by the Riksdag , and entered into effect on 1 July 2009. Swedish

6164-421: The national standard languages. Swedish pronunciations also vary greatly from one region to another, a legacy of the vast geographic distances and historical isolation. Even so, the vocabulary is standardized to a level that make dialects within Sweden virtually fully mutually intelligible. East Germanic languages West Germanic languages Icelandic Faroese Norwegian Danish Swedish In

6256-424: The north. An early change that separated Runic Danish from the other dialects of Old East Norse was the change of the diphthong æi to the monophthong é , as in stæinn to sténn "stone". This is reflected in runic inscriptions where the older read stain and the later stin . There was also a change of au as in dauðr into a long open ø as in døðr "dead". This change is shown in runic inscriptions as

6348-499: The old Haga farm. He started to develop here an English landscape garden , the Haga Park. It was doubled in size in 1785, when he purchased an adjoining farm as well. The first proposals for a palace at Haga were made at the end of 1770s, first by Gustav III himself and later when Carl Fredrik Adelcrantz made a proposal for a small palace , somewhat modest compared to the later designs. Adelcrantz most likely used Nicodemus Tessin

6440-441: The only acceptable way to begin conversation with strangers of unknown occupation, academic title or military rank. The fact that the listener should preferably be referred to in the third person tended to further complicate spoken communication between members of society. In the early 20th century, an unsuccessful attempt was made to replace the insistence on titles with ni —the standard second person plural pronoun)—analogous to

6532-402: The original Germanic three- gender system. Nouns , adjectives , pronouns and certain numerals were inflected in four cases; besides the extant nominative , there were also the genitive (later possessive ), dative and accusative . The gender system resembled that of modern German , having masculine, feminine and neuter genders. The masculine and feminine genders were later merged into

6624-464: The palace came to a halt following the king's assassination in March 1792, leaving the Haga Great Palace unfinished. The palace foundation was covered with wooden planks, and by the autumn of 1792, the large stockpile of bricks already delivered to the site was repurposed for building the wings of the military academy at Karlberg Palace . According to Gustav III's estate inventory, there were also large quantities of unused finely hewn stone intended for

6716-416: The palace construction. Due to the steep terrain, substantial foundation walls were built with quarried stone. At the beginning of the 1790s, the plans grew further. A fold-out section was added to the already established floor plan. Desprez's drawings showed a grand new staircase to the north, with an open space framed by 18 columns. The plans also included a large forecourt in front of the northern facade of

6808-458: The palace incomplete. Today, the only surviving elements of this grand vision are the cellar foundations, partially concealed on a hill in Haga Park. These ruins include imposing stone walls and archways, evoking a sense of what might have been. The site, long a hidden gem, has become a favoured spot for locals who climb the central column or gather around small fires, surrounded by the thick, weathered stone walls. In 1771, king Gustav III acquired

6900-480: The reform was not an act of any centralized political decree, but rather the result of sweeping change in social attitudes, it was completed in just a few years, from the late 1960s to early 1970s. The use of ni as a polite form of address is sometimes encountered today in both the written and spoken language, particularly among older speakers. Swedish is the sole official national language of Sweden , and one of two in Finland (alongside Finnish ). As of 2006, it

6992-468: The rune for the vowel u , which was also used for the vowels o , ø and y , and the rune for i , also used for e . From 1200 onwards, the dialects in Denmark began to diverge from those of Sweden. The innovations spread unevenly from Denmark, creating a series of minor dialectal boundaries, or isoglosses , ranging from Zealand in the south to Norrland , Österbotten and northwestern Finland in

7084-437: The same form as Adelcrantz's proposal. The king provided clear instructions in the form of his own sketches. The building, referred to as The Casino , had distinct features of Marie Antoinette 's Petit Trianon , a pleasure palace to the northwest of Palace of Versailles . In 1783, Piper sent several revised plans to the king, who was on a trip to Italy. However, the king did not like Piper's various proposals and relieved him of

7176-444: The short /e/ (transcribed ⟨ ɛ ⟩ in the chart below). There are 18 consonant phonemes, two of which, / ɧ / and /r/ , vary considerably in pronunciation depending on the dialect and social status of the speaker. In many dialects, sequences of /r/ (pronounced alveolarly) with a dental consonant result in retroflex consonants ; alveolarity of the pronunciation of /r/ is a precondition for this retroflexion. /r/ has

7268-428: The short vowels, and the pairs are such that the two vowels are of similar quality , but with the short vowel being slightly lower and slightly centralized. In contrast to e.g. Danish, which has only tense vowels, the short vowels are slightly more lax, but the tense vs. lax contrast is not nearly as pronounced as in English, German or Dutch. In many dialects, the short vowel sound pronounced [ɛ] or [æ] has merged with

7360-606: The subject in a clause, a trait that is restricted to North Germanic languages: Olof Tempelman Olof Samuel Tempelman (February 21, 1745 in Källstad, Östergötland – July 27, 1816 in Stockholm ) was a Swedish architect and, from 1779, professor at the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts . He was appointed royal architect in 1799. He was the son of Samuel Tempelman (1711-1748), curate of Herrestad , and his wife Susanna Maria Ridderström (1718-1753). According to tradition,

7452-580: The task. After Piper, Gustav III hired the French architect Léon Dufourny , but he took too long to complete his work, and Piper was asked to submit another proposal. In November 1785, the king bought the Brahelund area, which significantly increased the park's size to the north. Piper's second palace proposal was rejected in 1786 (as compensation, he was asked to design the Turkish Kiosk ). Instead,

7544-534: The two cases and two genders of modern Swedish. A transitional change of the Latin script in the Nordic countries was to spell the letter combination "ae" as æ – and sometimes as a' – though it varied between persons and regions. The combination "ao" was similarly rendered a , and "oe" became o . These three were later to evolve into the separate letters ä , å and ö . The first time the new letters were used in print

7636-517: The two natural genders han and hon ("he" and "she"), there are also the two grammatical genders den and det , usually termed common and neuter . In recent years, a gender-neutral pronoun hen has been introduced, particularly in literary Swedish. Unlike the nouns, pronouns have an additional object form, derived from the old dative form. Hon , for example, has the following nominative, possessive, and object forms: Swedish also uses third-person possessive reflexive pronouns that refer to

7728-439: The vocabulary. Besides a great number of loanwords for such areas as warfare, trade and administration, general grammatical suffixes and even conjunctions were imported. The League also brought a certain measure of influence from Danish (at the time Swedish and Danish were much more similar than today). Early Old Swedish was markedly different from the modern language in that it had a more complex case structure and also retained

7820-450: Was a complex project and Adelcrantz appointed Tempelman to be responsible for project implementation. Tempelman designed Gustav III's Pavilion in with detailed instructions from the king. Many of Tempelman projects related to churches but there were also other public buildings. In addition, he undertook private commissions. Adelcrantz often made the first sketches, but the two men worked closely together. Adelcrantz urged Tempelman to become

7912-484: Was during the 20th century that a common, standardized national language became available to all Swedes. The orthography finally stabilized and became almost completely uniform, with some minor deviations, by the time of the spelling reform of 1906. With the exception of plural forms of verbs and a slightly different syntax, particularly in the written language, the language was the same as the Swedish of today. The plural verb forms appeared decreasingly in formal writing into

8004-656: Was in Aff dyäffwlsens frästilse ("By the Devil's temptation") published by Johan Gerson in 1495. Modern Swedish (Swedish: nysvenska ) begins with the advent of the printing press and the European Reformation . After assuming power, the new monarch Gustav Vasa ordered a Swedish translation of the Bible . The New Testament was published in 1526, followed by a full Bible translation in 1541, usually referred to as

8096-523: Was not standardized. It depended on the authors and their background. Those influenced by German capitalized all nouns, while others capitalized more sparsely. It is also not always apparent which letters are capitalized owing to the Gothic or blackletter typeface that was used to print the Bible. This typeface was in use until the mid-18th century, when it was gradually replaced with a Latin typeface (often Antiqua ). Some important changes in sound during

8188-417: Was present at the ceremony, wrote in her diary: While this [Gustav III] laid the first stone, in which, according to custom, several coins were placed; on it was also engraved a Latin inscription declaring that it was in memory of the king on this day returning freedom to his people, laying the foundation for this new castle, a home for freedom, pleasure, and joy. The foundation stone was likely placed under

8280-505: Was relocated in 1794 to Gustav III's Museum of Antiquities ( Swedish : Gustav III:s antikmuseum ) in one of the wings of Stockholm Palace . Today, it is Sweden's oldest public art museum and one of the oldest in Europe . The foundation underwent significant restoration in 1968, which included vegetation removal and masonry repairs. Between 1998 and 1999, palace architect Erik Langlet led another extensive restoration, during which holes in

8372-537: Was the sole native language of 83% of Swedish residents. In 2007, around 5.5% (c. 290,000) of the population of Finland were native speakers of Swedish, partially due to a decline following the Russian annexation of Finland after the Finnish War 1808–1809. The Fenno-Swedish - speaking minority is concentrated in the coastal areas and archipelagos of southern and western Finland. In some of these areas, Swedish

8464-535: Was to house an art museum, where the king wanted to display his collection of ancient sculptures and paintings he had brought back from Italy and France. In addition, the palace was to have a theater, banquet halls, and housing for the entire court. Once again, Gustav III began to doubt the architect's proposal, and in 1787, the project was handed over to Louis Jean Desprez . The king had met Desprez in Rome and invited him to Stockholm, where Desprez had been responsible for

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