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51-506: The original hospital building, established in 1887 as Minneapolis City Hospital , before being referred to as "General Hospital" or "City Hospital", sat a block from its current main location. Ownership was transferred to the county in 1964, when it was renamed Hennepin County General Hospital . The hospital took its current name in 1974. By the late 1960s, the hospital was a disorganized patchwork of buildings, leading to

102-555: A Level III trauma center. It provides initial evaluation, stabilization, diagnostic capabilities, and transfer to a higher level of care. It may also provide surgery and critical-care services, as defined in the scope of services for trauma care. A trauma-trained nurse is immediately available, and physicians are available upon the patient's arrival in the Emergency Department. Transfer agreements exist with other trauma centers of higher levels, for use when conditions warrant

153-465: A day at the hospital: Key elements include 24‑hour in‑house coverage by general surgeons and prompt availability of care in varying specialties—such as orthopedic surgery , cardiothoracic surgery , neurosurgery , plastic surgery , anesthesiology , emergency medicine , radiology , internal medicine , otolaryngology , oral and maxillofacial surgery , and critical care , which are needed to adequately respond and care for various forms of trauma that

204-576: A deadly weapon. In the United States, Robert J. Baker and Robert J. Freeark established the first civilian Shock Trauma Unit at Cook County Hospital in Chicago, Illinois on March 16, 1966. The concept of a shock trauma center was also developed at the University of Maryland, Baltimore , in the 1950s and 1960s by thoracic surgeon and shock researcher R Adams Cowley , who founded what became

255-457: A floor in a section of a store selling only canned food items. Reliable floor slip resistance testing methods can be very useful in preventing slips and falls in areas expected to get wet or otherwise contaminated in use. A falling person at low altitude typically reaches terminal velocity of 190 km/h (120 mph) after about 12 seconds, falling some 450 m (1,500 ft) in that time. Without alterations to their aerodynamic profile,

306-717: A governance change in January 2007, which created a new governing entity with greater autonomy from the county government. The hospital's public mission did not change, but this transition was made to ensure the long-term viability of the hospital. In 2012 the hospital partnered with NorthPoint Health and Wellness Center, Metropolitan Health Plan, and Hennepin County's Human Services and Public Health Department to form an accountable care organization called Hennepin Health. By February 2013, Hennepin Health had enrolled 6,000 clients. In 2015,

357-399: A lower position, often on the ground. It is the second-leading cause of accidental death worldwide and a major cause of personal injury , especially for the elderly . Falls in older adults are a major class of preventable injuries . Construction workers , electricians , miners , and painters are occupations with high rates of fall injuries. Long-term exercise appears to decrease

408-414: A number of interventions together by 0.72 from baseline in the elderly. In nursing homes, fall prevention programs that involve a number of interventions prevent recurrent falls. Falls can also be prevented by installing flooring with appropriate amounts of slip resistance for the intended use of the flooring. For instance, a pool deck and an outdoor ramp would need a floor with more wet slip resistance than

459-420: A parachute and survived as he hit pine trees and soft snow. He suffered a sprained leg. Staff Sergeant Alan Magee exited his aircraft at 6,700 metres (22,000 ft) without a parachute and survived as he crashed through the glass roof of Saint-Nazaire train station . Lieutenant Ivan Chisov bailed out at 7,000 metres (23,000 ft). While he had a parachute, his plan was to delay opening it as he had been in

510-458: A parachute in Russia and survived. James Boole said that he was supposed to have been given a signal by another skydiver to open his parachute, but it came two seconds too late. Boole, who was filming the other skydiver for a television documentary, landed on snow-covered rocks and suffered a broken back and rib. While he was lucky to survive, this was not a case of true freefall survival, because he

561-432: A patient may suffer, as well as provide rehabilitation services. Most Level I trauma centers are teaching hospitals/campuses. Additionally, a Level I center has a program of research, is a leader in trauma education and injury prevention, and is a referral resource for communities in nearby regions. A Level II trauma center works in collaboration with a Level I center. It provides comprehensive trauma care and supplements

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612-417: A transfer. A Level V trauma center provides initial evaluation, stabilization, diagnostic capabilities, and transfer to a higher level of care. They may provide surgical and critical-care services, as defined in the service's scope of trauma care services. A trauma-trained nurse is immediately available, and physicians are available upon patient arrival in the emergency department. If not open 24 hours daily,

663-432: A traumatic injury and arrange for transfer of the patient to a higher level of trauma care. The operation of a trauma center is often expensive and some areas may be underserved by trauma centers because of that expense. As there is no way to schedule the need for emergency services, patient traffic at trauma centers can vary widely. A trauma center may have a helipad for receiving patients that have been airlifted to

714-555: Is a graduate of the Emergency Medicine residency program (2002–2005). He was selected to NASA's 20th astronaut class in 2009, and spent 141 days in space on Expedition 44/45 in 2015. HCMC also provides emergency medical services (Hennepin EMS) for the cities of Minneapolis , Golden Valley , Shorewood , Eden Prairie , St. Louis Park , Hopkins , St. Anthony , Woodland , Excelsior , Deephaven , Tonka Bay , Richfield , and

765-489: Is a rotating site for many programs from the University of Minnesota, including orthopedic surgery, urology, oral and maxillofacial surgery, otolaryngology, ophthalmology, neurosurgery, neurology, obstetrics/gynecology, pediatrics, radiology, dietetics, and many medical subspecialty fellowships. It has independent fellowships in geriatrics, critical care medicine, sleep medicine and nephrology. NASA astronaut Kjell Lindgren

816-415: Is a specialty unto itself. Adult trauma surgeons are not generally specialized in providing surgical trauma care to children and vice versa, and the difference in practice is significant. In contrast to adult trauma centers, pediatric trauma centers only have two ratings, either level I or level II. Falling (accident) Falling is the action of a person or animal losing stability and ending up in

867-434: Is also home to an ACGME Accredited EMS Fellowship. Level I trauma center A trauma center , or trauma centre , is a hospital equipped and staffed to provide care for patients suffering from major traumatic injuries such as falls , motor vehicle collisions , or gunshot wounds . A trauma center may also refer to an emergency department (also known as a "casualty department" or "accident and emergency") without

918-777: Is limited to confirming and reporting on any given hospital's ability to comply with the ACS standard of care known as Resources for Optimal Care of the Injured Patient. The Trauma Information Exchange Program (TIEP) is a program of the American Trauma Society in collaboration with the Johns Hopkins Center for Injury Research and Policy and is funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . TIEP maintains an inventory of trauma centers in

969-495: Is much less severe than the 190 km/h (120 mph) that might occur in normal freefall. Parachute jumper and stuntman Luke Aikins successfully jumped without a parachute from about 7,600 metres (25,000 ft) into a 930-square-metre (10,000 sq ft) net in California , US, on 30 July 2016. In 2013, unintentional falls resulted in an estimated 556,000 deaths globally, up from 341,000 deaths in 1990. They are

1020-510: Is part of the job. Injurious falls can be caused intentionally, as in cases of defenestration or deliberate jumping . The severity of injury increases with the height of the fall but also depends on body and surface features and the manner of the body's impacts against the surface. The chance of surviving increases if landing on a highly deformable surface (a surface that is easily bent, compressed, or displaced) such as snow or water. Injuries caused by falls from buildings vary depending on

1071-681: The National Health Service in its formation in July 1948 and closed in 1993. The NHS now has 27 major trauma centres established across England , four in Scotland , and one planned in Wales . According to the CDC , injuries are the leading cause of death for American children and young adults ages 1–19. The leading causes of trauma are motor vehicle collisions, falls, and assaults with

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1122-640: The Shock Trauma Center in Baltimore , Maryland , on July 1, 1966. The R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center is one of the first shock trauma centers in the world. Cook County Hospital in Chicago trauma center (opened in 1966). David R. Boyd interned at Cook County Hospital from 1963 to 1964 before being drafted into the Army of the United States of America . Upon his release from the Army, Boyd became

1173-559: The ACS. These levels may range from Level I to Level IV. Some hospitals are less-formally designated Level V. The ACS does not officially designate hospitals as trauma centers. Numerous U.S. hospitals that are not verified by ACS claim trauma center designation. Most states have legislation that determines the process for designation of trauma centers within that state. The ACS describes this responsibility as "a geopolitical process by which empowered entities, government or otherwise, are authorized to designate." The ACS's self-appointed mission

1224-799: The BC area, "Each year, Fraser Health treats almost 130,000 trauma patients as part of the integrated B.C. trauma system". In the United States, trauma centers are ranked by the American College of Surgeons (ACS) or local state governments, from Level I (comprehensive service) to Level III (limited-care). The different levels refer to the types of resources available in a trauma center and the number of patients admitted yearly. These are categories that define national standards for trauma care in hospitals . Level I and Level II designations are also given adult or pediatric designations. Additionally, some states have their own trauma-center rankings separate from

1275-708: The Hennepin County Board allocated $ 192 million for a new outpatient center which features multiple clinics across from the HCMC entrance. The building opened in March 2018. In 2018, HCMC became Hennepin Healthcare . In 2022, the Hennepin Healthcare safety net counted 626,000 in-person and 50,586 virtual clinic visits, and 87,731 emergency room visits. Hennepin Healthcare's East Lake Clinic in

1326-537: The US, collects data and develops information related to the causes, treatment and outcomes of injury, and facilitates the exchange of information among trauma care institutions, care providers, researchers, payers and policymakers. [REDACTED] A trauma center is a hospital that is designated by a state or local authority or is verified by the American College of Surgeons. A Level I trauma center provides

1377-472: The building's height and the age of the person. Falls from a building's second floor/story (American English) or first floor/storey (British English and equivalent idioms in continental European languages) usually cause injuries but are not fatal. The height at which 50% of children die is between five and six storey heights above the ground. Long-term exercise appears to decrease the rate of falls in older people. Rates of falls in hospital can be reduced with

1428-467: The clinical expertise of a Level I institution. It provides 24-hour availability of all essential specialties, personnel, and equipment. Oftentimes, level II centers possess critical care services capable of caring for almost all injury types indefinitely. Minimum volume requirements may depend on local conditions. Such institutions are not required to have an ongoing program of research or a surgical residency program. A Level III trauma center does not have

1479-479: The decision to clear and rebuild the facility. The current hospital facility was completed in 1976 and renamed Hennepin County Medical Center , following a $ 25 million bond passed by voters in 1969. The hospital expanded in 1991 when the adjacent Metropolitan-Mount Sinai Medical Center closed. It gained Level I trauma center status in 1989, the first such site in the state. The hospital underwent

1530-441: The facility must have an after-hours trauma response protocol. A facility can be designated an adult trauma center, a pediatric trauma center, or an adult and pediatric trauma center. If a hospital provides trauma care to both adult and pediatric patients, the level designation may not be the same for each group. For example, a Level I adult trauma center may also be a Level II pediatric trauma center because pediatric trauma surgery

1581-637: The first hospital to be established specifically to treat injured rather than ill patients, was the Birmingham Accident Hospital , which opened in Birmingham , England in 1941 after a series of studies found that the treatment of injured persons within England was inadequate. By 1947, the hospital had three trauma teams , each including two surgeons and an anaesthetist, and a burns team with three surgeons. The hospital became part of

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1632-503: The first shock-trauma fellow at the R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, and then went on to develop the National System for Emergency Medical Services , under President Ford . In 1968 the American Trauma Society was created by various co-founders, including R Adams Cowley and Rene Joyeuse as they saw the importance of increased education and training of emergency providers and for nationwide quality trauma care. According to

1683-462: The former Czechoslovakia (now the Czech Republic ). The Serbian stewardess suffered a broken skull, three broken vertebrae (one crushed completely), and was in a coma for 27 days. In an interview, she commented that, according to the man who found her, "…I was in the middle part of the plane. I was found with my head down and my colleague on top of me. One part of my body with my leg was in

1734-511: The forward nose section fuselage in freefall mode), but died from their injuries before help arrived. Juliane Koepcke survived a long free fall resulting from the 24 December 1971, crash of LANSA Flight 508 (a LANSA Lockheed Electra OB-R-941 commercial airliner) in the Peruvian rainforest . The airplane was struck by lightning during a severe thunderstorm and exploded in mid air, disintegrating 3.2 km (2 mi) up. Köpcke, who

1785-757: The founder of the Trauma Unit at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre in Toronto , Ontario, Marvin Tile , "the nature of injuries at Sunnybrook has changed over the years. When the trauma centre first opened in 1976, about 98 per cent of patients suffered from blunt-force trauma caused by accidents and falls. Now, as many as 20 per cent of patients arrive with gunshot and knife wounds". Fraser Health Authority in British Columbia , located at Royal Columbian Hospital and Abbotsford Regional Hospital, services

1836-426: The full availability of specialists but has resources for emergency resuscitation, surgery, and intensive care of most trauma patients. A Level III center has transfer agreements with Level I or Level II trauma centers that provide back-up resources for the care of patients with exceptionally severe injuries, such as multiple trauma. A Level IV trauma center exists in some states in which the resources do not exist for

1887-533: The highest and Level III (Level-3) being the lowest (some states have four or five designated levels). The highest levels of trauma centers have access to specialist medical and nursing care, including emergency medicine , trauma surgery , critical care , neurosurgery , orthopedic surgery , anesthesiology , and radiology , as well as a wide variety of highly specialized and sophisticated surgical and diagnostic equipment. Lower levels of trauma centers may be able to provide only initial care and stabilization of

1938-412: The highest level of surgical care to trauma patients. Being treated at a Level I trauma center can reduce mortality by 25% compared to a non-trauma center. It has a full range of specialists and equipment available 24 hours a day and admits a minimum required annual volume of severely injured patients. A Level I trauma center is required to have a certain number of the following people on duty 24 hours

1989-636: The historic Coliseum Building and Hall was among the property locations damaged by arson during the George Floyd protests in Minneapolis–Saint Paul . A Molotov cocktail was thrown through a window in the overnight hours of May 30, 2020, destroying the clinic. HCMC has independent residency programs in dentistry, pharmacy practice, emergency medicine, internal medicine, combined internal medicine/emergency medicine, family medicine, general surgery, podiatric surgery, and psychiatry. In addition, it

2040-529: The hospital. In some cases, persons injured in remote areas and transported to a distant trauma center by helicopter can receive faster and better medical care than if they had been transported by ground ambulance to a closer hospital that does not have a designated trauma center. Trauma centres grew into existence out of the realisation that traumatic injury is a disease process unto itself requiring specialised and experienced multidisciplinary treatment and specialised resources. The world's first trauma centre,

2091-541: The majority of the city of Minnetonka . Hennepin EMS uses 37 type III ambulances, 6 medical director vehicles, 3 Community Paramedic vehicles and 2 EMS Command units in its fleet. All 911 response vehicles are equipped with handheld ultrasound, video laryngoscopes, LUCAS device and Zoll-X series cardiac monitors. Two nationally certified paramedics staff each rig. Hennepin EMS logs over 100,000 911 calls every year from an urban/suburban population base of roughly 900,000. Hennepin EMS

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2142-459: The midst of an air-battle and was concerned about getting shot while hanging below the parachute . He lost consciousness due to lack of oxygen and hit a snow-covered slope while still unconscious. While he suffered severe injuries, he was able to fly again in three months. It was reported that two of the victims of the Lockerbie bombing survived for a brief period after hitting the ground (with

2193-599: The occupational setting, falling incidents are commonly referred to as slips, trips, and falls (STFs). Falls are an important topic for occupational safety and health services. Any walking/working surface could be a potential fall hazard. An unprotected side or edge which is 6 feet (1.8 m) or more above a lower level should be protected from falling by the use of a guard rail system, safety net system, or personal fall arrest system. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has compiled certain known risk factors that have been found responsible for STFs in

2244-496: The person maintains this speed without falling any faster. Terminal velocity at higher altitudes is greater due to the thinner atmosphere and consequent lower air resistance. JAT stewardess Vesna Vulović survived a fall of 10,000 metres (33,000 ft) on 26 January 1972, pinned within the broken fuselage of the DC-9 of JAT Flight 367 . The plane was brought down by explosives planted by Croatian Ustaše over Srbská Kamenice in

2295-541: The plane and my head was out of the plane. A catering trolley was pinned against my spine and kept me in the plane. The man who found me, says I was very lucky. He was in the German Army as a medic during World War Two. He knew how to treat me at the site of the accident." In World War II there were several reports of military aircrew surviving long falls from severely damaged aircraft: Flight Sergeant Nicholas Alkemade jumped at 5,500 metres (18,000 ft) without

2346-585: The presence of specialized services to care for victims of major trauma . In the United States, a hospital can receive trauma center status by meeting specific criteria established by the American College of Surgeons (ACS) and passing a site review by the Verification Review Committee. Official designation as a trauma center is determined by individual state law provisions. Trauma centers vary in their specific capabilities and are identified by "Level" designation, Level I (Level-1) being

2397-1750: The rate of falls in older people. About 226 million cases of significant accidental falls occurred in 2015. These resulted in 527,000 deaths. The most common cause of falls in healthy adults is accidents. It may be by slipping or tripping from stable surfaces or stairs, improper footwear, dark surroundings, uneven ground, or lack of exercise. Studies suggest that women are more prone to falling than men in all age groups. Older people and particularly older people with dementia are at greater risk than young people to injuries due to falling. Older people are at risk due to accidents, gait disturbances, balance disorders , changed reflexes due to visual, sensory, motor and cognitive impairment, medications and alcohol consumption, infections, and dehydration. People who have experienced stroke are at risk for falls due to gait disturbances, reduced muscle tone and weakness, side effects of drugs to treat MS, low blood sugar, low blood pressure, and loss of vision. People with Parkinson's disease are at risk of falling due to gait disturbances, loss of motion control including freezing and jerking, autonomic system disorders such as orthostatic hypotension , fainting, and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome ; neurological and sensory disturbances including muscle weakness of lower limbs, deep sensibility impairment, epileptic seizure, cognitive impairment, visual impairment, balance impairment, and side effects of drugs to treat PD. People with multiple sclerosis are at risk of falling due to gait disturbances, drop foot , ataxia , reduced proprioception , improper or reduced use of assistive devices, reduced vision, cognitive changes, and medications to treat MS. In

2448-438: The second most common cause of death from unintentional injuries after motor vehicle collisions . They were the most common cause of injury seen in emergency departments in the United States. One study found that there were nearly 7.9 million emergency department visits involving falls, nearly 35.7% of all encounters. Among children 19 and below, about 8,000 visits to the emergency rooms are registered every day. In 2000, in

2499-729: The workplace setting. While falling can occur at any time and by any means in the workplace, these factors have been known to cause same-level falls, which are less likely to occur than falls to a lower level. Workplace factors: spills on walking surfaces, ice, precipitation (snow/sleet/rain), loose mats or rugs, boxes/containers, poor lighting, uneven walking surfaces Work organization factors: fast work pace, work tasks involving liquids or greases Individual factors: age; employee fatigue; failing eyesight / use of bifocals; inappropriate, loose, or poor-fitting footwear Preventive measures: warning signs For certain professions such as stunt performers and skateboarders , falling and learning to fall

2550-404: Was 17 years old at the time, fell to earth still strapped into her seat. The German Peruvian teenager survived the fall with only a broken collarbone , a gash to her right arm, and her right eye swollen shut. As an example of "freefall survival" that was not as extreme as sometimes reported in the press, a skydiver from Staffordshire was said to have plunged 1,800 m (6,000 ft) without

2601-452: Was flying a wingsuit, greatly decreasing his vertical speed. This was over descending terrain with deep snow cover, and he impacted while his parachute was beginning to deploy. Over the years, other skydivers have survived accidents where the press has reported that no parachute was open, yet they were actually being slowed by a small area of tangled parachute. They might still be very lucky to survive, but an impact at 130 km/h (80 mph)

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