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30-768: The Science Policy Research Unit ( SPRU ) is a research centre based at the University of Sussex in Falmer , near Brighton, United Kingdom . Its research focuses on science policy and innovation . SPRU offers MSc courses and PhD research degrees. In 2018, SPRU ranked 3rd in the world and 1st in the UK for top science and technology think tanks on the Global Go To Think Tank Index Report . SPRU has more than 60 faculty members, 150 MScs and 50 doctoral students. The Science Policy Research Unit

60-553: A Malayalam poet and Sanskrit scholar hinted- "meen thottu koottuka" (start with the fish). On the face of it, the suggestion would seem offensive to an orthodox Malayali Brahmin, who are strict vegetarians. However, Bhattathiri, understanding the hidden meaning, decided to present the various incarnations of Vishnu starting with the fish, as narrated in the Bhagavata Purana in a series of Dasakas (groups of ten slokas). Upon reaching Guruvayur , he started composing one dasaka

90-471: A day in the presence of the Lord. The refrain in last sloka of every dasaka is a prayer to him to remove his ailments and sufferings. Every day, he sang 10 shlokas on Sri Guruvayoorappan . Each set of 10 poems ends with a prayer for early cure. In 100 days he finished his compositions, and his condition gradually improved day by day. On 27 November 1587 when he finished the last dashakam ("Ayuraarogya Sowkhyam") he

120-578: A pandit by the age of 16. He married his guru Achuta Pisharati's niece and settled at Thrikkandiyur in Tirur . He was one of the last mathematicians of the Sangamagrama school, which had been founded by Madhava in Kerala, South India and included among its members: Parameshvara, Neelakanta Somayaji, Jyeshtadeva, Achyuta Pisharati, Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri and Achyuta Panikkar. It flourished between

150-736: A poet who wrote many great works about Lord Guruvayoorapa including the njanappana in Malayalam, had also come there to worship Lord Guruvayoorapan. One day he took some of his poems of the njanappana to Bhattathiri in order to correct them and improve them, but this was dismissed by Bhattathiri with a haughty remark that Poonthanam didn't know the correct meaning of words and he didn't want to waste his time on such silly works. Later that night lord Guruvayoorapan himself appeared in Bhattathiri's dream and criticized him by saying that he preferred Poonthanam's bhakthi than Bhattathiri 's knowledge. And then

180-517: Is a collaborative effort on chemical biological weapons disarmament between Harvard University and SPRU at the University of Sussex . It was formed by Matthew Meselson and Julian Perry Robinson to provide research, training, seminars, and information on chemical biological warfare and its disarmament. In 2010, Sussex faculty member Caitriona McLeish was appointed co-director of the HSP. The program has an archival collection of CBW -related documents at

210-600: Is a devotional Sanskrit work, in the form of a poetical hymn , consisting of 1036 verses (called 'slokas' in Sanskrit). It was written by Bhattathiri in 1586 CE and gives a summary of 18,000 verses of the Bhagavata Purana . Pisharadi has been affected by rheumatism . Unable to see his pain, by yogic strength and by way of Gurdakshina , Bhattathri is said to have taken the disease upon himself and relieved his guru. To relieve Narayana of this disease, Ezhuthachan ,

240-703: Is located within the University of Sussex Business School in Brighton, United Kingdom. SPRU's current director is Professor Jeremy Hall, formerly director of the Centre for Social Innovation Management at Surrey Business School and editor-in-chief of the Journal of Engineering and Technology Management . He took over as professor from Johan Schot in September 2019. SPRU's specialist research centres include: SPRU

270-531: The Economic & Social Research Council ; Erik Millstone; and Ben Martin, editor of Research Policy and Associate Fellow of Cambridge's Centre for Science and Policy . SPRU currently offers six Master's courses, two of which are available online. Additionally, SPRU offers two PhD degrees in Science and Technology Policy Studies and Technology and Innovation Management. The Harvard Sussex Program ( HSP )

300-509: The Guruvayoor Temple is considered to be sure remedy for all diseases. It may be because of this belief that Bhattathiri went to Guruvayoor.There is another story saying that when Bhattathiri was about to finish his masterpiece Narayaneeyam. Bhattathiri pleaded to Lord Guruvayoorapan for the relief of his disease. Lord Guruvayoorapan appeared himself before Bhattathiri and showed Lord's two hand and said that one of his hands did have

330-706: The Rockefeller Institute , Carnegie Institution of Washington and the Institute for Advanced Study . Research was advanced in both theory and application. This was aided by substantial private donation. As of 2006, there were over 14,000 research centres in the United States. The expansion of universities into the faculty of research fed into these developments as mass education produced mass scientific communities . A growing public consciousness of scientific research brought public perception to

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360-727: The Tirur River , as well as near to the holy town of Thirunavaya and Bharathappuzha , that was famed as the theatre of the Mamankam festival , in Malappuram district . He was born in 1560 in a pious Brahmin family, as the son of Mathrudattan Bhattathiri, a pandit himself. Bhattathiri studied from his father as a child. He learned the Rig Veda from Madhava, Tarka śāstra (science of debate in Sanskrit) from Damodara and Vyākaraṇa (Sanskrit grammar) from Achyuta Pisharati. He became

390-515: The 14th and 16th centuries and the original discoveries of the school seems to have ended with Narayana Bhattathiri (1559–1632). In attempting to solve astronomical problems, the Kerala school independently discovered a number of important mathematical concepts. The earliest research institute in Europe was Tycho Brahe 's Uraniborg complex on the island of Hven , a 16th-century astronomical laboratory set up to make highly accurate measurements of

420-510: The 14th and 16th centuries and the original discoveries of the school seems to have ended with Bhattathiri. It seems that he had a younger brother named after his father (Mathrudattan Jr.,). One of the manuscripts of Narayaneeyam says that it was copied by the author's younger brother Matrdatta. The Melpathur family is now extinct and it is said that it was merged into the Maravancheri Thekkedathu family. The Narayaniyam

450-498: The International Centre for Theoretical Physics and the research complex Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, the biology project EMBL, and the fusion project ITER which in addition to technical developments has a strong research focus. Research institutes came to emerge at the beginning of the twentieth century. In 1900, at least in Europe and the United States, the scientific profession had only evolved so far as to include

480-598: The Islamic world. The first of these was the 9th-century Baghdad observatory built during the time of the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun , though the most famous were the 13th-century Maragheh observatory , and the 15th-century Ulugh Beg Observatory . The Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics was a school of mathematics and astronomy founded by Madhava of Sangamagrama in Kerala , India . The school flourished between

510-666: The Sussex Harvard Information Bank (SHIB). HSP is an academic non-governmental organization (NGO) that has influenced policy creation from within the United States and Great Britain on the formation of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and reviews of the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC). Research institute In the early medieval period, several astronomical observatories were built in

540-642: The end of Narayaneeyam. One poem says that he lived for 106 years, and accordingly he should have died in 1666. But, 86 is considered more reliable. Accordingly, he lived in many places after his cure of rheumatism, like Kochi, Ambalapuzha , Kozhikode and finally he settled in Mookkola near Changaramkulam in the present-day Malappuram district. He stayed in the Devi temple there for around 20 years, and he wrote his last work there. One day, after returning from Mookkola Temple, he collapsed and died instantly. Thus, he had

570-504: The fore in driving specific research developments. After the Second World War and the atom bomb specific research threads were followed: environmental pollution and national defence . Narayana Bhattathiri Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri (Mēlpattūr Nārāyaṇa Bhaṭṭatiri; 1560–1646/1666), third student of Achyuta Pisharati , was a member of Madhava of Sangamagrama 's Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics . He

600-572: The next day itself Bhattathiri apologized to poonthanam and corrected mistakes then they became friends. He wrote on diverse subjects including scientific ones. His works are: Under the patronage of Cochin Vira Keralavarman (1601-1615 A.D) Melputtur wrote the Gosrinagaravarnana and Virakeralaprasasti. It is said that Bhattathiri lived at least for 86 years, since his wish was to have a happy, healthy, long life as seen at

630-597: The power to cure his disease. And showed his other hand and said that it had Karunyam. Bhattathiri thought for a moment and chose the hand which had Karunyam. He later explained that if we have Karunyam we all automatically get all the prosperity and well-being. Lord gave the Karunyam and it is said that Bhattathiri's disease was cured. While Narayana Bhattathiri was composing Narayaneeyam in Guruvayur temple, Poonthanam, another great devotee of Lord Guruvayoorapa and also

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660-762: The principles of mass production and large-scale teamwork to the process of invention in the late 1800s, and because of that, he is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory. From the throes of the Scientific Revolution came the 17th century scientific academy. In London, the Royal Society was founded in 1660, and in France Louis XIV founded the Académie royale des sciences in 1666 which came after private academic assemblies had been created earlier in

690-516: The seventeenth century to foster research. In the early 18th century, Peter the Great established an educational-research institute to be built in his newly created imperial capital, St Petersburg . His plan combined provisions for linguistic, philosophical and scientific instruction with a separate academy in which graduates could pursue further scientific research. It was the first institution of its kind in Europe to conduct scientific research within

720-465: The stars. In the United States there are numerous notable research institutes including Bell Labs , Xerox Parc , The Scripps Research Institute , Beckman Institute , RTI International , and SRI International . Hughes Aircraft used a research institute structure for its organizational model. Thomas Edison , dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park", was one of the first inventors to apply

750-843: The structure of a university. The St Petersburg Academy was established by decree on 28 January 1724. At the European level, there are now several government-funded institutions such as the European Space Agency (ESA), the nuclear research centre CERN , the European Southern Observatory (ESO) (Grenoble), the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) (Grenoble), EUMETSAT , the Italian-European Sistema Trieste with, among others,

780-421: The theoretical implications of science and not its application. Research scientists had yet to establish a leadership in expertise. Outside scientific circles it was generally assumed that a person in an occupation related to the sciences carried out work which was necessarily "scientific" and that the skill of the scientist did not hold any more merit than the skill of a labourer. A philosophical position on science

810-547: Was a mathematical linguist (vyakarana). His most important scholarly work, Prakriya-sarvasvam , sets forth an axiomatic system elaborating on the classical system of Panini . However, he is most famous for his masterpiece, Narayaneeyam , a devotional composition in praise of Guruvayurappan ( Krishna ) that is still sung at Guruvayur Temple . Bhattathri was from a village named Melpathur at Kurumbathur in Athavanad Panchayat near Kadampuzha , very close to

840-498: Was completely cured. The 100th canto composed on that day gives a graphic description of this form of the Lord from the head to the foot. On that day he had a vision of the Lord in the form of Venugopalan . He was 27 then. He was a propounder of Purva Mimamsa , Uttara Mimamsa and Vyakarana. The Chakorasandesa which was earlier than Narayaneeyam also refers to rheumatic patients going to the Guruvayoor Temple. Worship in

870-470: Was founded in 1966 by Christopher Freeman . Since its foundation, SPRU has had notable scholars among its faculty, including Daniele Archibugi , Giovanni Dosi , Marie Jahoda , Carlota Perez , Keith Pavitt , Mary Kaldor , Richard R. Nelson , Giorgio Sirilli and Luc Soete . Current faculty members include Benjamin Sovacool ; Andy Stirling ; Paul Nightingale, director of strategy and operations for

900-597: Was not thought by all researchers to be intellectually superior to applied methods. However any research on scientific application was limited by comparison. A loose definition attributed all naturally occurring phenomena to "science". The growth of scientific study stimulated a desire to reinvigorate the scientific discipline by robust research in order to extract "pure" science from such broad categorisation. This began with research conducted autonomously away from public utility and governmental supervision. Enclaves for industrial investigations became established. These included

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