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31-537: Others In terms of Ihsan : The Hanafi school or Hanafism ( Arabic : ٱلْمَذْهَب ٱلْحَنَفِيّ , romanized :  al-madhhab al-ḥanafī ) is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam . It was established by the 8th-century scholar , jurist , and theologian Abu Hanifa ( c.  699–767 CE ), a follower whose legal views were primarily preserved by his two disciples Abu Yusuf and Muhammad al-Shaybani . As

62-422: A form of ra'y which enables jurists to opt for weaker positions if the results of qiyas lead to an undesirable outcome for the public interest ( maslaha ). Although istihsan did not initially require a scriptural basis, criticism from other schools prompted Hanafi jurists to restrict its usage to cases where it was textually supported from the 9th-century onwards. It is estimated that up to 30% of Muslims in

93-564: A righteous person, a doer of good ( muhsin ), but a truly good and righteous person is both a Muslim and a true person of faith. Some Islamic scholars explain ihsan as being the inner dimension of Islam whereas shariah is often described as the outer dimension. Ihsan "constitutes the highest form of worship" ( ibadah ). It is excellence in work and in social interactions. For example, ihsan includes sincerity during Muslim prayers and being grateful to parents, family, and God. Tabi%27un The next generation of Muslims after

124-599: Is an Arabic term meaning "to do beautiful things", "beautification", "perfection", or "excellence" (Arabic: husn , lit.   ' beauty ' ). Ihsan is a matter of taking one's inner faith ( iman ) and showing it in both deed and action, a sense of social responsibility borne from religious convictions. In Islam , Ihsan is the Muslim responsibility to obtain perfection, or excellence, in worship, such that Muslims try to worship God as if they see Him, and although they cannot see Him, they undoubtedly believe that He

155-531: Is constantly watching over them. That definition comes from the Hadith of Gabriel in which Muhammad states, "[Ihsan is] to worship God as though you see Him, and if you cannot see Him, then indeed He sees you". ( Al-Bukhari and Al-Muslim ). According to Muhammad's hadith "God has written ihsan on everything". Ihsan is one of the three dimensions of the Islamic religion ( ad-din ): In contrast to

186-506: The Maliki , Shafi'i and Hanbali schools. One who ascribes to the Hanafi school is called a Hanafi , Hanafite or Hanafist ( Arabic : ٱلْحَنَفِيّ , romanized :  al-ḥanafī , pl. ٱلْحَنَفِيَّة , al-ḥanafiyya or ٱلْأَحْنَاف , al-aḥnāf ). A standardized legal tradition ( madhhab ) did not exist among early Muslims. To them, the only sources of Sharia were

217-728: The Quran and the Sunnah . If not found in these two sources, they had to reach consensus, and early Muslims differed in their interpretation of religious matters. At the end of the era of the Companions, the Tabi'is found solutions by adopting different ways to interpret Islamic Shari'ah. Thus, the formula for establishing the Islamic Shari'ah was prepared by the Sahaba and the Tabi'is . At

248-705: The Quran , hadith , consensus ( ijma ), legal analogy ( qiyas ), juristic preference ( istihsan ) and normative customs ( urf ) as sources of the Sharia . Abu Hanifa is regarded by modern scholars as the first to formally adopt and institute qiyas as a method to derive Islamic law when the Quran and hadiths are silent or ambiguous in their guidance; and is noted for his general reliance on personal opinion ( ra'y ). The islamic jurists are usually viewed as two groups: Ahl al-Ra'y (The people of personal opinion) and Ahl al-Hadith (The People of Hadith). The jurists of

279-467: The Sufis have focused their attention on ihsan . Those who are muhsin are a subset of those who are mu'min , and those who are mu'min are a subset of muslims : From the preceding discussion it should be clear that not every Muslim is a man or woman of faith ( mu'min ), but every person of faith is a Muslim . Furthermore, a Muslim who believes in all the principles of Islam may not necessarily be

310-660: The tabiʿūn are called the tābiʿ at-tābiʿīn تَابِعُو ٱلتَّابِعِينَ . The first three generations of Muhammad's followers make up the salaf سَلَفُ of Islam. Muslims from the Sunni branch of Islam define a tābiʿ as a Muslim who: Sunni Muslims also regard the tābiʿūn as the best generation after the companions. According to Sunni Muslims , Muhammad said: "The best people are those living in my generation, then those coming after them, and then those coming after (the second generation)" The tābiʿūn are divided by most Muslim scholars into three classes: The first tābiʿ to die

341-573: The 9th century, where it acquired the support of rulers including Delhi Sultanate , Khwarazmian Empire , Kazakh Sultanate and the local Samanid rulers. Turkic expansion introduced the school to the Indian subcontinent and Anatolia , and it was adopted as the chief legal school of the Ottoman and Mughal Empire . In the modern Republic of Turkey , the Hanafi jurisprudence is enshrined in Diyanet ,

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372-498: The Hanafi school are often accused of preferring ra'y over hadith. Muhammad Zahid al-Kawthari says in his book Fiqh Ahl al-`Iraq wa Hadithuhum : "Ibn Hazm thinks of the jurists as Ahl al-Ray and Ahl al-Hadith. This differentiation has no basis and is without a doubt only the dream of some exceptional people, that have been influenced by the statements of some ignorant narrators, after the mihna of Ahmad bin Hanbal." He also states that

403-603: The Hanafis could only be called Ahl al-Ray, because of how talented and capable they are when it comes to ra'y . And not because of their lack of knowledge in hadith or them not relying on it, as the term Ahl al-Ray usually implies. Regardless of their usage of Ra'y as one of the sources of their jurisprudence, the Hanafite scholars still prioritize the textual approach of the Sahaba. Careful examination by modern Islamic jurisprudence researcher Ismail Poonawala has found that

434-481: The Imam himself. And under his guidance, his senior students would participated in it. Abu Hanifa had a unique "discussions and debate" method to conduct on the issues until they were settled. If resolved, Abu Yusuf would have been ordered to codify it." Explaining the method of Abu Hanifa in teaching his companions, Al-Muwaffaq Al-Makki says, “Abu Hanifa established his doctrine by consultation among them. He never possess

465-416: The authoritative views of the founders of the school are compiled. They are Al-Mabsut (also known as Kitab al-Asl), Al-Ziyadat , Al-Jami' al-Saghir , Al-Jami' al-Kabir , Al-Siyar al-Saghir and Al-Siyar al-Kabir (doctrine of war against unbelievers, distribution of spoils of war among Muslims, apostasy and taxation of dhimmi ). The Hanafi school favours the use of istihsan , or juristic preference,

496-556: The directorate for religious affairs, through the constitution (art. 136). The Hanafi school is the largest of the four traditional Sunni schools of Islamic jurisprudence, followed by approximately 30% of Sunni Muslims worldwide. It is the main school of jurisprudence in the Balkans , Turkey , Lebanon , Egypt , the Levant , Central Asia and South Asia , in addition to parts of Russia and China . The other primary Sunni schools are

527-416: The emphases of islam (what one should do) and iman (why one should do), the concept of ihsan is primarily associated with intention. One who "does what is beautiful" is called a muhsin . It is generally held that a person can only achieve true Ihsan with the help and guidance of God , who governs all things. While traditionally Islamic jurists have concentrated on islam and theologians on iman ,

558-566: The end of the Tabi'i period, the expansion of the Islamic empire meant that legal experts felt the need to give the Shari'ah a scientific form— Fiqh —which Abu Hanifa did by creating a unique methodology. At the same time he also established the Aqidah as an individual religious science. Ja'far al-Sadiq , a descendant of Muhammad was one of the teachers of Abu Hanifah and Malik ibn Anas who in turn

589-572: The establishment of Seljuk Empire , Timurid dynasty , several Khanates , Delhi Sultanate , Bengal Sultanate and Mughal Empire . Throughout the reign of 77th Caliph and 10th Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent and 6th Mughal emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir , the Hanafi-based Al-Qanun and Fatawa-e-Alamgiri served as the legal, juridical, political, and financial code of most of West and South Asia. Scholars commonly define

620-579: The formative period of the Hanafi school as starting with Abu Hanifa's judicial research (d. 767 CE/150 AH) and concluding with the death of his disciple Hasan bin Ziyad (d. 820 CE/204 AH). This stage is concerned with the foundation of the Madhhab and its establishment, the formation of principles and bases upon which orders are determined and branches arises. Abu Zuhra, a prominent 20th century Egyptian Islamic jurist suggested, "The work would have been done by

651-445: The implementation of Hanafite laws from the late medieval to modern period, including: The foundational texts of Hanafi madhab, credited to Abū Ḥanīfa and his students Abu Yusuf and Muhammad al-Shaybani, include Al-Fiqh al-Akbar (book on theology), Al-fiqh al-absat (book on theology), Kitab al-Athar (thousands of hadiths with commentary), Kitab al-Kharaj and the so called Zahir ar-Riwaya , which are six books in which

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682-477: The influence of the hadiths narrated by Zubayr regarding Rajm (stoning) execution as a form of punishment towards adulterers was within Abu Hanifa 's rulings in the Hanafite school of thought for such kinds of punishments' validity and furthermore, how to implement the punishment in accordance with Muhammad's teachings due to self-confession of the accused. The Hanafite law has had a profound influence on

713-637: The next generation of the Muslim community would not understand Sharia laws well. His books consisted of Taharah (purification), Salat (prayer), other acts of Ibadah (worship), Muwamalah (public treatment), then Mawarith (inheritance). Under the patronage of the Abbasids , the Hanafi school flourished in Iraq and spread throughout the Islamic world, firmly establishing itself in Muslim Spain and Greater Iran , including Greater Khorasan , by

744-463: The oldest and most-followed of the four major Sunni schools, it is also called the "school of the people of opinion" ( madhhab ahl al-ra'y ). Many Hanafis also follow the Maturidi school of theology . The importance of this madhhab lies in the fact that it encompasses not only the rulings and sayings of Abu Hanifa, but also the rulings and sayings of the judicial council he established. Abu Hanifa

775-644: The principles.” Accordingly, the students of Abu Hanifa were participants in the establishment of this jurisprudential structure, they were not just listeners, accepting what was presented to them. And Abu Yusuf was not the only one who recorded what the opinion settled on, but in the circle of Abu Hanifa there were ten blogging, headed by the four big ones: Abu Yusuf, Muhammad bin Al-Hassan Al-Shaibani, Zufar bin Al-Hudhayl and Hassan bin Ziyad al-Luluii. Including: Hanafi usul recognises

806-445: The rulings arbitrarily without them. He was diligent in practicing religion and exaggerated in advising about God, His Messenger and the believers. He would pick up questions one by one and present to them. He would hear what they had and say what he had. Debates would have continued with them for a month or more until one of the sayings was settled in it. Then Judge Abu Yusuf would formulate the principle from that, thus, he formulated all

837-447: The traditionalist Medina-based Fiqhs, which favored correlating all laws to Quran and Hadiths and disfavored Islamic law based on discretion of jurists. The Abbasids patronized the Hanafi school from the 2nd Hijri century onwards. The Seljuk Turkish dynasties of 5th and 6th Hijri centuries, followed by Ottomans and Mughals, adopted Hanafi Fiqh. The Turkic expansion spread Hanafi Fiqh through Central Asia and into Indian subcontinent , with

868-647: The world follow the Hanafi school. Today, most followers of the Hanafi school live in Turkey , Bangladesh , Pakistan , Kazakhstan , Turkmenistan , Kyrgyzstan , China , Syria , Jordan , Uzbekistan , Tajikistan , Afghanistan , India , Egypt , Albania , Kosovo , Cyprus and Bosnia and Herzegovina . Also, a limited number of followers of this school live in Iran , Azerbaijan , Lebanon , Sri Lanka , Myanmar , Nepal , Russia , and Iraq . Ihsan Ihsan ( Arabic : إحسان ʾiḥsān , also romanized ehsan ),

899-462: Was Zayd ibn Ma'mar ibn Zayd, 30 years after the hijra , and the last to die was Khalaf ibn Khalifa, who died in 180 AH. Alternatively, since the status of Khalaf ibn Khalifa as a tābiʿ is strongly challenged by reputed scholars, the last to die from amongst them may have been Jarir bin Haazim in 170 AH. Therefore, many of the tābiʿūn were tasked with the preservation of Islamic traditions from the era of

930-454: Was a teacher of Al-Shafi‘i , who, in turn, was a teacher of Ahmad ibn Hanbal . Thus all of the four great Imams of Sunni Fiqhs are connected to Ja'far directly and indirectly. The core of Hanafi doctrine was compiled in the 3rd Hijri century and has been gradually developing since then. The Abbasid Caliphate and most of the Muslim dynasties were some of the earliest adopters of the relatively more flexible Hanafi fiqh and preferred it over

961-454: Was the first to formally solve cases and organize them into chapters. He was followed by Malik ibn Anas in arranging Al-Muwatta . Since the Sahaba and the successors of the Sahaba did not put attention in establishing the science of Sharia or codifying it in chapters or organized books, but rather relied on the strength of their memorization for transmitting knowledge, Abu Hanifa feared that

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