45-651: Heilongjiang is a province in northeast China . It is the northernmost and easternmost province of the country and contains China's northernmost point (in Mohe City along the Amur) and easternmost point (at the junction of the Amur and Ussuri rivers). The province is bordered by Jilin to the south and Inner Mongolia to the west. It also shares a border with Russia ( Amur Oblast , Jewish Autonomous Oblast , Khabarovsk Krai , Primorsky Krai and Zabaykalsky Krai ) to
90-590: A governor . The People's Government is answerable to both the State Council and the Provincial People's Congress. The provincial branch of the CCP has a Provincial Party Congress every five years, and elects a Standing Committee to exercise its authority when not in session. The Provincial Party Secretary is the de facto most important position in the province. The first provinces were created in
135-1569: A series of sights, including the Diaoshuilou Falls . The province has a zoological park called " Harbin Siberian Tiger Park ". Partial list of universities: Heilongjiang is in the forefront of promoting winter sports and winter-featured sports industry in China. For example, it is promoting bandy as an Olympic sport . Provinces of China Provinces Autonomous regions Sub-provincial autonomous prefectures Autonomous prefectures Leagues (Aimag) (abolishing) Prefectures Provincial-controlled cities Provincial-controlled counties Autonomous counties County-level cities Districts Ethnic districts Banners (Hoxu) Autonomous banners Shennongjia Forestry District Liuzhi Special District Wolong Special Administrative Region Workers and peasants districts Ethnic townships Towns Subdistricts Subdistrict bureaux Sum Ethnic sum County-controlled districts County-controlled district bureaux (obsolete) Management committees Town-level city Areas Villages · Gaqa · Ranches Village Committees Communities Capital cities New areas Autonomous administrative divisions National Central Cities History: before 1912 , 1912–49 , 1949–present Provinces ( Chinese : 省 ; pinyin : Shěng ) are
180-430: A total of 14.37 million ha (35.5 million acres) of grain plantation area, including 4 million ha (9.9 million acres) of rice plantation and 5.5 million ha (14 million acres) of corn. Heilongjiang has vast tracts of black soil ( chernozem ), one of the most fertile soil types. Since the early 20th century, cultivation in the black soil belt has expanded by almost 100-fold, and after
225-648: Is Datudingzi Mountain at 1,690 metres (5,540 ft), located on the border with Jilin province. The Greater Khingan Range contains China's largest remaining virgin forest and is an important area for China's forestry industry. The east and southwest of the province, which are relatively flat and low in altitude, feature the Muling River , the Naoli River , the Songhua River , the Nen River , and
270-763: Is 400 to 700 millimetres (16 to 28 in), concentrated heavily in summer. Clear weather is prevalent throughout the year, and in the spring, the Songnen Plain and the Sanjiang Plain provide abundant sources of wind energy. The province's largest cities include Harbin , Qiqihar , Mudanjiang , Jiamusi , Daqing , Jixi , Shuangyashan , Hegang , Qitaihe , Yichun , and Heihe . Heilongjiang boasts an extensive road network. As of October 2020, it has 165,989 km (103,141 mi) of expressways, highways and other roads. The Beijing - Harbin Expressway
315-558: Is a city of contrasts, with Chinese, Russian , and eclectic worldwide influences clearly apparent. Bukui Mosque , a national heritage site, is the largest glazed-tile building in the province. Eastern Orthodox , Roman Catholic , and Protestant churches as well as synagogues dot the city. The long, cold winter is the backdrop for its famed ice sculpture exhibitions. In 2007 already the 8th Ice and Snow World opened to visitors in Harbin. More than 2,000 ice sculptures were on display at
360-679: Is also an important source of lumber for China. Pine, especially the Korean pine and larch are the most important forms of lumber produced in Heilongjiang. Forests are mostly found in the Greater Khingan Mountains and Lesser Khingan Mountains , which are also home to protected animal species such as the Siberian tiger , the red-crowned crane , and the lynx . Herding in Heilongjiang is centered upon horses and cattle;
405-629: Is estimated to be 30.9 million in 2022, down from its peak at 38.3 million in 2010. As of 2021, the population is 65.7% urban and 34.3% rural. The majority of Heilongjiang's population is Han Chinese , while ethnic minorities include the Manchus , Koreans , Mongols , Hui , Xibe , and Hezhen . Excludes members of the People's Liberation Army in active service. Source: Most of Heilongjiang's residents are either non-religious or practice Chinese folk religions , including Taoism . Manchu shamanism
450-583: Is expected to transport 37 million passengers per year by 2020 and 51 million by 2030. Major airports include Harbin Taiping International Airport , Qiqihar Airport , Mudanjiang Airport , Jiamusi Airport and Heihe Airport . Harbin International Airport is capable of handling six million passengers every year and connects to over 70 domestic and international cities. The Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye railway bridge
495-519: Is one of the primary rivers of China , and the longest tributary of the Amur . It flows about 1,897 km (1,179 mi) from Changbai Mountains on the China–North Korea border through China's northeastern Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces. The river drains 557,180 km (215,130 sq mi) of land, and has an annual discharge of 76.2 km /a (2,410 m /s) to 81.77 km /a (2,591 m /s). The extreme flatness of
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#1732772705390540-539: Is practiced by many Manchu people . Chinese Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism have an important presence in the province. Heilongjiang's culture is part of a culture of Northeast China that is relatively homogeneous across this region, known in Mandarin Chinese as "Dongbei" (the northeast). Heilongjiang Television and Harbin Economy Radio serve as broadcasters. Harbin, the provincial capital,
585-583: Is the most significant expressway corridor to the province, which begins at the Heilongjiang - Jilin border and ends within the Harbin Ring Expressway . The Harbin - Tongjiang Expressway runs northeast and it links far-flung counties within the jurisdiction of Harbin, Jiamusi and other major counties in Northeast Heilongjiang. Near the end of Harbin - Tongjiang Expressway, Jiansanjiang–Heixiazi Island Expressway branches off
630-821: The Chuang Guandong , the Han Chinese had become the dominant ethnic group in the region. In 1931, Japanese forces invaded Heilongjiang. In 1932, the Japanese completed their conquest of the province, which became part of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo . In 1945, Japanese forces in Manchuria were defeated by the Soviet Army . During the Chinese Civil War , Soviet forces aided
675-732: The Amur River , whose name in Mandarin is Heilongjiang ("black dragon river"). Ancient Chinese records and other sources state that Heilongjiang was inhabited by people such as the Sushen , Buyeo , the Mohe , and the Khitan . Mongolic Donghu people lived in Inner Mongolia and the western part of Heilongjiang. Some names are Manchu or Mongolian. The eastern portion of Heilongjiang
720-633: The Chinese Communist Party Heilongjiang Committee: List of governors: In 2022, Heilongjiang's GDP was 1.59 trillion RMB ($ 236 billion in GDP nominal), with a per capita GDP of CN¥51,906 ( US$ 7,717 in nominal). Its primary, secondary, and tertiary industries contributed ¥360 billion (22.7%), ¥465 billion (29.2%), and ¥764 billion (48%) to GDP, respectively. Heilongjiang's GDP has been rising steadily since 2003, growing 37% from 2003 to 2007. The value of
765-571: The Cultural Revolution , Heilongjiang was also expanded to include Hulunbuir League and some other areas previously in Inner Mongolia ; this has since mostly been reversed. Heilongjiang is a land of varied topographies. Much of the province is dominated by mountain ranges such as the Greater Khingan Range and Lesser Khingan Range, Zhangguangcai Mountains , Laoye Mountains , and Wanda Mountains . The highest peak
810-748: The Mudan River , all tributaries of the Amur , while the northern border forms part of the Amur valley. Xingkai Lake (or Khanka Lake ) is found on the border with Russia 's Primorsky Krai . A humid continental climate ( Köppen Dwa or Dwb ) predominates in the province, though areas in the far north are subarctic (Köppen Dwc ). Winters are long and bitter, with an average of −31 to −15 °C (−24 to 5 °F) in January, and summers are short and warm to very warm with an average of 18 to 23 °C (64 to 73 °F) in July. The annual average rainfall
855-617: The Northeast China Plain has caused the river to meander over time, filling the wide plain with oxbow lakes , as remnants of the previous paths of the river. The Songhua rises south of Heaven Lake , near the China - North Korea border. From there it flows north, to be interrupted by the Baishan , Hongshi and Fengman hydroelectric dams. The Fengman Dam forms a lake that stretches for 62 kilometers (39 mi). Below
900-870: The Stanovoy Mountains . The eastern part of what's today Heilongjiang remained under the supervision of the General of Jilin (Girin i Jiyanggiyūn), whose power reached the Sea of Japan . These areas deep in Manchuria were closed off to Han Chinese migration. The original seat of the Military Governor of Heilongjiang, as established in 1683, was in Heilongjiang City (also known as Aigun or Heihe , or, in Manchu , Saghalien Ula), located on
945-748: The Yuan dynasty , and have remained one of the most stable forms of Chinese government since then. They were created to help the Imperial court manage local county governments, which were too numerous and far-flung to be managed directly. The number of provinces grew steadily during subsequent dynasties, reaching 28 by the time of the Republic of China . During the Warlord Era , provinces became largely or completely autonomous and exercised significant national influence. Province-level units proliferated and under
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#1732772705390990-549: The 1960s agriculture in the region transformed to modern agriculture with heavy mechanization and an increase of fertilizer use. Heilongjiang is one of the Asia's leading production areas for japonica rice , known for high quality brand rice varieties. The introduction of cold-resistant varieties, favorable policies and climate change have all contributed to a significant increase in rice production in recent years. Commercial crops grown include beets , flax , sunflowers . Heilongjiang
1035-476: The Amur River. However, already in 1690 the seat of the governor was transferred to Nenjiang (Mergen) on the Nen River , and, in 1699, further south to Qiqihar . According to modern historians, the moves may have been driven by supply considerations: Nenjiang and Qiqihar are connected by a convenient waterway (Nen River) with southern Manchuria, whereas accessing Aigun (Heihe) would require either sailing all
1080-524: The Chinese communists. Heilongjiang became the first province to be completely controlled by the communists and Harbin the first major city to be controlled by them. At the beginning of communist rule, Heilongjiang included only the western portion of the present-day province, and had its capital at Qiqihar. The remaining area was the province of Songjiang ; its capital was Harbin. In 1954, these two provinces were merged into present-day Heilongjiang. During
1125-584: The Dadingshan Reservoir, which is named after the scenic area on the south bank ( Chinese : 大頂山 ; pinyin : dàdǐngshān ; lit. 'Big Topped Mountain'). The river flows onward through Jiamusi and south of the Lesser Xing'an Range, to eventually join the Amur at Tongjiang, Heilongjiang . The river freezes from late November until March. It has its highest flows when
1170-647: The Heilongjiang - Jilin border in East Heilongjiang, is another major expressway that facilitates the transportation of lumber and coal. There are 60 railway lines of around 5,300 kilometres (3,300 miles) including a section of the Eurasian Land Bridge . The Harbin–Dalian high-speed railway , completed in 2012, stretches from Harbin, Heilongjiang's capital, to Dalian in Liaoning province via Changchun and Shenyang comprising 23 stops. It
1215-683: The Ministry of Civil Affairs (not included in the total Districts' count) ≈ – not including territories within Inner Mongolia (if included: 82,928.80 km or 32,018.99 sq mi) (Additional information regarding the last prefecture can be found at Greater Khingan .) These 13 prefecture-level divisions are subdivided into 128 county-level divisions (65 districts , 20 county-level cities , 42 counties , and one autonomous county ). Those are in turn divided into 1,284 township-level divisions (473 towns , 400 townships , 58 ethnic townships , and 353 subdistricts ). List of secretaries of
1260-640: The Russians in 1860.) In 1858 and 1860, the Qing government was forced to give up all land beyond the Amur and Ussuri Rivers to the Russian Empire , cutting off the Qing Empire from the Sea of Japan and giving Heilongjiang its present northern and eastern borders. At the same time, Manchuria was opened to Han Chinese migration by the Qing government. By the early twentieth century, due to
1305-455: The annual event. Wudalianchi Lakes are a series of five lakes formed between 1719 and 1721 when volcanic eruption shaped one section of a tributary of the Amur into five interconnected lakes. The second lake in particular is renowned for its irregular geological sights. Lake Jingbo , in Ning'an County, is a section of the Mudan River that has been narrowed and shaped by volcanic eruption into
1350-774: The closure of uncompetitive factories in the 1990s, Manchuria has suffered from stagnation. As a result, the government has started the Revitalize Northeast China campaign to deal with this problem, promoting the private sectors as the preferred method of economic reform . Petroleum is of great importance in Heilongjiang, and the Daqing oilfields are an important source of petroleum for China . Coal, gold, and graphite are other important minerals to be found in Heilongjiang. Heilongjiang also has great potential for wind power , with potential capacity for 134 gigawatts of power production. Heilongjiang's population
1395-665: The dam, the Second Songhua flows north through Jilin , then northwest until it is joined by its largest tributary, the Nen River , near Da'an , to create the Songhua proper. The Songhua turns east through Harbin , and after the city, it is joined from the south by the Ashi River , and then by the Hulan River from the north. A new dam was constructed in 2007 near Bayan (50 km northeast of Harbin ), creating
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1440-563: The early People's Republic there were over 50. Political boundaries are, in part, established to counterbalance the influence of economic factors. For instance, the Yangtze Delta is divided among the provinces of Zhejiang , Jiangsu , and Anhui . This division ensures that economic strength is distributed, preventing any single region from potentially overpowering the state. Sungari River The Songhua or Sunghwa River (also Haixi or Xingal , Russian : Сунгари Sungari )
1485-503: The executive, a Provincial People's Congress with legislative powers, and a parallel provincial branch of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) that elects a Party Secretary and a Provincial Standing Committee . Provinces are the most common form of province-level governments. The legislative bodies of the provinces are the Provincial People's Congresses. The executive branch is the Provincial People's Government, led by
1530-548: The main expressway at Jiansanjiang and connects many state-owned farms at the far east of the province before ending near the Sino-Russian border. The Suifenhe - Manzhouli Expressway is another major corridor, it runs southeast to northwest and connects some of the most significant population centers of the province, including Mudanjiang, Harbin, Daqing and Qiqihar, before ending at the Heilongjiang - Inner Mongolia border. The Hegang - Dalian Expressway runs between Hegang and
1575-460: The most numerous type of province-level divisions in the People's Republic of China (PRC). There are currently 22 provinces administered by the PRC and one province that is claimed, but not administered, which is Taiwan , currently administered by the Republic of China (ROC). The local governments of Chinese provinces consists of a Provincial People's Government headed by a governor that acts as
1620-469: The mountain snow melts during the spring thaw. The river is navigable up to Harbin by medium-sized ships. Smaller craft can navigate the Songhua up to Jilin and the Nen River up to Qiqihar . Cities along the river include: In November 2005, the river was contaminated with benzene , leading to a shutdown of Harbin's water supply. The spill stretched 80 kilometers (50 mi) and eventually reached
1665-563: The north and east. The capital and the largest city of the province is Harbin . Among Chinese provincial-level administrative divisions , Heilongjiang is the sixth-largest by total area , the 20th-most populous , and the second-poorest by GDP per capita after only Gansu province. The province takes its name from the Amur River which marks the border between the People's Republic of China and Russia . Heilongjiang has significant agricultural production, and raw materials, such as timber, oil, and coal. The province takes its name from
1710-404: The private economy reached RMB234 billion in 2006 and accounted for 37.6 percent of the GDP. In that year, the tax revenue from private enterprises hit RMB20.5 billion. Private enterprises in Heilongjiang led the overall economic growth of the province. Many leading private enterprises have begun to emerge. Heilongjiang is home to China's largest plantations of rice , corn and soybeans , with
1755-417: The province has the largest number of milk cows and the highest production of milk among all the province-level divisions of China. Heilongjiang is part of northeast China , the country's traditional industrial base. Industry is focused upon coal, petroleum, lumber, machinery, and food. Due to its location, Heilongjiang is also an important gateway for trade with Russia . Since a wave of privatization led to
1800-553: The two sides of the bridge was completed in March 2019. Opening to rail traffic has been repeatedly delayed, with the December 2019 estimate being "the end of 2020", and then 3rd quarter of 2021. Heilongjiang is divided into thirteen prefecture-level divisions : twelve prefecture-level cities (including a sub-provincial city ) and one prefecture : * – including Ethnic districts ** – administrative districts not registered under
1845-535: The way down the Sungari River until its confluence with the Amur and then up the Amur to Heihe, or using a portage over the Lesser Xing'an Mountains between the Nen River valley and the Amur valley. An additional advantage of Qiqihar may have been its location at the junction of a northbound road (to Nenjiang) and a westbound one (to Mongolia), enabling its garrison to defend both against the Russians and
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1890-544: The western part of today's Heilongjiang Province, and was under the supervision of the General of Heilongjiang (Sahaliyan Ula i Jiyanggiyūn) (the title is also translated as the Military Governor of Heilongjiang; jiyanggiyūn is the Manchu reading of the Chinese word 將軍 jiāngjūn ; "military leader, general" and is cognate with Japanese shōgun ), whose power extended, according to the Treaty of Nerchinsk , as far north as
1935-405: The Ölöt Mongols . Little Qing Military presence existed north of Aigun. According to the 18th- and early-20th-century European sources and the reports of the Russians in the 1850s, the farthest Qing "advance guard" post was at Ulusu-Modon (Ulussu-Mudan) ( Chinese : 乌鲁苏穆丹 Wūlǔsūmùdān ), near the Amur River's famous S-shaped meander. (The post was on the left (north) bank of the river, lost to
1980-680: Was proposed in 2007 by Valery Solomonovich Gurevich , the vice-chairman of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in Russia . The railway bridge over the Amur River will connect Tongjiang with Nizhneleninskoye , a village in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast. The Chinese portion of the bridge was finished in July 2016. In December 2016, work began on the Russian portion of the bridge. Completion of structural link between
2025-451: Was ruled by the Bohai Kingdom between the 7th and 10th centuries, followed by the Khitan Liao dynasty . The Jurchen Jin dynasty (1115–1234) that subsequently ruled much of north China arose within the borders of modern Heilongjiang. Heilongjiang as an administrative entity was created in 1683, during the Kangxi era of the Manchu Qing Dynasty , from the northwestern part of the Jilin province. This Heilongjiang Province only included
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