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42-552: ScriptWorks was created in 1986 as the final-year University project of software developer Andy Cave. The project was dedicated to building a subset of a postscript interpreter that could preview the conversion of LaTeX to PostScript so that the PhD students would use less paper on the new LaserWriter. Although only a subset was required, Cave ended up creating quite a complete implementation. In 1987, Cave joined Harlequin Limited, founding

84-451: A DOS variation of ScriptWorks was developed, and was also sold through OEM partners, before being replaced by a version running under Microsoft Windows in 1993. In 1999, Harlequin went into receivership and was bought by Global Graphics . The Harlequin Group, including all staff and assets, was renamed to Global Graphics Software Limited. The Unix-based command-line version of ScriptWorks

126-513: A system-on-a-chip (SOC) around the CPU . Global Graphics has announced a partnership with Conexant to provide a combination of hardware and Page description language (PDL) software for home and small office printers. LaTeX LaTeX ( / ˈ l ɑː t ɛ k / LAH -tek or / ˈ l eɪ t ɛ k / LAY -tek , often stylized as L a T e X ) is a software system for typesetting documents. LaTeX markup describes

168-486: A voiceless velar fricative as in Modern Greek, similar to the ch in loch ). Lamport remarks that "TeX is usually pronounced tech , making lah -tech, lah- tech , and lay -tech the logical choices; but language is not always logical, so lay-tecks is also possible." The name is printed in running text with a typographical logo : L a T e X . In media where the logo cannot be precisely reproduced in running text,

210-473: A TeX Users Group (TUG) meeting at Stanford, Lamport agreed to turn over maintenance and development of LaTeX to Frank Mittelbach . Frank Mittelbach, along with Chris Rowley and Rainer Schöpf, formed the LaTeX3 team; in 1994, they released LaTeX2e, the current standard version. LaTeX3 has since been cancelled with features intended for that version being back-ported to LaTeX2e since 2018. LaTeX attempts to follow

252-531: A dividend which was distributed on December 2, 2004. On September 15, 2006, Freescale agreed to accept a buyout for the sum of $ 17.6 billion ($ 40 per share) by a consortium led by the Blackstone Group . Share prices of $ 13 at the July 2004 IPO had risen to $ 39.35 in afterhours trading that Friday when the news, rumored that week, broke. A special shareholders meeting on November 13, 2006, voted to accept

294-655: A document in LaTeX, a user first creates a file, such as document.tex , typically using a text editor . The user then gives their document.tex file as input to the TeX program (with the LaTeX macros loaded), which prompts TeX to write out a file suitable for onscreen viewing or printing. This write-format-preview cycle is one of the chief ways in which working with LaTeX differs from the What-You-See-Is-What-You-Get (WYSIWYG) style of document editing. It

336-527: A document, it follows (from the user's point of view) the following processing sequence: Macros → TeX → Driver → Output. Different implementations of each of these steps are typically available in TeX distributions. Traditional TeX will output a DVI file, which is usually converted to a PostScript file. In 2000, Hàn Thế Thành and others wrote an implementation of TeX called pdfTeX , which also outputs to PDF and takes advantage of features available in that format. The XeTeX engine developed by Jonathan Kew, on

378-410: A little extra effort, he could make a general package usable by others. Peter Gordon, an editor at Addison-Wesley , convinced him to write a LaTeX user's manual for publication (Lamport was initially skeptical that anyone would pay money for it); it came out in 1986 and sold hundreds of thousands of copies. Meanwhile, Lamport released versions of his LaTeX macros in 1984 and 1985. On 21 August 1989, at

420-493: A result, it encourages the separation of the layout from the content — while still allowing manual typesetting adjustments whenever needed. This concept is similar to the mechanism by which many word processors allow styles to be defined globally for an entire document, or the use of Cascading Style Sheets in styling HyperText Markup Language ( HTML ) documents. The LaTeX system is a markup language that handles typesetting and rendering, and can be arbitrarily extended by using

462-411: A temporary name SPS Spinco . Freescale completed its Initial public offering (IPO) on July 16, 2004, at a price of US$ 13. In its announcement, it estimated the stock price to be US$ 17.50- 19.50 but following a cooling of the market towards tech stocks, it lowered its price to US$ 13. Existing shareholders of Motorola stock received 0.110415 shares of Freescale stock for every share of Motorola stock as

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504-748: A variety of names and it is not always easy to identify whether a system uses a Harlequin RIP or not. Current versions of the Harlequin RIP can interpret: The Harlequin Embedded SDK also supports Printer Command Language 5e, PCL 5c and PCL XL , including HPGL and Printer Job Language (PJL). All file formats are interpreted natively, without conversion to an intermediate format (PDF is not converted to PostScript and vice versa, for example). Global Graphics claims that processing without conversion allows for higher speeds and avoids artifacts arising from

546-429: A writing tool for mathematicians and computer scientists, but even from early in its development, it has also been taken up by scholars who needed to write documents that include complex math expressions or non-Latin scripts, such as Arabic , Devanagari and Chinese . LaTeX is intended to provide a high-level, descriptive markup language to utilize TeX more easily. TeX handles the document layout, while LaTeX handles

588-460: Is Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG) compliant as of version 1.3. As free software , LaTeX is available on most operating systems, which include Unix ( Solaris , HP-UX , AIX ), BSD ( FreeBSD , macOS , NetBSD , OpenBSD ), Linux ( Red Hat , Debian , Arch , Gentoo ), Windows , DOS , RISC OS , AmigaOS , and Plan 9 . LaTeX2e is the current version of LaTeX, since it replaced LaTeX 2.09 in 1994. As of 2020 , LaTeX3, which started in

630-560: Is LaTeX2e, first released in 1994 but incrementally updated starting in 2015. This update policy replaced earlier plans for a separate release of LaTeX3, which had been in development since 1989. LaTeX is free software and is distributed under the LaTeX Project Public License (LPPL) . LaTeX was created in the early 1980s by Leslie Lamport when he was working at Stanford Research Institute (SRI). He needed to write TeX macros for his own use and thought that with

672-404: Is similar to the code-compile-execute cycle known to computer programmers. Today, many LaTeX-aware editing programs make this cycle a simple matter through the pressing of a single key, while showing the output preview on the screen beside the input window. Some online LaTeX editors even automatically refresh the preview, while other online tools provide incremental editing in-place, mixed in with

714-577: Is typically distributed along with plain TeX under a free software license : the LaTeX Project Public License (LPPL). The LPPL is not compatible with the GNU General Public License , as it requires that modified files must be clearly differentiable from their originals (usually by changing the filename); this was done to ensure that files that depend on other files will produce the expected behavior and avoid dependency hell . The LPPL

756-491: Is used to produce an output file (such as PDF or DVI ) suitable for printing or digital distribution . LaTeX is widely used in academia for the communication and publication of scientific documents and technical note-taking in many fields, owing partially to its support for complex mathematical notation. It also has a prominent role in the preparation and publication of books and articles that contain complex multilingual materials , such as Arabic and Greek . LaTeX uses

798-597: The Mac transition to Intel processors in 2006. They joined Power.org in 2006 as a founding member to develop and promote the use of Power Architecture . DragonBall is a low power derivation of the earlier Motorola 68000 family microprocessors. Freescale also has a portfolio of Digital Signal Processor (DSP) products based on StarCore Technology. Freescale's DSPs are being used in Broadband Wireless, Voice Over IP and video infrastructure systems. Freescale

840-562: The Printer Control Language (PCL), as well as the Printer Job Language (PJL) and Hewlett-Packard Graphics Language ( HPGL ). EBD version 3 was released in 2009. It is supported under a variety of real-time and near-real-time operating systems including Embedded Windows XP, Linux , VxWorks and ThreadX , and on a variety of hardware architectures, including Intel , Freescale and ARM , with or without

882-584: The LaTeX file to other formats such as OpenDocument , XML , or class ( *.cls ) files. LaTeX can also (and commonly is) rendered to PDF files using the LaTeX extension pdfLaTeX. LaTeX files containing Unicode text can be processed into PDFs with the inputenc package, or by the TeX extensions XeLaTeX and LuaLaTeX. LaTeX has become the de facto standard to typeset mathematical expression in scientific documents. Hence, there are several conversion tools focusing on mathematical LaTeX expressions, such as converters to MathML or Computer Algebra System . LaTeX

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924-484: The RIP division. In the early 1990s, Harlequin was commissioned by Xenotron to develop a raster image processor to run on Macintosh computers to drive their Ultre-based image setters, exposing onto film and resin-coated paper . The Macintosh version proved successful, and Harlequin signed up a number of other Original equipment manufacturer (OEM) partners to sell it, including Pongrass, ECRM, Autologic, Xitron, Koronix, Purup, Graphic Enterprises and Compose. In 1992,

966-688: The TeX typesetting program for formatting its output, and is itself written in the TeX macro language. LaTeX can be used as a standalone document preparation system, or as an intermediate format. In the latter role, for example, it is sometimes used as part of a pipeline for translating DocBook and other XML -based formats for PDF . The typesetting system offers programmable desktop publishing features and extensive facilities for automating most aspects of typesetting and desktop publishing, including numbering and cross-referencing of tables and figures, chapter and section headings, graphics, page layout, indexing and bibliographies . Like TeX, LaTeX started as

1008-580: The buyout offer. The purchase, which closed on December 1, 2006, is reportedly the largest private buyout of a technology company and one of the ten largest buyouts of all time. Freescale filed to go public again on February 11, 2011, and completed its IPO on May 26, 2011. Freescale was traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol FSL. At the time of the IPO, the company had $ 7.6 billion in outstanding debt on its books, and

1050-553: The company was investigated for misconduct related to this IPO. On March 8, 2014, Freescale announced that 20 of its employees were lost aboard Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 . A MEMS -based satellite accelerometer , a Airbag System Basis Chip as well as a dual-axis SPI inertial sensor designed for use with the PSI5 open standard airbag systems were announced in 2011. A microcontroller meant to be used in anti-lock braking systems as well as electronic power steering applications

1092-482: The content and layout of the document, as opposed to the formatted text found in WYSIWYG word processors like Google Docs , LibreOffice Writer and Microsoft Word . The writer uses markup tagging conventions to define the general structure of a document, to stylise text throughout a document (such as bold and italics), and to add citations and cross-references . A TeX distribution such as TeX Live or MiKTeX

1134-461: The content side for document processing. LaTeX comprises a collection of TeX macros and a program to process LaTeX documents, and because the plain TeX formatting commands are elementary, it provides authors with ready-made commands for formatting and layout requirements such as chapter headings, footnotes, cross-references and bibliographies. LaTeX was originally written in the early 1980s by Leslie Lamport at SRI International . The current version

1176-662: The control strip of a proof. Harlequin's OEM partners have built DFEs with full support for additional formats such as the Personalized Print Markup Language (PPML) around the Harlequin RIP. A number of extra components are available for the variants of the Harlequin RIP, leading to descriptions of the Harlequin Server RIP as a "prepress workflow in a box". Included and additional options include: The Harlequin Host Renderer

1218-773: The conversion. Native processing of live transparency in PDFs was recognized by several awards: Publishing Essential's Impact Award for "RIP of the Year" in 1997 and 1998 and the Silver Award in the Pre-press News and Publishing Awards of 1997 for "RIP/Server product of the year". The Harlequin RIP also explicitly supports PDF/X-1a:2001, PDF/X-1a:2003, PDF/X-3:2002, PDF/X-3:2003, PDF/X-4, PDF/X-4p, PDF/X-5g and PDF/X-5pg and can be set to reject files that do not comply with those standards, or to include conformance information on

1260-433: The design philosophy of separating presentation from content , so that authors can focus on the content of what they are writing without attending simultaneously to its visual appearance. In preparing a LaTeX document, the author specifies the logical structure using simple, familiar concepts such as chapter , section , table , figure , etc., and lets the LaTeX system handle the formatting and layout of these structures. As

1302-491: The early 1990s, is under a long-term development project. Planned features include improved syntax (separation of content from styling), hyperlink support, a new user interface, access to arbitrary fonts and a new documentation. Some LaTeX3 features are available in LaTeX2e using packages, and by 2020 many features have been enabled in LaTeX2e by default for a gradual transition. There are many commercial implementations of

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1344-559: The entire TeX system. System vendors may add extra features like added typefaces and telephone support . LyX is a free software , WYSIWYM visual document processor that uses LaTeX for a back-end. TeXmacs is a free, WYSIWYG editor with similar functionalities as LaTeX, but with a different typesetting engine. Other WYSIWYG editors that produce LaTeX include Scientific Word on Windows, and BaKoMa TeX on Windows, Mac and Linux. Many community-supported TeX distributions are available. Freescale Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

1386-538: The other hand, merges modern font technologies and Unicode with TeX. LuaTeX is an extended version of pdfTeX using Lua as an embedded scripting language. There are also many editors for LaTeX, some of which are offline, source-code-based while others are online, partial-WYSIWYG-based. For more, see Comparison of TeX editors . LaTeX documents ( *.tex ) can be opened with any text editor. They consist of plain text and contain no hidden formatting codes or binary information. TeX documents can also be shared by rendering

1428-581: The preview in a streamlined single window. The example below shows the input to LaTeX and the corresponding output from the system: The characters 'T', 'E', and 'X' in the name come from the Greek capital letters tau , epsilon , and chi , as the name of TeX derives from the Ancient Greek : τέχνη ('skill', 'art', 'technique'); for this reason, TeX's creator Donald Knuth promotes its pronunciation as / t ɛ x / ( tekh ) (that is, with

1470-504: The system filter down to road car technology. Besides the MSG (Micro-controller Solutions Group), Freescale's other major semiconductor businesses are the NMG (Networking and Multimedia Group) as well as RASG (RF, Analog and Sensors Group). Freescale, under the guidance of IBM, had also been a source of PowerPC microprocessors (ICs) for Apple Computer 's PowerBooks and Mac mini products until

1512-416: The underlying macro language to develop custom macros such as new environments and commands. Such macros are often collected into packages, which could then be made available to address some specific typesetting needs such as the formatting of complex mathematical expressions or graphics (e.g., the use of the align environment provided by the amsmath package to produce aligned equations). To create

1554-466: The word is typically given the unique capitalization LaTeX. Alternatively, the TeX, LaTeX and XeTeX logos can also be rendered via pure CSS and XHTML for use in graphical web browsers — by following the specifications of the internal \LaTeX macro. As a macro package, LaTeX provides a set of macros for TeX to interpret. There are many other macro packages for TeX, including Plain TeX, GNU Texinfo , AMSTeX , and ConTeXt . When TeX "compiles"

1596-714: Was an American semiconductor manufacturer. It was created by the divestiture of the Semiconductor Products Sector of Motorola in 2004. Freescale focused their integrated circuit products on the automotive, embedded and communications markets. It was bought by a private investor group in 2006, and subsequently merged with NXP Semiconductors in 2015. As of 2003, Motorola Semiconductor Products Sector earned US$ 5.0 billion in semiconductor sales in 2002 (out of US$ 27 billion sales for all of Motorola). Motorola announced that their semiconductor division would be divested on October 6, 2003 and would have

1638-631: Was launched in 2005; version 1.3 was released in late 2009. Core RIP functionality in HHR has tracked with Harlequin Server RIP except that HHR currently has the following additional features in comparison to HSR 8.3: HHR is supported on Linux and Windows. Since 2021, Harlequin Host Renderer is referred to as Harlequin Core™. The Harlequin Embedded SDK (EBD) has been optimized for use within home and office printers. To that end it supports several versions of

1680-399: Was phased out, and a few years later ScriptWorks was renamed to Harlequin RIP. From 2004 onwards Global Graphics expanded the reach of the Harlequin RIP by producing a number of variants for different market sectors: The Harlequin RIP is sold only through OEM partners, each of whom builds it into their own prepress system, Digital Front End (DFE) or controller. It is therefore sold under

1722-537: Was released in 2008. Freescale also produced pressure sensors for engine management systems . Freescale's SMARTMOS analog portfolio provides power actuation and multiple switch detect interface family ICs and system basis chips for hybrid vehicles. In November 2008 Freescale announced that the company would collaborate with McLaren Electronic Systems to further develop its KERS system for McLaren 's Formula One car from 2010 onwards. Both parties believed this collaboration would improve McLaren's KERS system and help

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1764-480: Was sued by Marvell Semiconductor for infringing seven patents. The case was settled in 2015. Clock driver software written by Freescale was responsible for the 2008 Zune leap year bug. Freescale lost a patent infringement lawsuit filed by Tessera Corporation and was forced to pay an undisclosed amount as part of the settlement. A merger agreement with NXP Semiconductors was announced in March 2015, to form

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