Haram ( Arabic : حَرَم , romanized : ḥaram , lit. 'sanctuary') is one of several similar words originating from the triliteral Semitic root Ḥ-R-M . The word literally means "sanctuary," commonly used by Muslims to refer to Al-Masjid Al-Haram and Prophet Mohammad's Mosque . There are certain rules which Muslims within these two areas must follow.
109-435: Another meaning of the word which was used in the past but has since fallen out of use, include an "inviolable/protected zone," referring to an area in which the number of residing families was limited, attributed to the idea of carrying capacity and early forms of nature reserves , and to the prayer hall of the mosque. The Arabic language has two separate words, ḥaram ( حَرَم ) and ḥarām ( حَرَام ) both derived from
218-478: A barrier to improving the lives of poor people around the world. Humans and human culture itself are highly adaptable things that have overcome issues that seemed incomprehensible at the time before. It is not to say that carrying capacity is not something that should be considered and thought about, but it should be taken with some skepticism when presented as a concretely evidenced proof of something. Many biologists, ecologists, and social scientists have disposed of
327-621: A certain way. This was encapsulated by Paul Ehrlich and James Holdren's (1972) IPAT equation: environmental impact (I) = population (P) x affluence (A) x the technologies used to accommodate human demands (T). IPAT has found spectacular confirmation in recent decades within climate science, where the Kaya identity for explaining changes in CO 2 emissions is essentially IPAT with two technology factors broken out for ease of use. This suggests to technological optimists that new technological discoveries (or
436-708: A city and governorate in the Province of Makkah in Saudi Arabia . Located at an elevation of 1,879 m (6,165 ft) in the slopes of the Hijaz Mountains , which themselves are part of the Sarat Mountains , the city has a population of 563,282 people in 2022, making it one of the most populous cities in the kingdom. There is a belief that Taif is indirectly referred to in Quran 43:31 . The city
545-552: A complex for heavy, medium and light industries along with a vocational training center, and the University City, a 16-square-kilometre (6.2 sq mi) university projected to be built in the Saiysad National Park. The Souk 'Okaz, one of the best known pre-Islamic souks , was not only a market, but in many ways, a historic theater, where sociopolitical and commercial exchanges took place between
654-516: A few different processes in the past before finally being applied to population limits in the 1950s. The notion of carrying capacity for humans is covered by the notion of sustainable population . An early detailed examination of global limits was published in the 1972 book Limits to Growth , which has prompted follow-up commentary and analysis, including much criticism. A 2012 review in Nature by 22 international researchers expressed concerns that
763-424: A more complex model of how humans interact with their ecosystem needs to be used to understand them. Between 1900 and 2020, Earth's human population increased from 1.6 billion to 7.8 billion (a 390% increase). These successes greatly increased human resource demands, generating significant environmental degradation . The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) of 2005 was a massive, collaborative effort to assess
872-495: A pasture. In order to market ones' meat products as 'biodynamic' , a lower Großvieheinheit of 1 to 1.5 (2.0) GV/ha is mandated, with some farms having an operating structure using only 0.5 to 0.8 GV/ha. The Food and Agriculture Organization has introduced three international units to measure carrying capacity: FAO Livestock Units for North America, FAO Livestock Units for sub-Saharan Africa, and Tropical Livestock Units. Another rougher and less precise method of determining
981-413: A population uses resources and generates wastes, with a focus on five main areas: carbon emissions (or carbon footprint ), land devoted to direct settlement, timber and paper use, food and fiber use, and seafood consumption. It converts these into per capita or total hectares used. On the supply side, national or global biocapacity represents the productivity of ecological assets in a particular nation or
1090-874: A post office was established sometime later. Prior to the Arab Revolt , Ahmed Bey had been made the commander of Ottoman forces in Tā'if. He had under him a force of 3,000 soldiers and 10 pieces of mountain artillery . Ghalib Pasha, the governor of the Hejaz was also present in the city. In 1916, the Hashemites launched their revolt against the Ottoman Empire in Mecca in June. That city had fallen and then in July, Abdullah ,
1199-600: A rose festival in the city as well as a number of concerts and plays were held. Like most of Saudi Arabia, the most popular sport among Saudis in Ta'if is football. Wej SC ( Saudi Arabian Football Federation ) plays at King Fahd Sports City in North Ta'if near as-Sayl as-Saghir and is the football team representing the city. The expatriate minority in the city has brought several other games with them to Ta'if, including cricket , badminton and volleyball . Al Hawiyah Stadium
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#17327651040441308-647: A site of high sanctity. The two sites whose Islamic sanctity are unchallengeably the highest of all are Al- Masjid al-Haram in Mecca (which is called Ḥaraman Āminan ( حَرَمًا آمِنًا , "Sanctuary (which is) Secure") in the Quran (28:57; 29:67), and the Prophet's Mosque in Medina , so the Arabic dual form al-ḥaramān ( ٱلْحَرَمَان ) or al-ḥaramayn ( ٱلْحَرَمَيْن ) refers to these two places, both of which are in
1417-429: A species would live in, and carrying capacity, the most animals which could be in the field) and Errington defining 'carrying capacity' as the number of animals above which predation would become 'heavy' (this definition has largely been rejected, including by Errington himself). The important and popular 1953 textbook on ecology by Eugene Odum , Fundamentals of Ecology , popularised the term in its modern meaning as
1526-485: A specific system's carrying capacity involves a limiting factor ; this may be available supplies of food or water , nesting areas, space, or the amount of waste that can be absorbed without degrading the environment and decreasing carrying capacity. Carrying capacity is a commonly used concept for biologists when trying to better understand biological populations and the factors which affect them. When addressing biological populations, carrying capacity can be seen as
1635-432: A stable dynamic equilibrium, taking into account extinction and colonization rates. In population biology , logistic growth assumes that population size fluctuates above and below an equilibrium value. Numerous authors have questioned the usefulness of the term when applied to actual wild populations. Although useful in theory and in laboratory experiments, carrying capacity as a method of measuring population limits in
1744-409: A substantial and largely irreversible loss in the diversity of life on Earth. The second of the four main findings is: The changes that have been made to ecosystems have contributed to substantial net gains in human well-being and economic development, but these gains have been achieved at growing costs in the form of the degradation of many ecosystem services, increased risks of nonlinear changes, and
1853-491: Is a common stocking rate, in intensive agriculture , when grazing is supplemented with extra fodder , rates can be 5 to 10 GV/ha. In Europe average stocking rates vary depending on the country, in 2000 the Netherlands and Belgium had a very high rate of 3.82 GV/ha and 3.19 GV/ha respectively, surrounding countries have rates of around 1 to 1.5 GV/ha, and more southern European countries have lower rates, with Spain having
1962-633: Is a cow ('dam'), steer or ox ('bullock' in Australia), and if it weaning , pregnant or 'wet' (i.e. lactating ). In other parts of the world different units are used for calculating carrying capacities. In the United Kingdom the paddock is measured in LU, livestock units, although different schemes exist for this. New Zealand uses either LU, EE (ewe equivalents) or SU (stock units). In the US and Canada
2071-595: Is a function of how people live and the technology at their disposal. The two great economic revolutions that marked human history up to 1900—the agricultural and industrial revolutions—greatly increased the Earth's human carrying capacity, allowing human population to grow from 5 to 10 million people in 10,000 BCE to 1.5 billion in 1900. The immense technological improvements of the past 100 years—in applied chemistry, physics, computing, genetic engineering, and more—have further increased Earth's human carrying capacity, at least in
2180-455: Is a small village situated high up in the mountains at an elevation of 2,200 to 2,500 metres (7,200 to 8,200 feet) above sea level, rich in agricultural products. The fruit gardens of Ta'if are located here. A camel ride is available, and Jabal Dakka is within view of the village. The Saiysad National Park is located in New Ta'if. Historically, Ta'if's economy depended on agriculture and
2289-573: Is arbitrary. This is due to choosing what to consider (e.g., whether or not to include plants that are not available every year), how to classify what is considered (e.g., classifying edible plants that are not usually eaten as food resources or not), and determining if caloric values or nutritional values are privileged. Additional layers to this for humans are their cultural differences in taste (e.g., some consume flying termites) and individual choices on what to invest their labor into (e.g., fishing vs. farming), both of which vary over time. This leads to
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#17327651040442398-491: Is enough to hinder afforestation in a natural area. Because different species have different ecological niches , with horses for example grazing short grass, cattle longer grass, and goats or deer preferring to browse shrubs, niche differentiation allows a terrain to have slightly higher carrying capacity for a mixed group of species, than it would if there were only one species involved. Some niche market schemes mandate lower stocking rates than can maximally be grazed on
2507-496: Is known to have had many wadis with running water before, suggested by the presence of dams along many of these. Taif's highest point, the Jebel Daka is even the fifth highest peak of Saudi Arabia. Ta'if has a hot desert climate ( Köppen climate classification BWh ), with hot summers and mild winters. It is much cooler in Ta'if during the summertime than it is other parts of Saudi Arabia, particularly Riyadh. Precipitation
2616-506: Is likely to occur. Ecological Footprint accounting measures the demands people make on nature and compares them to available supplies, for both individual countries and the world as a whole. Developed originally by Mathis Wackernagel and William Rees , it has been refined and applied in a variety of contexts over the years by Global Footprint Network (GFN). On the demand side, the Ecological Footprint measures how fast
2725-529: Is low, but all months see some rain, with more rain in spring and late autumn than in other months. Al-Rudaf Park is a large natural park in South Ta'if, where trees stand amidst weathered granite rocks. The site also has a small zoo. Additionally, the park has a large lake with fountains and cannons. The Ta'if rose plantation is a complex of rose fields filled with small fragrant pink roses that are distilled into expensive Ta'if rose oil. The famous grown here
2834-501: Is maintained in a stable condition. Not only sheep are calculated in DSEs, the carrying capacity for other livestock is also calculated using this measure. A 200 kg weaned calf of a British style breed gaining 0.25 kg/day is 5.5DSE, but if the same weight of the same type of calf were gaining 0.75 kg/day, it would be measured at 8DSE. Cattle are not all the same, their DSEs can vary depending on breed, growth rates, weights, if it
2943-420: Is that ecosystems are not constant and change over time, therefore changing the resources available. Research has shown that sometimes the presence of human populations can increase local biodiversity , demonstrating that human habitation does not always lead to deforestation and decreased biodiversity. Another issue to consider when applying carrying capacity, especially to humans, is that measuring food resources
3052-410: Is the 30-petal Damask rose ( Rosa damascena trigintipetala ), whose scent has been described as a robust, spicy, and dizzyingly complex scent which has been used by several luxury perfume brands, including Ormonde Jayne , Chanel , Guerlain and Hermès . The Nuqbat al-Hamra' park near Al-Hada is a large nature preserve at an elevation of 2,100 metres (6,900 feet) above sea level. Ash-Shafā
3161-655: Is the local football pitch. In 2004 Taif University was established which offers both undergraduate and graduate programs across four colleges and 16 faculties. It has four campuses located in the Taif Governorate, with the main campus in Al-Hawiyya. In 2014 the Canadian Niagara College opened a campus in Taif with programs in tourism, hospitality, and business. This effort is part of
3270-453: Is the maximum population size of a biological species that can be sustained by that specific environment, given the food, habitat , water , and other resources available. The carrying capacity is defined as the environment 's maximal load, which in population ecology corresponds to the population equilibrium, when the number of deaths in a population equals the number of births (as well as immigration and emigration). Carrying capacity of
3379-409: Is thought by some modern scholars to have been necessary due to a different means of deciding which regions were to have restrictions - the selection of haram was considered to be more up to the community while the selection of hima had more to do with natural characteristics of the region, which were considered to be best respected by jurists . This idea probably arises from two different obligations of
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3488-571: Is used in the context of the circumambulation of the Kaaba . Taʾif was given this name due to the wall that was built by the tribe of Banu Thaqif that circulated the city. In short, the city of Taʾif literally means the circulated or encircled city. In the 6th century A.D. , the city of Ta'if was dominated by the Thaqif tribe , which still lives in and around the city of Ta'if today. It has been suggested that Jewish tribes who were displaced in
3597-559: The Emir of Nejd and Hasa , soon broke out into violence. Although hostilities subsided in 1919, by September 1924, the then Saudi-sponsored Ikhwan militia , under the leadership of Sultan bin Bajad and Khaled bin Luwai', was ready to attack Ta'if. The city was supposed to have been defended by the king's son, 'Ali , but he fled in panic with his troops. Three hundred of 'Ali's men were slain by
3706-531: The German Kapazitätsgrenze (capacity limit). This equation is a modification of the original Verhulst model: In this equation, the carrying capacity K , N ∗ {\displaystyle N^{*}} , is When the Verhulst model is plotted into a graph, the population change over time takes the form of a sigmoid curve , reaching its highest level at K . This is
3815-905: The Hejazi region of the Arabian Peninsula . Since 1986, the Saudi monarchy has disclaimed all royal titles except "Custodian of the Two Holy Sanctuaries" or " Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques " ( خَادِم ٱلْحَرَمَيْن ٱلشَّرِيْفَيْن , Khādim al-Ḥaramayn ash-Sharīfayn ). In addition, the term ḥaram is commonly used to refer to certain other holy sites, such as the Masjid Al-Aqsa ( ٱلْحَرَم ٱلشَّرِيْف , Al-Ḥaram Ash-Sharīf ) in Jerusalem — though over
3924-702: The King Abdulaziz International Airport in Jeddah. The historically well-known tribe of Thaqif still lives in and around the city of Ta'if. 'Utaibah is another Adnani tribe which still lives in Ta'if. Banu Harith is one of the Qahtani Arabs tribes living around Ta'if in Saudi Arabia. The tribe claims a very large area around the city in the area between Ta'if and Qunfudhah in Saudi Arabia. Thu al-Isba' al-'Adwani
4033-499: The Souk 'Okaz , the largest and best known of the pre-Islamic souks . The souq was a scene of annual social, political and commercial gatherings. It was also the location of competitive recitation of poetry and prose. The buildings remain, including prominent outlines of walls of basaltic stone. Wadi Mitna is a wadi believed to be the location where Muhammad sought refuge from the tribes of Hawazin and Thaqif in 619 AD, after he
4142-561: The Wali of Egypt , Muhammad Ali , who launched an attack on the Hejaz and reconquered Ta'if in 1813. In 1813, the Swiss traveler and orientalist Johann Ludwig Burckhardt visited Ta'if and left an eyewitness account of the city just after its recapture by the Muhammad Ali, with whom he obtained several interviews while he was there. Burckhardt reported that the wall and ditch around
4251-412: The logistic growth curve and it is calculated with: where The logistic growth curve depicts how population growth rate and carrying capacity are inter-connected. As illustrated in the logistic growth curve model, when the population size is small, the population increases exponentially. However, as population size nears carrying capacity, the growth decreases and reaches zero at K . What determines
4360-529: The 54 mi (87 km) mountain highway between Mecca and Ta'if, now part of Highway 15 and known as the Taif – Al-Hada Road. In 1974, the approximately-650-kilometer Ta'if- Abha – Jizan highway was commissioned part of the Highway 15. By the 1991 Gulf War , Ta'if was such a modern city in terms of communications that it was chosen as the site of the Rendon Group 's television and radio network, which
4469-657: The Colleges of Excellence program. The college faced criticism for being open to men only, including from the Canadian Association of University Teachers . As of 2023 it is unclear whether the campus in Taif is still active, with even the main website of Niagara College KSA having mixed information. There are a number of historical mosques in the city. One [ ar ] ( 21°16′13.31″N 40°24′30.48″E / 21.2703639°N 40.4084667°E / 21.2703639; 40.4084667 ) houses
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4578-539: The Earth may be "approaching a state shift" in which the biosphere may become less hospitable to human life and in which human carrying capacity may diminish. This concern that humanity may be passing beyond "tipping points" for safe use of the biosphere has increased in subsequent years. Recent estimates of Earth's carrying capacity run between two billion and four billion people, depending on how optimistic researchers are about international cooperation to solve collective action problems. In terms of population dynamics ,
4687-455: The Earth system out of the Holocene state: “transitions between time periods in Earth history have often been delineated by substantial shifts in climate, the biosphere, or both.” Taif Taif ( Arabic : اَلطَّائِفُ , romanized : Aṭ-Ṭāʾif , lit. 'The circulated or encircled', Hejazi Arabic pronunciation: [atˤˈ tˤaː(j)ɪf] ) is
4796-551: The Hejaz." Both Ta'if and Mecca were resorts of pilgrimage. Ta'if was more pleasantly situated than Mecca itself, and their people of Ta'if had close trading relations. The people of Ta'if carried on agriculture and fruit‑growing in addition to their trade activities. In the early 7th century C.E. , Muhammad , who was born in Makkah, preached Islam to the inhabitants of Mecca and the Hijaz, and encountered resistance from many of
4905-711: The Hejazi region, the city of Ta'if had an older name: Wajj ( وَجّ ). This was also the name of the Valley of Wajj , a significant valley within Arabian and Islamic history. The etymology of the city's current name, Taʾif ( Arabic : اَلطَّائِفُ ), comes from the Arabic root ط و ف , which could translate to "wanderer", "roamer", or "circulator"; the latter of which is the basis of the word Ṭawāf ( طَوَاف ), which literally translates to "circulation" or "circumambulation", and
5014-451: The Hijaz, Ta'if was also given over to Ottoman control and the city remained Ottoman for a further three centuries, until in 1802, when it was retaken by rebels allied with the House of Saud . These forces then proceeded to take Mecca and Medina. The loss was keenly felt by the Ottoman Empire, which viewed itself as the protector of the holy cities. The Ottoman sultan, Mahmud II , called upon
5123-628: The Ikhwan in what became known as the Ta'if massacre . In 1926, Abdulaziz al-Saud was officially recognized as the new King of Hejaz. Ta'if remained a part of the Kingdom of Hejaz until Abdulaziz al-Saud unified his two kingdoms and consolidated them into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. In 1934 the treaty was signed here that established the boundary lines between Yemen and the kingdom. The king himself
5232-603: The MSY, populations dynamics imply that the total population will eventually decrease to zero. The actual carrying capacity of the environment may fluctuate in the real world, which means that practically, MSY may actually vary from year to year (annual sustainable yields and maximum average yield attempt to take this into account). Other similar concepts are optimum sustainable yield and maximum economic yield ; these are both harvest rates below MSY. These calculations are used to determine fishing quotas . Human carrying capacity
5341-483: The Middle East, usually as a masculine fragrance, and due to its cultivation in Ta'if, it has gained the name "Ta'if rose." On October 1, 2017, King Salman of Saudi Arabia inaugurated the "New Ta'if" project, a $ 3.9 billion project aiming at establishing a new, international airport in the city, dubbed the Ta'if International Airport, renovation and modernization of the historic Souk 'Okaz , establishment of
5450-504: The Muslim to respect the ijma ʿ (consensus of neighbors within Islam) and practice Khilafah (Stewardship of nature under Allah). It may or may not reflect actual means of decision making historically. As a protected and inviolate zone, haram is also employed referring to the consecrated space in a mosque where rituals and prayer take place: it is the prayer hall. Ḥaram can also mean
5559-627: The Oasis of Technology, which is expected to include an Antonov aircraft manufacturing and assembly plant, an industrial airport with a 3.5-km runway, a solar farm covering 25,000 square metres (270,000 sq ft) expected to produce 30 MW of electricity, the Residential Suburb, which is expected to include 10,000 residential units, the Industrial City, an 11-square-kilometre (4.2 sq mi) industrial city with
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#17327651040445668-624: The atmosphere. If a region’s biocapacity exceeds its Ecological Footprint, it has a biocapacity reserve. According to the GFN's calculations, humanity has been using resources and generating wastes in excess of sustainability since approximately 1970: currently humanity use Earth's resources at approximately 170% of capacity. This implies that humanity is well over Earth's human carrying capacity for our current levels of affluence and technology use. According to Global Footprint Network: In 2024, [Earth Overshoot Day] fell on August 1. Earth Overshoot Day marks
5777-400: The best summer destination in Saudi Arabia as it enjoys a moderate weather during summer, unlike most of the Arabian Peninsula . The city owes its popularity among tourists to its many mountain resorts and moderate climate, even during the harsh summers of Arabia. The city is connected to the nearby resort town of Al-Hada via the iconic Highway 15 (Taif – Al-Hada Road). It stands out from
5886-426: The biological limits of a natural system related to population size in the 1950s. Neo-Malthusians and eugenicists popularised the use of the words to describe the number of people the Earth can support in the 1950s, although American biostatisticians Raymond Pearl and Lowell Reed had already applied it in these terms to human populations in the 1920s. Hadwen and Palmer (1923) defined carrying capacity as
5995-430: The carrying capacity of a paddock is simply by looking objectively at the condition of the herd. In Australia, the national standardized system for rating livestock conditions is done by body condition scoring (BCS). An animal in a very poor condition is scored with a BCS of 0, and an animal which is extremely healthy is scored at 5: animals may be scored between these two numbers in increments of 0.25. At least 25 animals of
6104-408: The city had been built by Othman el-Medhayfe. There were three gates and several towers on the city walls, which, however, were weak, being in some places only 45 cm (18 in) thick. Burckhardt stated that the castle had been built by Sharif Ghalib ibn Musa'id . He noted the destruction of the city caused by the conquest of 1802. Most of the buildings were still in ruin while he was there, and
6213-606: The city's pagan past. The city then went through many exchanges-of-power, but most of the action within these conflicts took place between Makkah and Medina, and Ta'if dwindled in importance in contrast to the two holy cities. On 17 July 1517, the Sharif of Mecca capitulated to the Ottoman Sultan Selim I . As a sign of this, he surrendered to him the keys of the Islamic cities of Mecca and Medina . As part of
6322-432: The condition of the pasture. In fisheries , carrying capacity is used in the formulae to calculate sustainable yields for fisheries management . The maximum sustainable yield (MSY) is defined as "the highest average catch that can be continuously taken from an exploited population (=stock) under average environmental conditions". MSY was originally calculated as half of the carrying capacity, but has been refined over
6431-460: The cultivation of roses , which were traded throughout Central Asia and Transoxiana . Ta'if's modern economy is still mostly dependent on agriculture and perfumes , but an increasing diversification project has been taking place in order to combat the city's heavy dependence on these two industries. The distilled rose oil from the Rosa × damascena plant has been traditionally used as an attar in
6540-443: The date when humanity has exhausted nature’s budget for the year. For the rest of the year, we are maintaining our ecological deficit by drawing down local resource stocks and accumulating carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. We are operating in overshoot. The concept of ‘ ecological overshoot ’ can be seen as equivalent to exceeding human carrying capacity. According to the most recent calculations from Global Footprint Network, most of
6649-600: The density of stock that could be grazed for a definite period without damage to the range. It was first used in the context of wildlife management by the American Aldo Leopold in 1933, and a year later by the American Paul Lester Errington , a wetlands specialist. They used the term in different ways, Leopold largely in the sense of grazing animals (differentiating between a 'saturation level', an intrinsic level of density
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#17327651040446758-413: The deployment of existing ones) could continue to increase Earth's human carrying capacity, as it has in the past. Yet technology has unexpected side effects, as we have seen with stratospheric ozone depletion, excessive nitrogen deposition in the world's rivers and bays, and global climate change. This suggests that 8 billion people may be sustainable for a few generations, but not over the long term, and
6867-456: The eldest son of the Hashemite leader and Sharif of Mecca, Husayn ibn Ali , came with seventy men to Tā'if. Whilst his activities in the area aroused the suspicion of Ahmed Bey, Ghalib Pasha was unconcerned by so small a force. Abdullah secretly built up his army to 5,000 men. He then cut the telegraph wires to the city and took the offensive. All Hashemite assaults on the city were repelled by
6976-461: The environment implies that the resources extraction is not above the rate of regeneration of the resources and the wastes generated are within the assimilating capacity of the environment. The effect of carrying capacity on population dynamics is modelled with a logistic function . Carrying capacity is applied to the maximum population an environment can support in ecology , agriculture and fisheries . The term carrying capacity has been applied to
7085-560: The environment is less useful as it sometimes oversimplifies the interactions between species. It is important for farmers to calculate the carrying capacity of their land so they can establish a sustainable stocking rate . For example, calculating the carrying capacity of a paddock in Australia is done in Dry Sheep Equivalents (DSEs). A single DSE is 50 kg Merino wether , dry ewe or non-pregnant ewe, which
7194-454: The equilibrium value of the logistic model of population growth. The specific reason why a population stops growing is known as a limiting or regulating factor . The difference between the birth rate and the death rate is the natural increase . If the population of a given organism is below the carrying capacity of a given environment, this environment could support a positive natural increase; should it find itself above that threshold
7303-498: The exacerbation of poverty for some groups of people. These problems, unless addressed, will substantially diminish the benefits that future generations obtain from ecosystems. According to the MEA, these unprecedented environmental changes threaten to reduce the Earth's long-term human carrying capacity. “The degradation of ecosystem services could grow significantly worse during the first half of this [21st] century,” they write, serving as
7412-490: The historic Souq 'Okaz . The Taif governorate is divided into 15 smaller municipalities, with Ta'if as the capital. The administration of the city itself is carried out by five municipalities, named North Taif, West Taif, East Taif, South Taif and New Taif. Taif is served by the Taif International Airport , with a larger international airport planned to open by 2030. Much like many of the cities in
7521-416: The huge dead zones at the mouths of many of world's great rivers, are a function of the scale of contemporary agriculture and the many other demands 8 billion people make on the planet. Scientists now speak of humanity exceeding or threatening to exceed 9 planetary boundaries for safe use of the biosphere. Humanity's unprecedented ecological impacts threaten to degrade the ecosystem services that people and
7630-439: The idea of carrying capacity , and clearly sometimes did limit the number of families in any given town. The harams were typically positioned to ensure access to parkland and nature (which were given another name, hima ), to restrict urban sprawl , protect water-courses and watersheds and oases . In this respect the rules strongly resembled modern zoning laws , with the same purposes. The distinction between haram and hima
7739-531: The land or resources that are available. Nonetheless, it is possible to not be pessimistic as technological, social, and institutional adaptions could be accelerated, especially in a time of need, to solve problems, or in this case, increase carrying capacity. There are also of course resources on this Earth that are limited that most certainly will run out if overused or used without proper oversight/checks and balances. If things are left without remaining checked then overconsumption and exploitation of land and resources
7848-400: The lowest rate of 0.44 GV/ha. This system can also be applied to natural areas. Grazing megaherbivores at roughly 1 GV/ha is considered sustainable in central European grasslands, although this varies widely depending on many factors. In ecology it is theoretically (i.e. cyclic succession , patch dynamics , Megaherbivorenhypothese ) taken that a grazing pressure of 0.3 GV/ha by wildlife
7957-492: The mountain guns, and both sides settled down to an uneasy siege. However, Hashemite guns were slowly brought up to Tā'if, and then the city held out a little longer; before finally surrendering on 22 September. The city thus later became a part of the self-proclaimed Hashemite Kingdom of Hejaz . Ta'if did not remain in Hashemite hands for very long. Tensions between the King of the Hejaz, Husayn ibn Ali, and Abdulaziz al-Saud ,
8066-513: The nearby town of Qia and is known as the Folk Theater of Qia. In the framework of Saudi Seasons initiative, the first Ta'if Season took place on August 1, 2019. Artists from seven countries participated in the event and a wide range of activities were overseen. Three main events have taken place during the season including the Souk 'Okaz festival and a camel race . As a sideline to the event,
8175-713: The need to determine whether or not to include all food resources or only those the population considered will consume. Carrying capacity measurements over large areas also assumes homogeneity in the resources available but this does not account for how resources and access to them can greatly vary within regions and populations. They also assume that the populations in the region only rely on that region’s resources even though humans exchange resources with others from other regions and there are few, if any, isolated populations. Variations in standards of living which directly impact resource consumption are also not taken into account. These issues show that while there are limits to resources,
8284-442: The people there. In 630, a battle took place at Hunayn , close to the city. Shortly after that, the unsuccessful siege of Ta'if took place. The city was assaulted by catapults from Banu Daus , but it repelled the attacks. The Battle of Tabuk in 631 left Tā'if completely isolated, so members of Thaqīf arrived in Makkah to negotiate the conversion of the city to Islam . The idol of Lāt was destroyed along with all other signs of
8393-1065: The planetary boundaries framework defines “a safe operating space for humanity based on the intrinsic biophysical processes that regulate the stability of the Earth system.” Human civilization has evolved in the relative stability of the Holocene epoch; crossing planetary boundaries for safe levels of atmospheric carbon, ocean acidity, or one of the other stated boundaries could send the global ecosystem spiraling into novel conditions that are less hospitable to life—possibly reducing global human carrying capacity. This framework, developed in an article published in 2009 in Nature and then updated in two articles published in 2015 in Science and in 2018 in PNAS , identifies nine stressors of planetary support systems that need to stay within critical limits to preserve stable and safe biospheric conditions (see figure below). Climate change and biodiversity loss are seen as especially crucial, since on their own, they could push
8502-435: The population at its maximum recruitment . However, annual fishing can be seen as a modification of r in the equation -i.e. the environment has been modified, which means that the population size at equilibrium with annual fishing is slightly below what K would be without it. Note that mathematically and in practical terms, MSY is problematic. If mistakes are made and even a tiny amount of fish are harvested each year above
8611-424: The population typically decreases. Thus, the carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals of a species that an environment can support in long run. Population size decreases above carrying capacity due to a range of factors depending on the species concerned, but can include insufficient space , food supply , or sunlight . The carrying capacity of an environment varies for different species. In
8720-453: The protests of some, such as Ibn Taymiyyah , who declared that the only places which could be legitimately called "ḥaram" were Mecca, Medina, and probably also the valley of Wajj in Taif , thus rejecting other places like Hebron and even Jerusalem. In fact, one of the Islamic names of Jerusalem, thālith al-ḥaramayn ( ثَالِث ٱلْحَرَمَيْن , literally "the third of the two holy places") resolves
8829-494: The region completely. The only major highway in the Saudi Arabian network to pass through Ta'if is Highway 15 (known to locals as the Taif – Al-Hada Road) which arrives from Mecca in the west, bends around the mountains through Al-Hada, passes through the center of Ta'if, and travels to Abha and Khamis Mushait via Baha and Baljurashi . Ta'if is connected to Highway 40 via Highway 267 and Highway 287. Highway 267 forms
8938-510: The region’s biocapacity, that region runs a biocapacity deficit. Its demand for the goods and services that its land and seas can provide—fruits and vegetables, meat, fish, wood, cotton for clothing, and carbon dioxide absorption—exceeds what the region’s ecosystems can regenerate. In more popular communications, this is called “an ecological deficit.” A region in ecological deficit meets demand by importing, liquidating its own ecological assets (such as overfishing), and/or emitting carbon dioxide into
9047-402: The remains of Abdullah ibn Abbas , a cousin and companion of Muhammad . Another mosque [ ar ] ( 21°15′27.65″N 40°23′27.37″E / 21.2576806°N 40.3909361°E / 21.2576806; 40.3909361 ) is named after Addas , an Iraqi Christian who embraced Islam after meeting Muhammad. Located 40 km (25 mi) north of Ta'if is the site of
9156-422: The rest of life depend on—potentially decreasing Earth's human carrying capacity. The signs that we have crossed this threshold are increasing. The fact that degrading Earth's essential services is obviously possible, and happening in some cases, suggests that 8 billion people may be above Earth's human carrying capacity. But human carrying capacity is always a function of a certain number of people living
9265-552: The rest of the Hijazi region as it is a city that plays an active role in the agricultural output of Saudi Arabia and is the center of an agricultural area known for its cultivation of grapes , pomegranate, figs, roses and honey . Taif is also very active in the manufacturing of traditional attar , and is known locally as "City of the Roses" ( Arabic : مَدِيْنَة ٱلْوُرُوْد , romanized : Madīnat al-Wurūd ). Taif also hosts
9374-413: The same triliteral Semitic root Ḥ-R-M . Both of these words can mean "forbidden" and/or "sacred" in a general way, but each has also developed some specialized meanings ( ḥarām most often means " forbidden by law "). A third related word derived from the same root, that is ḥarīm ( حَرِيْم ), most directly corresponds to English " harem ". This article covers the word ḥaram (with short vowels in
9483-402: The same type must be scored to provide a statistically representative number, and scoring must take place monthly -if the average falls, this may be due to a stocking rate above the paddock's carrying capacity or too little fodder. This method is less direct for determining stocking rates than looking at the pasture itself, because the changes in the condition of the stock may lag behind changes in
9592-554: The short term. Without the Haber-Bosch process for fixing nitrogen, modern agriculture could not support 8 billion people. Without the Green Revolution of the 1950s and 60s, famine might have culled large numbers of people in poorer countries during the last three decades of the twentieth century. Recent technological successes, however, have come at grave environmental costs. Climate change , ocean acidification, and
9701-498: The singular form). As used in Islamic urban planning, the word ḥaram means "inviolate zone", an important aspect of urban planning in Muslim civilization . Such protected areas were sanctuaries, or places where contending parties could settle disputes peacefully. Towns were usually built near a river which provided drinking and domestic water (upstream) and carried away waste and sewage (downstream). Muslims claim to have introduced
9810-421: The standard ecological algebra as illustrated in the simplified Verhulst model of population dynamics , carrying capacity is represented by the constant K : where Thus, the equation relates the growth rate of the population N to the current population size, incorporating the effect of the two constant parameters r and K . (Note that decrease is negative growth.) The choice of the letter K came from
9919-408: The state of Earth's ecosystems, involving more than 1,300 experts worldwide. Their first two of four main findings were the following. The first finding is: Over the past 50 years, humans have changed ecosystems more rapidly and extensively than in any comparable period of time in human history, largely to meet rapidly growing demands for food, fresh water, timber, fiber, and fuel. This has resulted in
10028-574: The tension between the unchallengeable pre-eminence of Mecca and Medina versus the desire to recognize Jerusalem as having a special status in Islam in a somewhat paradoxical manner. Jerusalem, being home to Masjid Al-Aqsa (one of the few mosques that are mentioned by name in the Quran, and consequently one of the most important mosques ) is normally seen as being holy in its own right. Carrying capacity The carrying capacity of an environment
10137-455: The term 'carrying capacity' was not explicitly used in 1838 by the Belgian mathematician Pierre François Verhulst when he first published his equations based on research on modelling population growth. The origins of the term "carrying capacity" are uncertain, with sources variously stating that it was originally used "in the context of international shipping " in the 1840s, or that it
10246-479: The term altogether due to the generalizations that are made that gloss over the complexity of interactions that take place on the micro and macro level. Carrying capacity in a human environment is subject to change at any time due to the highly adaptable nature of human society and culture. If resources, time, and energy are put into an issue, there very well may be a solution that exposes itself. This also should not be used as an excuse to overexploit or take advantage of
10355-462: The term ‘carrying capacity’ implies a population that is sustainable indefinitely. It is possible, too, that efforts to anticipate and manage the impacts of powerful new technologies, or to divide up the efforts needed to keep global ecological impacts within sustainable bounds among more than 200 nations all pursuing their own self-interest, may prove too complicated to achieve over the long haul. One issue with applying carrying capacity to any species
10464-531: The tomb of 'Abdullah ibn 'Abbas – cousin of Muhammad and ancestor of the Abbasids – had been severely damaged. He also recorded that the population of the city was still mostly Thaqīfi . In terms of trade, the city was an entrepôt for coffee . The castle and military barracks in Ta'if were repaired by the Ottomans in 1843, a hükûmet konağı – mansion for government business – was built in 1869, and
10573-469: The traditional system uses animal units (AU). A French/Swiss unit is Unité de Gros Bétail (UGB). In some European countries such as Switzerland the pasture ( alm or alp ) is traditionally measured in Stoß , with one Stoß equaling four Füße (feet). A more modern European system is Großvieheinheit (GV or GVE), corresponding to 500 kg in liveweight of cattle. In extensive agriculture 2 GV/ha
10682-400: The tribes of pre-Islamic Arabia . People from around the peninsula would come to visit the idol of the goddess Lat . This is proof that Ta'if has long been a historic center for trade and the arts in the Arabian Peninsula ; contemporary theaters in the area include the 'Okaz Market Theater and the recently opened King 'Abdullah Park Theater. A performing arts theater is also located in
10791-596: The wars of the Himyarite Kingdom by Ethiopian Christians settled near Ta'if. The walled city was a religious centre as it housed the idol of the goddess Lāt , who was then known as "the lady of Ta'if." Its climate marked the city out from its dry and barren neighbours closer to the Red Sea . Wheat , vines and fruit orchards were grown around Ta'if, and this is how the city earned its title "the Garden of
10900-530: The western part of the Ta'if beltway, but then continues southward toward Ash-Shafa , bypassing Mecca by using a longer route and gives access to Highway 304, Highway 301, Highway 40 and Highway 290 via Highway 298. Ta'if is served by the Taif International Airport . It was scheduled to open in 2020, but this had been delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic . The new airport is mainly designed to cater to pilgrims of Hajj and ' Umrah , and to relieve pressure off
11009-425: The world as a whole; this includes “cropland, grazing land, forest land, fishing grounds, and built-up land.” Again the various metrics to capture biocapacity are translated into the single term of hectares of available land. As Global Footprint Network (GFN) states: Each city, state or nation’s Ecological Footprint can be compared to its biocapacity, or that of the world. If a population’s Ecological Footprint exceeds
11118-571: The world's residents live in countries in ecological overshoot (see the map on the right). This includes countries with dense populations (such as China, India, and the Philippines), countries with high per capita consumption and resource use (France, Germany, and Saudi Arabia), and countries with both high per capita consumption and large numbers of people (Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States). According to its developers,
11227-445: The years, now being seen as roughly 30% of the population, depending on the species or population. Because the population of a species which is brought below its carrying capacity due to fishing will find itself in the exponential phase of growth, as seen in the Verhulst model, the harvesting of an amount of fish at or below MSY is a surplus yield which can be sustainably harvested without reducing population size at equilibrium, keeping
11336-404: Was a fort located near the Souk 'Okaz , many battles have been fought here and many prominent graves can be found, though only a small part of the original fort remains. Legend has it that Lawrence of Arabia also fought here. The Badawi Fortress is located in the southern reaches of East Ta'if. Due to Ta'if's location in the mountains, most major highways either bend around the city or avoid
11445-575: Was first used during 19th-century laboratory experiments with micro-organisms. A 2008 review finds the first use of the term in English was an 1845 report by the US Secretary of State to the US Senate . It then became a term used generally in biology in the 1870s, being most developed in wildlife and livestock management in the early 1900s. It had become a staple term in ecology used to define
11554-468: Was later to die in the city on 9 November 1953, as did King Khalid on 13 June 1982. Ta'if was still little more than a medieval city when the Saudis took control of it. However, they later embarked on a project of modernizing the city. Saudi Arabia's first public power generator was set up in Ta'if in the late 1940s. In terms of building roads to the isolated city, in 1965 the then King Faisal inaugurated
11663-517: Was stoned by the tribes. He was later given sanctuary by his fellows in a small house, which has now been converted into a mosque . Shubra Palace is the regional museum of Ta'if, housed in a building built around 1900, which served as Ibn Saud 's lodging in the 1930s, and was also used as the Presidency of the Council of Ministers of Saudi Arabia during King Faisal 's reign. The Turkish Fort
11772-692: Was used for communication with Kuwait during the Iraqi occupation . The entirety of the Ta'if governorate is situated on a raised valley surrounded by the Hejaz Mountains (part of the Sarat mountains ) to the west and south. The city is situated at an elevation of 1,879 m (6,165 ft) above mean sea level . For comparison, the surrounding mountains which separate Ta'if from nearby villages such as Al-Hada and Ash-Shafa , range in height anywhere from 2,000–3,500 m (6,600–11,500 ft). Ta'if
11881-609: Was visited by the Islamic prophet Muhammad , sometime in the early 7th century , and was inhabited by the tribe of Banu Thaqif . It is still inhabited to this day by their descendants. As a part of the Hejaz , the city has seen many transfers-of-power throughout its history, with the last being during the Saudi conquest of Hejaz in 1925. The city has been called the unofficial summer capital of Saudi Arabia and has also been called
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