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83-625: The sisters were born in Jiaozhi (Giao Chỉ), a commandery of the Chinese Han dynasty in modern-day northern Vietnam . The dates of their births are unknown, but Trưng Trắc was older than Trưng Nhị. The exact dates of their deaths are also unknown but both died around 43 AD after battling against the punitive expedition force led by Eastern Han general Ma Yuan . The former Qin commander Zhao Tuo ( Trieu Da in Vietnamese) established

166-425: A female ruler, she could not accomplish the rebuilding [of the nation]. Her taboo name was Trắc, and her family name was Trưng, but was originally Lạc (雒). She was the daughter of a Lạc general from Mê Linh from Phong Châu , and she was the wife of Thi Sách from Chu Diên County. Thi Sách was the son of another Lạc general, and the child of each of both houses married each other. ([Wang Youxue's] Collected Overview of

249-415: A grudge against him for having killed her husband. She, therefore, along with her younger sister Nhị, rose and captured the commandery capital. Ding was forced to flee. Nam Hải, Cửu Chân, Nhật Nam, and Hợp Phố all rose in response to her. She was able to take over 65 cities and declare herself Queen. Thereafter, she began to use the family name of Trưng. Her second year was Tân Sửu [ Xinchou , 41 AD]. (It

332-509: A human being, possessed mettle and courage. Alongsides Shi, she uprose and rebelled, attacking and devastating Jiao Province, as well as reducing the Luo generals into subordination. Zheng Ce made [herself] queen . Starting from Miling prefecture, she occupied two divisions Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen, and for two years taxed the people. Later on, the Han (court) dispatched Wave-Subduing General to lead troops on

415-544: A punitive expedition. Ce and Shi fled into the Golden Gorge (金溪 SV; Kim Khê). Ma Yuan hunted them down and captured them after three years. Now [from] Western Shu [there were] also troops dispatched on punitive expedition against Ce and Shi and others and all those commanderies and prefectures were pacified; then magistrates were instituted there. In the 9th month of 19th year of the Jianwu era [43 CE], Ma Yuan reported to

498-656: A revolt against the Han in Hepu and Jiaozhi. Liang Long spread his revolt to all northern Vietnam, Guangxi and central Vietnam as well, attracting all non-Chinese ethnic groups in Jiaozhi to join. In 181, the Han empire sent general Chu Chuan to deal with the revolt. In June 181 Liang Long was captured and beheaded, and his rebellion was suppressed. In 192, Cham people in Xianglin county led by Khu Liên successful revolted against

581-630: A word also ancestral to Lao , thus meaning Jiao & Lao are cognates. Chamberlain, like Joachim Schlesinger, claim that the Vietnamese language was not originally based in the area of the Red River in what is now northern Vietnam. According to them, the Red River Delta region was originally inhabited by Tai - speakers . They claim that the area become Vietnamese-speaking only between the seventh and ninth centuries AD, or even as late as

664-693: A yearly holiday in February to commemorate their deaths is observed by many Vietnamese. A central district in Hanoi called the Hai Bà Trưng District is named after them, as are numerous large streets in major cities and many schools. Their biographies are mentioned in children's school books. The stories of the Trưng Sisters and of another famous woman warrior, Lady Triệu , are cited by some historians as hints that Vietnamese society before sinicization

747-512: Is in Hanoi near Hoàn Kiếm Lake . The temple was constructed by king Lý Anh Tông (r. 1138–1176) in 1158. According to tradition, in that year a devastating drought occurred in the Red River Delta, and the king ordered a Buddhist monk named Cam Thin to conduct a sacrifices rite and pray for rain at the Trung sisters temple. It rained the following day that saved his kingdom from famine. During one night

830-746: Is the Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư (Complete Annals of Dai Viet ) compiled by Ngô Sĩ Liên under the order of the Emperor Lê Thánh Tông and finished in 1479. The Chinese traditional historical accounts on the Trưng sisters are remarkably brief. They are found in several different chapters of the Book of the Later Han , the history for the Eastern Han dynasty , against which the Trưng sisters had carried out their uprising. Chapter eighty-six of

913-500: Is the official history of the Sui dynasty , which ruled China in the years AD 581–618. It ranks among the official Twenty-Four Histories of imperial China. It was written by Yan Shigu , Kong Yingda , and Zhangsun Wuji , with Wei Zheng as the lead author. In the third year of Zhenguan of the Tang dynasty (629), Emperor Taizong of Tang ordered Fang Xuanling to supervise the completion of

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996-902: Is used to name the Tay ( Central Tai ) of North Vietnam. jiāo 交 < MC kæw < OC *kraw [ k.raw ] lǎo 獠 < MC lawX < OC *C-rawʔ [C. rawˀ ] Frederic Pain proposes that *k(ə)ra:w means 'human being' and originates from Austroasiatic : he further links it to a local root * trawʔ , which is associated with taro , is ancestral to various Austroasiatic lexical items such as "Monic (Spoken Mon krao or Nyah-kur traw ), Palaungic (Tung-wa kraɷʔ or Sem klao ), or Katuic (Ong raw or Souei ʰraw < proto-Katuic * craw )", and possibly evoked "a particular (most probably tuber-based) cultivation practice used by small Mon-Khmer horticultural communities—as opposed to more complex and advanced cereal-growing (probably rice-based) societies" Meanwhile, James Chamberlain claims that Jiao originated from

1079-566: The Book of Sui was completed by a separate set of authors and added in 656 – 20 years after the original text was completed. The treatises cover the Liang , Chen , Northern Qi , and Northern Zhou dynasties in addition to the Sui . In addition to the Book of Liang and Book of Chen , the Book of Sui is an essential source of information on the subjects covered for those dynasties. The treatises on classics (經籍) are especially important because

1162-676: The Book of Sui is the only standard history including such a section since the Book of Han and contains essential bibliographical information for the period from the Later Han (25–220) to the Sui dynasty. The treatises were initially circulated as a separate set titled "Treatises of the History of the Five Dynasties" (五代史志). This article about a non-fiction book on Chinese history

1245-630: The Book of the Later Han , entitled Biographies of the Southern and the Southwestern Barbarians, has this short passage: In the 16th year of the Jianwu era (40 AD), Jiaozhi (交阯; WD : Chiao-chih) woman Zheng Ce (徵側; SV : Trưng Trắc) and her younger sister Zheng Er (徵貳; SV: Trưng Nhị) rebelled and attacked the commandery['s strongholds]. As for Zheng Ce, she was the daughter of the Luo general of Miling prefecture (麊泠; SV: Mê Linh). She

1328-622: The Jiaozhi Commandery ( Chinese : 交趾 郡 , 交阯 郡 ; Vietnamese : Quận Giao Chỉ , chữ Hán : 郡交趾) an administrative division centered in the Red River Delta that existed through Vietnam's first and second periods of Chinese rule. During the Han dynasty , the commandery was part of a province of the same name (later renamed to Jiaozhou ) that covered modern-day northern and central Vietnam as well as Guangdong and Guangxi in southern China. In 670 AD, Jiaozhi

1411-671: The Ming dynasty revived the historical name Jiaozhi and created the Jiaozhi Province in northern Vietnam. After repelling the Ming forces, Lê Lợi dismissed all former administrative structure and divided the nation into 5 dao . Thus, Giao Chỉ and Giao Châu have never been names of official administrative units ever since. In 166 CE An-tun ( Marcus Aurelius Antoninus ) of the state of Ta Ch'in sent missinaries from beyond Rinan to offer present of ivory, rhinoceros horn, and tortoise to

1494-592: The Outlines and Details (of the Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance ) ([資治通鑒]綱目集覽) erroneously indicated that his family name was Lạc.) Her capital was Mê Linh. [...] Her first year was Canh Tí [ Gengzi , 40 AD]. (It was the 16th year of Han dynasty 's Jianwu era). In the spring, the second month, the queen was bitter because the governor, Su Ding, used the law to restrain her and also harbored

1577-607: The Red River Delta near modern Hanoi ]; but few of the inhabitants of these southern frontier states have come to Da Qin. During the 5th year of the Huangwu period of the reign of Sun Quan [AD 226] a merchant of Da Qin, whose name was Qin Lun came to Jiaozhi [Tonkin]; the prefect [ taishou ] of Jiaozhi, Wu Miao, sent him to Sun Quan [the Wu emperor], who asked him for a report on his native country and its people." The capital of Jiaozhi

1660-530: The Women's Solidarity Movement , a female paramilitary organization, using the sisters as a rallying symbol. In the aftermath of the 1963 overthrow of Ngô Đình Diệm , the statues of the sisters were demolished by jubilant anti-Ngô Đình Diệm rioters. Temples to the Trưng Sisters or Hai Bà Trưng Temples were found from as early as the end of the Third Era of Northern Domination . The best known Hai Bà Trưng Temple

1743-530: The Wu . This family controlled several surrounding commanderies, but upon the headman's death Guangzhou was formed as a separate province from northeastern Jiaozhou and Shi Xie's son attempted to usurp his father's appointed replacement. In retaliation, Sun Quan executed the son and all his brothers and demoted the remainder of the family to common status. During the Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam ,

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1826-419: The mountains everywhere [was] pacified. Yuan reported that Xiyu prefecture (西於; SV: Tây Ư) had 32,000 households, its boundaries [were] over thousands of li from the court; he requested that [Xiyu prefecture] be divided into two prefectures: Fengxi (封溪, SV: Phong Khê) and Wanghai (望海; SV: Vọng Hải); [the request] was granted. Yuan immediately seized the momentum, established commanderies and prefectures, repaired

1909-465: The 18th year (42 CE), he dispatched Wave-Subduing General Ma Yuan (馬援; WD: Ma Yüan), Tower-ship General Duan Zhi (段志; WD: Tuan Chih) [and Household General Liu Long (劉隆; WD: Liu Long)], who led over 10,000 troops from Ch'ang-sha, Guiyang (桂陽; SV: Quế Dương); Lingling (零陵; SV: Linh Lăng); Cangwu (蒼梧; SV: Thương Ngô) on a punitive expedition. Summer next year (43 CE), in the fourth month, Ma Yuan devastated Jiaozhi, beheaded Zheng Ce, Zheng Er, and others;

1992-500: The Book of Sui, which was being compiled around the same time as other official histories were being written. The Book of Sui was completed in 636 AD, the same year as the Book of Chen was completed. The format used in the text follows the composite historical biography format (斷代紀傳體) established by Ban Gu in the Book of the Later Han with three sections: annals (紀), treatises (志), and biographies (傳). The extensive set of 30 treatises, sometimes translated as "monographs", in

2075-572: The Chinese governor of Jiaozhi province at the time, is remembered by his cruelty and tyranny. According to the Book of the Later Han , Thi Sách was "of a fierce temperament", and Su Ding attempted to restrain him with legal procedures, literally to behead him without trial. Trưng Trắc stirred her husband to action and became the central figure in mobilizing the Lạc lords against the Chinese. In March of 40 AD, Trưng Trắc and her younger sister Trưng Nhị, led

2158-509: The Chinese. The Trưng sisters were more than two sisters that gave their lives up for their country; they are powerful symbols of Vietnamese resistance and freedom. In 1962 during the Vietnam War , Trần Lệ Xuân (aka Madame Nhu), sister-in-law of South Vietnamese president Ngô Đình Diệm had a costly statue erected in the capital of Saigon in memory of the Trưng sisters, with the facial features modeled on herself, and also established

2241-493: The Emperor that: 'I prudently added 12,000 crack-troops in Jiaozhi to the main army for a total of 20,000 men; as well as 2,000 vessels and vehicles, ever since entering Jiaozhi; now [our army] has become [even] stronger.' In the 10th month, Yuan [went] southwards and entered Jiuzhen ; when he reached Vô Thiết prefecture (無切縣), the rebels' leader surrendered. He advanced and entered Dư Phát (餘發), rebels' leader Chu Bá (朱伯) abandoned

2324-495: The Han began in 40 AD led by the Trưng sisters. The Trưng sisters were daughters of a wealthy aristocratic family of Lạc ethnicity (The Lac were sorts of a confederation of multi-ethnic peoples). Their father had been a Lạc lord in Mê Linh district (modern-day Mê Linh District , Hanoi ). Trưng Trắc's husband was Thi Sách (Shi Suo), was also the Lạc lord of Chu Diên (modern-day Khoái Châu District , Hưng Yên Province ). Su Ding,

2407-588: The Han court. Hou Han shu records: In the ninth Yanxi year [AD 166], during the reign of Emperor Huan , the king of Da Qin [the Roman Empire], Andun ( Marcus Aurelius Antoninus , r.  161–180), sent envoys from beyond the frontiers through Rinan... During the reign of Emperor He [AD 89–105], they sent several envoys carrying tribute and offerings. Later, the Western Regions rebelled, and these relations were interrupted. Then, during

2490-459: The Han dynasty. Khu Liên found the independent kingdom of Lâm Ấp . Jiaozhi emerged as the economic center of gravity on the southern coast of the Han empire. In 2 AD, the region reported four times as many households as Nanhai (modern Guangdong), while its population density is estimated to be 9.6 times larger than that of Guangdong. Jiaozhi was a key supplier of rice and produced prized handicrafts and natural resources. The region's location

2573-642: The Han, the political center of the former Nanyue lands was moved from Panyu ( Guangzhou ) south to Jiaozhi. The capital of Jiaozhi was first Mê Linh (Miling) (within modern Hanoi 's Me Linh district ) and then Luy Lâu , within Bac Ninh 's Thuan Thanh district . According to the Book of Han ’s "Treatise on Geography", Jiaozhi contained 10 counties : Leilou (羸𨻻), Anding (安定), Goulou (苟屚), Miling (麊泠), Quyang (曲昜), Beidai (北帶), Jixu (稽徐), Xiyu (西于), Longbian (龍編), and Zhugou (朱覯). Đào Duy Anh stated that Jiaozhi's territory contained all of Tonkin , excluding

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2656-455: The Han. In the following year, thousand of rebels from Yulin and Hepu besieged Cangwu. Empress Dowager Deng decided to avoid conflict and instead sent attendant censor Ren Chuo with a proclamation to grant them amnesty. In 157, Lac leader Chu Đạt in Jiuzhen attacked and killed the Chinese magistrate, then marched north with an army of four to five thousand. The governor of Jiuzhen, Ni Shi,

2739-489: The Lac lord of Mê Linh, led an uprising that quickly spread to an area stretching approximate modern-day Vietnam (Jiaozhi, Jiuzhen , Hepu and Rinan ), forcing Su Ding and the Han army to flee. All of Lac lords submitted to Trưng Trắc and crowned her Queen. In AD 42 the Han empire struck back by sending an reconquest expedition led by Ma Yuan . Copper columns of Ma Yuan was supposedly erected by Ma Yuan after he had suppressed

2822-503: The Lạc Việt to rise up in rebellion against the Han. The Book of the Later Han recorded that Trưng Trắc launched the rebellion to avenge the killing of her husband. It began at the Red River Delta , but soon spread to other Lạc and non-Han peoples from an area stretching from Hepu Commandery to Rinan . Chinese settlements were overrun, and Su Ding fled. The uprising gained the support of about sixty-five towns and settlements. Trưng Trắc

2905-466: The Martyred Soldier), which is often used as lament for state funerals, and the lyrics still mentioned the Trưng sisters' rebellion. Jiaozhi Jiaozhi ( standard Chinese , pinyin : Jiāozhǐ ), or Vietnamese : Giao Chỉ , was a historical region ruled by various Chinese dynasties , corresponding to present-day northern Vietnam . The kingdom of Nanyue (204–111 BC) set up

2988-617: The Sino-Vietnamese Jiao in Jiāozhǐ (交趾), together with the ethnonym and autonym of the Lao people (lǎo 獠), and the ethnonym Gēlǎo (仡佬), a Kra population scattered from Guizhou (China) to North Vietnam, would have emerged from *k(ə)ra:w . The etymon *k(ə)ra:w would have also yielded the ethnonym Keo/ Kæw kɛːw , a name given to the Vietnamese by Tai speaking peoples, currently slightly derogatory. In Pupeo ( Kra branch ), kew

3071-510: The Trưng Queens; they erected a temple for worshipping. The temple is located at in Hát River commune, Phúc Lộc Prefecture; there is also (another temple?) in the old territory of Phiên Ngung . Lê Văn Hưu ( Trần dynasty 's historian) wrote: Trưng Trắc, Trưng Nhị are women; with one single cry [they rallied] the commanderies of Cửu Chân, Nhật Nam, Hợp Phố; and sixty-five strongholds beyond

3154-459: The Trưng Sisters: In the year Kỉ Hợi [ Ji Hai , 39 AD] (It was the 15th year of the era of Emperor Guang Wu of Han, Liu Xiu), the administrator of Jiaozhi, Su Ding, governed with greed and violence. Queen Trưng raised troops and attacked. [...] Queen Trưng reigned for three years. The queen was remarkably strong and courageous. She expelled Su Ding and established a nation as queen, but as

3237-403: The [rebels'] leader did not surrender; [Ma Yuan] then beheaded several tens to hundreds. Jiuzhen was then pacified. The traditional Chinese accounts differed from Vietnamese traditional accounts in many places: Chinese accounts do not indicate oppression of the Vietnamese population by the Chinese officials and Su Ding's killing of Trưng Trắc's husband; though Ma Yuan himself confirmed that Su Ding

3320-576: The coastline and the mountains, opening a path over thousands of li long. In the spring of the 18th [Jianwu] year (40 CE), [Yuan's] army reached up to Langbo (浪泊; SV: Lãng Bạc), fought with the rebels, routed them, decapitated thousands, [and] over tens of thousands surrendered. Yuan chased Zheng Ce to the Forbidden Gorge (禁谿; SV: Cấm Khê); defeated many times, the rebels then scattered and fled. The first month of next year (43 CE), Zheng Ce and Zheng Er were beheaded, their heads sent to Luoyang . Yuan

3403-472: The commandery and escaped into the deep jungles and great marshes where rhinoceroses and elephants gathered and goats and buffaloes numbered in the thousands; then, elephants were seen as in herds of several hundreds. Yuan again divided his troops, [and dispatched them] into Vô Biên prefecture (無編縣) – which was the Jiuzhending 九真亭 [prefecture] during Wang Mang ['s era]. When [Ma Yuan] reached Cư Phong (風縣),

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3486-689: The commandery was lost. The barbarians in Jiuzhen, Rinan, Hepu all supported [the Zheng sisters]. The rebels captured over sixty strongholds beyond the Ridge; Ce established herself as queen. Then a sealed decree honored Yuan as Wave-Subduing General, assigned Fule Marquis Liu Long as his assistant, dispatched Tower-ship general Duan Zhi, etc. southwards to attack Jiaozhi. When the army reached Hepu, Zhi fell ill and died; [the Emperor] decreed that Yuan command his [Zhi's] soldiers also. Then [Yuan's army] advanced along

3569-437: The defeat is desertion by rebels because they did not believe they could win under a woman's leadership. The fact that women were in charge was blamed as a reason for the defeat by historical Vietnamese texts in which the historians ridiculed and mocked men because they did nothing while "mere girls", whom they viewed with revulsion, took up the banner of revolt. The historical poem containing the phrase "mere girls", which related

3652-421: The developing of Han-Viet ruling class while local Lac ruling-class families who had submitted to Ma Yuan were used as local functionaries in Han administration and were natural participants in the intermarriage process. In 100, Cham people in Xianglin county (near modern-day Huế ) revolted against the Han rule due to high taxes. The Cham plundered and burned down the Han centers. The Han respond by putting down

3735-716: The endonym's initial consonantal cluster); noting that the older two-character combinations 鳩獠 Qiūlǎo , 狐獠 Húlǎo , and 屈獠 Qūlǎo had been pronounced * kɔ-lawʔ , * ɣɔ-lawʔ , and * kʰut-lawʔ respectively in Middle Chinese , she reconstructs the endonym * klao , which is either related to the word klao , meaning "person", in the Kra languages , or is a compound, meaning "our people", of prefix k- for "people" and Proto-Tai first person plural pronoun * rəu "we, us". Even so, Michael Churchman acknowledged that "The absence of records of large-scale population shifts indicates that there

3818-570: The first few centuries AD, before being replaced by Guangdong . In terms of archaeological finds, a Republican -era Roman glassware has been found at a Western Han tomb in Guangzhou along the South China Sea , dated to the early 1st century BC. In addition, from a site near the Red River in the northern Vietnamese province of Lao Cai (borders with Yunnan ), a glass bowl dated from late first century BC to early first century AD

3901-659: The king dreamed and saw the two sisters appeared and were riding together on an iron horse. When the king awoke, he ordered the temple to be gloriously decorated and performed a sacrifice ritual to the sisters. Later he directed two other temples to worship the sisters, one of which was destroyed by river landslide and one temple which survives today. Other Hai Bà Trưng temples are found in Mê Linh District ( Vĩnh Phúc Province ), Phúc Thọ District ( Hà Tây Province ) and Hoàng Hoa Thám Street, Bình Thạnh District , Ho Chi Minh City. According to Keith Taylor , one reason for

3984-610: The land on the right bank of the Red River . According to tradition, the Hung kings directly ruled Mê Linh while other areas were ruled by dependent Lac lords. The Van Lang kingdom fell to the Âu under prince Thục Phán around 258 BC. Thục Phán established his capital at Co Loa in Hanoi's Dong Anh district . The citadel was taken around 208 BC by the Qin general Zhao Tuo . Zhao Tuo declared his independent kingdom of Nanyue in 204 and organized his Vietnamese territory as

4067-503: The lower part of Yangtze 's drainage basin, and nowhere farther than today Anhui province in China (i.e. not in today northern Vietnam ); accordingly, Đào defines Jiao(zhi) as "lands in the south which bordered [ancient Chinese's] territories". The native state of Văn Lang is not well attested, but much later sources name Giao Chỉ as one of the realm's districts ( bộ ). Its territory purportedly comprised present-day Hanoi and

4150-516: The rebellion, executed their leaders and granting Xianglin a two-year tax respite. In 136 and 144, Cham people again launched another two rebellions which provoked mutinies in the Imperial army from Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen, then rebellion in Jiaozhi. The governor of Jiaozhi, according to Kiernan, "lured them to surrender" with "enticing words." In 115, the Wuhu Li of Cangwu district revolted against

4233-668: The regions upstream of the Black River and Ma River . Southwestern Guangxi was also part of Jiaozhi. The southwest area of present-day Ninh Bình was the border of Jiuzhen. Later, the Han dynasty created another commandery named Rinan ( Nhật Nam ) located south of Jiuzhen, stretching from the Ngang Pass to Quảng Nam Province . One of the Grand Administrators of Jiaozhi was Su Ding . In AD 39, two sisters Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị who were daughters of

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4316-466: The rest all surrendered or scattered. He advanced and attacked the Jiuzhen's rebel Du Yang (都陽; SV: Đô Dương) and others, routing and subduing them. He exiled over 300 rebel leaders to Lingling. Thus the regions beyond the Ridge were entirely pacified. Chapter twenty-four, the biographies of Ma and some of his notable male descendants, had this parallel description: Then Jiaozhi woman Zheng Ce and [her] younger sister Zheng Er rebelled; [they] attacked and

4399-412: The revolt of the Trưng Sisters while the men did nothing, was not intended to praise women nor view war as women's work, as it has been wrongly interpreted. Lưu Hữu Phước wrote the patriotic song Hát Giang trường hận (Long Hatred on Hát River ) between 1942–1943 to dedicate to the Trưng sisters. Later, Phước revised the lyrics in 1946 to create another song Hồn tử sĩ  [ vi ] (Soul of

4482-560: The ridge heeded their call. They established a nation and proclaimed themselves as queens as easily as their turning over their hands. We can see that we Viets have the potentials to achieve the status of hegemons and monarchs. Regrettably, since after the Triệu dynasty until before Ngô Quyền , in the span of more than one thousand years, the men themselves merely hung their heads, wrung their hands, and became vassals and servants to Northerners (Chinese). Don't they men feel ashamed considering that

4565-455: The second and the fourth Yanxi years in the reign of Emperor Huan [AD 159 and 161], and frequently since, [these] foreigners have arrived [by sea] at the frontiers of Rinan [Commandery in modern central Vietnam] to present offerings. The Book of Liang states: The merchants of this country [the Roman Empire] frequently visit Funan [in the Mekong delta], Rinan ( Annam ) and Jiaozhi [in

4648-591: The sisters is the 5th century Book of the Later Han compiled by historian Fan Ye , which covers the history of the Eastern Han dynasty from 6 to CE 189. Other Chinese sources are the Shui Jing Zhu (6th cen), Book of Sui (7th century), Tongdian (8th century), Book of the Southern Barbarians (written in 862 by Fan Chuo ),... The secondary source, but the primary popular source,

4731-423: The state of Nanyue in 204 BC and had conquered Âu Lạc in 180 BC, incorporating the Vietnamese realm into his own. In 112 BC, Emperor Wu of Han dispatched soldiers against Nanyue and the kingdom was annexed in 111 BC during the ensuing Han conquest of Nanyue . Nine commanderies were established to administer the region, three of which were located in what is now northern Vietnam. Revolts of local tribes against

4814-646: The strongholds and ramparts, dredged the irrigation canals, and benefited the people. [Yuan] reported [to the Emperor] Yue law and Han law differed in more than ten rules; towards the Yue people, the old rules were clarified in order to restrain them. Henceforth, the Luoyue (駱越) obeyed General Ma's laws. Autumn of the 20th year (44 CE), [Ma Yuan] brought the troops back to the capital; the troops had been suffering from miasma and epidemic, four to five died out of ten. Yuan

4897-522: The submission of the Nanyue commanders in Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen , confirming them in their posts and ushering in the " First Era of Northern Domination " in Vietnamese history . These commanderies were headed by grand administrators ( taishou ) who were later overseen by the inspectors ( 刺史 , cishi ) of Jiaozhou or "Jiaozhi Province" ( Giao Chỉ bộ ), the first of whom was Shi Dai . Under

4980-461: The tenth century, as a result of immigration from the south, i.e., modern north-central Vietnam . According to Han - Tang records, east of Jiaozhi and the coast of Guangdong , Guangxi was populated by Tai-Kadai speakers (whom Chinese contemporaries called Lǐ 俚 and Lǎo 獠). Catherine Churchman proposes that the Chinese character 獠 transliterated a native term and was shortened from older two-character combinations (which were used transcribe

5063-490: The two commanderies of Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen ( Vietnamese : Cửu Chân ; present-day Thanh Hóa , Nghệ An , and Hà Tĩnh ). Following a native coup that killed the Zhao king and his Chinese mother, the Han launched two invasions in 112 and 111 BC that razed the Nanyue capital at Panyu ( Guangzhou ). When Han dynasty conquered Nanyue in 111 BC, the Han court divided it into 9 commanderies, one commandery called Jiaozhi

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5146-669: The two Trưng were women? Alas! They may say they have thrown themselves away. The reign of Trưng Queens started in the year of Canh Tý and ended in Nhâm Dần, for a total of 3 years (40–42). Ngô Sĩ Liên (the Complete Annals chief compiler) wrote: Lady Trưng was infuriated by the oppressive Han administrator. With her raised arm and one single yell, she almost rebuilt our Viet national continuation. Her heroic mettle during her lifetime not only prompted her nation-building and proclamation of queenship but also, even after she perished, hamper disaster and hinder peril. Whenever disasters, like flood or drought, happen, no prayers go unanswered. The same for

5229-473: The two sisters was defeated in the next year as Ma Yuan captured and decapitated Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị, then sent their heads to the Han court in Luoyang . The Song dynasty poet and calligrapher Huang Tingjian (1045–1105) compared the Trưng sisters to Lü Jia , the prime minister of Nanyue who resisted Emperor Wu 's army in 112 BCE: Lü Jia refused treasonous bribe; Trưng Trắc raised her shield to resist oppression The primary historical source for

5312-506: The uprising of the Trưng Sisters in AD 44. Ma Yuan followed his conquest with a brutal course of assimilation, destroying the natives' bronze drums in order to build the column, on which the inscription "If this bronze column collapses, Jiaozhi will be destroyed" was carved, at the edge of the Chinese empire. Following the defeat of Trưng sisters, thousands of Chinese immigrants (mostly soldiers) arrived and settled in Jiaozhi, adopted surname Ma, and married with local Lac Viet girls, began

5395-444: The waterways, and store foods and provisions, and also commissioned Wave-Subduing General Ma Yuan and Fule marquis Liu Long as his assistant in order to invade. Her third year was Nhâm Dần [ Renyin , 42 AD]. (It was the 18th year of Han dynasty's Jianwu era). In the spring, the first month, Ma advanced, following the coastline and the mountain(paths). He went for over a thousand li and reached Lãng Bạc (west of Tây Nhai in La Thành

5478-457: The younger Trưng sister. For she, a woman, possessed the gentleman 's virtue, and her heroic and courageous spirit, between heaven and earth, does not deteriorate even though her body alrealdy perished. Couldn't men have nourished that upright and honest spirit? The Trưng Sisters are highly revered in Vietnam, as they led the first resistance movement against the occupying Chinese after 247 years of domination. Many temples are dedicated to them, and

5561-477: Was enfeoffed as Marquis of Xinsi, [his] fief [containing] three-thousand households. Yuan then slaughtered oxen, and distilled wines, and rewarded the soldiers [and] officers [for their] hard work... Yuan commanded over 2,000 tower-ships big and small, over 20,000 soldiers, advanced and attacked the bandit Zheng Ce's remnants Du Yang (都羊, SV: Đô Dương) et al., from Wugong (無功; SV: Vô Công) to Jufeng (居風, SV: Cư Phong), beheading [or] capturing over 5,000; south of

5644-470: Was (a place) named Lãng Bạc). He battled with the queen, who saw that the enemy's army was large. She herself considered her army to be disorderly and feared that it could not stand. Therefore, she withdrew to Forbidden (禁 Jìn) Gorge. (The Forbidden Gorge was referred to in history as Golden (金 Jīn) Gorge.) The army also thought that the queen was a woman and could not win, and therefore scattered. The national continuation again ended. [...] Her fourth year

5727-410: Was Quý Mão [ Guimao 43 AD]. (It was the 19th year of Han dynasty's Jianwu era). In the spring, the first moth, Queen Trưng and her younger sister warred against Han army; they were abandoned and both were defeated and perished. Ma Yuan chased down the remaining multitude, Đô Dương and others. When chased to Cư Phong prefecture, [Đô Dương and others] surrendered. [...] The locals admired and mourned

5810-459: Was a matriarchal one, where there are no obstacles for women in assuming leadership roles. Even though the Trưng Sisters' revolt against the Chinese was almost 2000 years ago, its legacy in Vietnam remains. The two sisters are considered to be a national symbol in Vietnam, representing Vietnam's independence. They are often depicted as two women riding two giant war elephants . Many times, they are seen leading their followers into battle against

5893-414: Was a fairly stable group of people in Jiaozhi throughout the Han–Tang period who spoke Austroasiatic languages ancestral to modern Vietnamese." Jiaozhi, pronounced Kuchi in the Malay , became the Cochin-China of the Portuguese traders c.  1516 , who so named it to distinguish it from the city and the Kingdom of Cochin in India, their first headquarters in the Malabar Coast . It

5976-540: Was absorbed into the Annan Protectorate established by the Tang dynasty . Afterwards, official use of the name Jiaozhi was superseded by "Annan" (Annam) and other names of Vietnam , except during the brief fourth period of Chinese rule when the Ming dynasty administered Vietnam as the Jiaozhi Province . Chinese chroniclers assigned various folk etymologies for the toponym. According to Michel Ferlus ,

6059-621: Was bestowed a military carriage; in court-meetings, [he] ranked among the Nine Ministers . An older, yet less-known account, from the now-lost Records of Jiao Province's Outer Territories (交州外域記) was quoted in the 6th-century word Commentary on the Water Classic (水經注) by Northern Wei geographer Li Daoyuan : Later, the son of Zhouyuan's Luo general, named Shi (詩; SV: Thi), asked the daughter of Ming ling's Luo general, named Zheng Ce (徵側; SV: Trưng Trắc), to be his wife. Ce, as

6142-403: Was greedy and cowardly. In the Chinese account, the Trưng sisters did not commit suicide. Chinese sources also contradicted accounts in Vietnamese folk history that the Trưng sisters' retainers followed their examples and also committed suicide. The third book of Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư ( Complete Annals of Dai Viet ), published in editions between 1272 and 1697, has the following to say about

6225-653: Was highly favorable to trade. Well connected to central China via the Ling Canal , it formed the nearest connection between the Han court and the Maritime Silk Road . By the end of the second century AD, Buddhism (brought from India via sea by Indian Buddhists centuries earlier) had become the most common religion of Jiaozhi. During the Three Kingdoms period , Jiaozhi was administered from Longbian ( Long Biên ) by Shi Xie on behalf of

6308-404: Was killed. The Han general of Jiuzhen, Wei Lang, gathered an army and defeated Chu Đạt, beheading 2,000 rebels. In 159 and 161, Indian merchants arrived Jiaozhi and paid tributes to the Han government. In 166, a Roman trade mission arrived Jiaozhi, bringing tributes to the Han, which "were likely bought from local markets" of Rinan and Jiaozhi. In 178, Wuhu people under Liang Long sparked

6391-882: Was married as wife to Shi Suo (詩索; SV: Thi Sách), a man in Zhouyuan (朱鳶; SV: Chu Diên). She/he(?) was/They were(?) remarkably heroic and courageous. Su Ding (蘇定; WD: Su Ting), the administrator of Jiaozhi restrained her (them?) with law; Ce became infuriated, rebelled, and attacked. Thus, the barbarians in Jiuzhen (九眞; WD Chiu-chen), Rinan (日南; WD:Jih-nan), Hepu (合浦; WD: Hop'u) all supported her. All in all, she took sixty-five strongholds and established herself as queen . Jiaozhi 's governor and administrators could but defend themselves. (Emperor) Guangwu thus decreed that Changsha (長沙; WD: Ch'ang-sha), Hepu, and Jiaozhi, all must furnish chariots and boats, repair roads and bridges, dredge obstructed waterways, and store foods and provisions. In

6474-466: Was proclaimed as queen regnant . The status of Trưng Nhị was not mentioned in Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư . According to Việt Nam sử lược , Trưng Nhị jointly reigned as co-king/queen but according to  folk literature , Trưng Nhị became a vice-king/queen . In 42 AD, the Emperor Guangwu of Han commissioned general Ma Yuan to suppress the rebellion with 20,000 troops. The rebellion of

6557-567: Was proposed by Ferdinand von Richthofen in 1877 to have been the port known to the geographer Ptolemy and the Romans as Kattigara , situated near modern Hanoi . Richthofen's view was widely accepted until archaeology at Óc Eo in the Mekong Delta suggested that site may have been its location. Kattigara seems to have been the main port of call for ships traveling to China from the West in

6640-618: Was recovered along with 40 ancient artifacts including seven Heger type I drums . At Óc Eo, then part of the Kingdom of Funan near Jiaozhi, Roman golden medallions made during the reign of Antoninus Pius and his successor Marcus Aurelius have been found. This may have been the port city of Kattigara described by Ptolemy , laying beyond the Golden Chersonese (i.e. Malay Peninsula ). Book of Sui The Book of Sui ( Chinese : 隋書 ; pinyin : Suí Shū )

6723-588: Was subsequently called " Cochinchina ". Numerous Chinese sources, dated to the Spring & Autumn and Warring States periods, mentioned a place called Jiao(zhi) to the south of Ancient China . Book of Rites is the earliest extant source to associate the name Jiaozhi with the Nanman . However, Vietnamese historian Đào Duy Anh locates Jiaozhi (which was mentioned in ancient texts) only south of Mount Heng (衡山) (aka 霍山 Mount Huo or 天柱山 Mount Tianzhu ), within

6806-416: Was the 17th year of Han dynasty's Jianwu era). In the spring, the second month, there was a solar eclipse on the last day of the (lunar) month. The Han court, witnessing that as Lady Trưng had declared herself queen, captured cities, caused much distress in the border commanderies, thus ordered Trường Sa, Hợp Phố, and Giao Châu ([now] ours) to prepare wagons and boats, repair the bridges and the roads, dredge

6889-551: Was the center of Han administration and government for all 9 areas. Because of this, the entire areas of 9 commanderies was sometime called Jiaozhi. From Han to Tang, the names Jiaozhi and Jiao county at least was used for a part of the Han-era Jiaozhi. In 670, Jiaozhi was absorbed into a larger administrative called Annan (Pacified South). After this, the name Jiaozhi was applied for the Red River Delta and most or all of northern Vietnam (Tonkin). The Han dynasty received

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