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90-468: The zoo is known for its leadership in animal conservation and research. Evolving from the public Riverview Park Zoo established in 1894, today the zoo includes several notable exhibits. "Kingdoms of the Night" is the world's largest nocturnal exhibit and indoor swamp, the "Lied Jungle" is one of the world's largest indoor rainforests, and the "Desert Dome" is one of the world's largest indoor deserts, as well as

180-552: A conceptual metaphor , especially in the work of Stafford Beer , whose "transmigration" method is based so specifically on dome design that only fixed numbers of people can take part in the process at each deliberation stage. According to Guinness World Records, as of May 30, 2021, the Jeddah Super Dome , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia ( 21°44′59″N 39°09′06″E  /  21.7496403°N 39.1516230°E  / 21.7496403; 39.1516230 ), 210 m (690 ft)

270-686: A planetarium to house his planetarium projector. An initial, small dome was patented and constructed by the firm of Dykerhoff and Wydmann on the roof of the Carl Zeiss Werke in Jena , Germany . A larger dome, called "The Wonder of Jena", opened to the public in July 1926. Twenty years later, Buckminster Fuller coined the term "geodesic" from field experiments with artist Kenneth Snelson at Black Mountain College in 1948 and 1949. Although Fuller

360-845: A brittle manner when under load, especially under an impact force , and is more prone to scratching than conventional inorganic glass, but modified PMMA is sometimes able to achieve high scratch and impact resistance. PMMA is a strong, tough, and lightweight material. It has a density of 1.17–1.20 g/cm , which is approximately half that of glass, which is generally, depending on composition, 2.2–2.53 g/cm . It also has good impact strength, higher than both glass and polystyrene, but significantly lower than polycarbonate and some engineered polymers. PMMA ignites at 460 °C (860 °F) and burns , forming carbon dioxide , water , carbon monoxide , and low-molecular-weight compounds, including formaldehyde . PMMA transmits up to 92% of visible light (3 mm (0.12 in) thickness), and gives

450-422: A casting resin, in inks and coatings, and for many other purposes. It is often technically classified as a type of glass , in that it is a non-crystalline vitreous substance—hence its occasional historic designation as acrylic glass . The first acrylic acid was created in 1843. Methacrylic acid , derived from acrylic acid , was formulated in 1865. The reaction between methacrylic acid and methanol results in

540-556: A claimed capacity of up to 100 cats. The building was the largest cat-breeding and management facility in North America. The Cat Complex was awarded the "Edward H. Bean Award" (1994) for tiger husbandry by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums . Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium is known worldwide for its work in the field of artificial insemination of large cats. The zoo's 15-year master plan, composed in 2010, called for

630-552: A combined total of 84,000 sq ft (1.9 acres; 7,800 m). The Desert Dome has geologic features from deserts around the world: Namib Desert of southern Africa, Red Center of Australia, and the Sonoran Desert of the southwest United States. Animals include: In addition to being one of the world's largest indoor deserts, the Desert Dome's geodesic dome is also the largest 'glazed' geodesic dome. The dome

720-507: A cost of $ 15 million. It is one of the largest indoor rainforest exhibits in the world; it occupies an 80-foot (24 m) tall building that spans 1.5 acres (0.61 ha) and is located just inside the main entrance. This exhibit allows visitors to look out from behind a 50-foot (15 m)-tall waterfall. Inside are 123,000 ft (2.82 acres; 11,400 m) of floor space, of which 61,000 ft (1.4 acres; 5,670 m) are planted exhibit space; 35,000 ft (0.8 acres; 3,250 m) are

810-769: A display management area; and 11,000 ft (0.25 acres; 1,020 m) are an education area. Visitors can walk along a trail on the floor of the jungle , as well as on a walkway around and above the animals. The exhibit was (at least partially) closed between 2020 and 2023 due to the COVID-19 pandemic . As of July 2023, the Lied Jungle exhibit had been fully re-opened to the public. Both levels are split into sections by continent, including Asia, Africa, and South America. Along both trails, about 90 species can be found, including: Ring-tailed lemurs , red ruffed lemurs , and black-and-white ruffed lemurs used to be on display in

900-699: A glass and wood clad dome home was built in Austria. In Chile, examples of geodesic domes are being readily adopted for hotel accommodations either as tented style geodesic domes or glass-covered domes. Examples: EcoCamp Patagonia, Chile; and Elqui Domos, Chile. Although dome homes enjoyed a ripple of popularity in the late 1960s and early 1970s, as a housing system, the dome has many disadvantages and problems. A former proponent of dome homes, Lloyd Kahn , who wrote two books about them ( Domebook 1 and Domebook 2 ) and founded Shelter Publications, became disillusioned with them, calling them "smart but not wise". He noted

990-474: A hub for visitors with themed food and gift options, and a Kid's Discovery Trail. The first phase of the exhibit opened in the spring of 2018 and the second phase opened in the spring of 2019. Species in the exhibit include: The Berniece Grewcock Butterfly and Insect Pavilion opened in 2008. The Pavilion is a 14,000-square-foot (1,300 m) total-immersion exhibit located between the Scott Aquarium and

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1080-790: A reflection of about 4% from each of its surfaces due to its refractive index (1.4905 at 589.3   nm). It filters ultraviolet (UV) light at wavelengths below about 300 nm (similar to ordinary window glass). Some manufacturers add coatings or additives to PMMA to improve absorption in the 300–400 nm range. PMMA passes infrared light of up to 2,800 nm and blocks IR of longer wavelengths up to 25,000 nm. Colored PMMA varieties allow specific IR wavelengths to pass while blocking visible light (for remote control or heat sensor applications, for example). PMMA swells and dissolves in many organic solvents ; it also has poor resistance to many other chemicals due to its easily hydrolyzed ester groups. Nevertheless, its environmental stability

1170-673: A safari-themed "Trail Head" where visitors begin their "wild" adventure at Omaha's zoo. Mutual of Omaha's Exploration Station includes a detailed interactive map of the zoo and video previews of major attractions, as well as information on the History of the Zoo. The center of the Pavilion features a 20-foot (6 m)-high netted tree, with free-flying birds. Below the tree includes water displays with turtles, archer fish , and more. The building's original public area, or living classroom, contains what

1260-626: A specialized wastewater treatment system, insect culturing area and thorough disinfection protocols to ensure the entire space remains pathogen-free. With only three full-time keepers, the Amphibian Conservation Area has supported the release of more than 121,000 amphibians to date. Wyoming Toad Western Boreal Toad Eastern Hellbender Puerto Rican Crested Toads Mountain Yellow-Legged Frog Geodesic dome A geodesic dome

1350-538: A sphere encloses the greatest volume for the least surface area. The dome was successfully adopted for specialized uses, such as the 21 Distant Early Warning Line domes built in Canada in 1956, the 1958 Union Tank Car Company dome near Baton Rouge, Louisiana , designed by Thomas C. Howard of Synergetics, Inc. and specialty buildings such as the Kaiser Aluminum domes (constructed in numerous locations across

1440-518: A total of 84,000 sq ft (1.9 acres; 7,800 m). The Kingdoms of the Night features a wet cave (with a 14 ft or 4.3 m deep aquarium), a canyon, an African diorama, a eucalyptus forest, a dry batcave, and a swamp . The swamp is also the world's largest indoor swamp. The Kingdoms of the Night logo is a sign that has owl eyes. Some of the animals found at the Kingdom of the Night include: The Lied Jungle opened on April 4, 1992, at

1530-564: A toucan. The aquarium features aquatic animals from around the world, including: The Eugene T. Mahoney Kingdoms of the Night opened beneath the Desert Dome in April 2003 at a cost of $ 31.5 million (includes Desert Dome). Kingdoms of the Night is the world's largest nocturnal animal exhibit at 42,000 ft (0.96 acres; 3,900 m). Both the Kingdoms of the Night and the Desert combine to

1620-461: A way as to shed water. Buckminster Fuller's former student J. Baldwin insisted that no reason exists for a properly designed, well-constructed dome to leak, and that some designs 'cannot' leak. The building of very strong, stable structures out of patterns of reinforcing triangles is most commonly seen in tent design. It has been applied in the abstract in other industrial design , but even in management science and deliberative structures as

1710-643: Is 105 °C (221 °F). The T g values of commercial grades of PMMA range from 85 to 165 °C (185 to 329 °F); the range is so wide because of the vast number of commercial compositions that are copolymers with co-monomers other than methyl methacrylate. PMMA is thus an organic glass at room temperature; i.e., it is below its T g . The forming temperature starts at the glass transition temperature and goes up from there. All common molding processes may be used, including injection molding , compression molding , and extrusion . The highest quality PMMA sheets are produced by cell casting , but in this case,

1800-475: Is 137 ft (42 m) above the main level and 230 ft (70 m) in diameter. The 1,760 acrylic windows with four shades (some clear) were placed to allow maximum shade in the summer and maximum light in the winter to reduce energy costs. Expedition Madagascar opened May 7, 2010, and has many animals including lemurs, straw-coloured fruit bats , and giant jumping rats . The building allows visitors to learn about Madagascar , an area considered one of

1890-612: Is a gorilla exhibit named after Dr. Theodore Hubbard, a cardiologist from Omaha. It opened on April 8, 2004, at a cost of $ 14 million. Prior to being expanded and rebuilt, the Hubbard Gorilla Valley was the Owen Gorilla House. It underwent extensive renovations in 2021, while the exhibit was closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic , and reopened in July 2021. Some of the animals included are: The Hubbard Orangutan Forest opened in two phases during 2005;

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1980-406: Is a hemispherical thin-shell structure (lattice-shell) based on a geodesic polyhedron . The rigid triangular elements of the dome distribute stress throughout the structure, making geodesic domes able to withstand very heavy loads for their size. The first geodesic dome was designed after World War I by Walther Bauersfeld , chief engineer of Carl Zeiss Jena , an optical company, for

2070-400: Is a commonly used material in modern dentistry, particularly in the fabrication of dental prosthetics, artificial teeth, and orthodontic appliances. Methyl methacrylate " synthetic resin " for casting (simply the bulk liquid chemical) may be used in conjunction with a polymerization catalyst such as methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP), to produce hardened transparent PMMA in any shape, from

2160-502: Is also difficult. Kahn notes that domes are difficult if not impossible to build with natural materials, generally requiring plastics, etc., which are polluting and deteriorate in sunlight. Air stratification and moisture distribution within a dome are unusual. The conditions tend to quickly degrade wooden framing or interior paneling. Privacy is difficult to guarantee because a dome is difficult to partition satisfactorily. Sounds, smells, and even reflected light tend to be conveyed through

2250-515: Is an economical alternative to polycarbonate (PC) when tensile strength , flexural strength , transparency , polishability, and UV tolerance are more important than impact strength , chemical resistance, and heat resistance. Additionally, PMMA does not contain the potentially harmful bisphenol-A subunits found in polycarbonate and is a far better choice for laser cutting. It is often preferred because of its moderate properties, easy handling and processing, and low cost. Non-modified PMMA behaves in

2340-511: Is attached to the public portion and institutes a holding and quarantine tank. Other tanks include multiple species of jellyfish , a Giant pacific octopus and open-ocean schooling fish. Another addition is a touch tank which allows visitors to feel the textures of various starfish , shells, and possibly a chain catshark or one of its empty eggs. The only freshwater display is of the Amazon rainforest that includes fish, invertebrates, turtles, and

2430-467: Is attempting to restore the dome and have it registered as a National Historic Landmark . It is on the National Register of Historic Places . In 1986, a patent for a dome construction technique involving polystyrene triangles laminated to reinforced concrete on the outside, and wallboard on the inside was awarded to American Ingenuity of Rockledge, Florida. The construction technique allows

2520-608: Is known as the Small Animal Collection. This area houses part of the zoo's reptile collection, as well as a large number of invertebrates . The animal collection represents the tremendous diversity in the animal kingdom, and includes tarantulas , turtles, snakes, hedgehogs , and other small animals. Stingray Beach features a shallow saltwater pool where visitors can touch and feed three species of stingray; Cownose , Southern , and Atlantic . The area also features turf green space, art sculptures installed prior to

2610-544: Is named after Claire Hubbard, the Orangutan Forest's primary donor. The second phase, the indoor habitat has 3,126 ft (0.07 acres; 290 m) of floor space. The Hubbard Orangutan Forest recently underwent extensive renovations and fully re-opened in June 2024. The expansion includes an all-new indoor/outdoor siamang exhibit, an updated elevator building and plaza, a café, a walkway, and a seating area. Animals in

2700-818: Is now used as an aviary by the Queens Zoo in Flushing Meadows Corona Park . Another dome is from Expo 67 at the Montreal World's Fair, where it was part of the American Pavilion. The structure's covering later burned, but the structure itself still stands and, under the name Biosphère , currently houses an interpretive museum about the Saint Lawrence River . In the 1970s, Zomeworks licensed plans for structures based on other geometric solids, such as

2790-519: Is poly(methyl 2-methylprop en oate). (It is a common mistake to use "an" instead of "en".) Although PMMA is often called simply "acrylic", acrylic can also refer to other polymers or copolymers containing polyacrylonitrile . Notable trade names and brands include Acrylite, Altuglas, Astariglas, Cho Chen, Crystallite, Cyrolite, Hesalite (when used in Omega watches ), Lucite, Optix, Oroglas, PerClax, Perspex, Plexiglas, R-Cast, and Sumipex. PMMA

Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium - Misplaced Pages Continue

2880-525: Is portable, have a castellated nut with a cotter pin . This is the standard way to construct domes for jungle gyms . Domes can also be constructed with a lightweight aluminium framework which can either be bolted or welded together or can be connected with a more flexible nodal point/hub connection. These domes are usually clad with glass which is held in place with a PVC coping , which can be sealed with silicone to make it watertight. Some designs allow for double glazing or for insulated panels to be fixed in

2970-574: Is rarely sold as an end product, since it is not optimized for most applications. Rather, modified formulations with varying amounts of other comonomers , additives, and fillers are created for uses where specific properties are required. For example: PMMA is routinely produced by emulsion polymerization , solution polymerization , and bulk polymerization . Generally, radical initiation is used (including living polymerization methods), but anionic polymerization of PMMA can also be performed. The glass transition temperature ( T g ) of atactic PMMA

3060-500: Is superior to most other plastics such as polystyrene and polyethylene, and therefore it is often the material of choice for outdoor applications. PMMA has a maximum water absorption ratio of 0.3–0.4% by weight. Tensile strength decreases with increased water absorption. Its coefficient of thermal expansion is relatively high at (5–10)×10  °C . The Futuro house was made of fibreglass-reinforced polyester plastic, polyester-polyurethane, and poly(methylmethacrylate); one of them

3150-470: Is the synthetic polymer derived from methyl methacrylate . It is used as an engineering plastic , and it is a transparent thermoplastic . PMMA is also known as acrylic , acrylic glass , as well as by the trade names and brands Crylux , Hesalite , Plexiglas , Acrylite , Lucite , and Perspex , among several others ( see below ). This plastic is often used in sheet form as a lightweight or shatter-resistant alternative to glass . It can also be used as

3240-508: Is the current largest geodesic dome. According to the Buckminster Fuller Institute in 2010, the world's 10 largest geodesic domes by diameter at that time were: The Fuller Institute list is now dated. Several important domes missed or built later are now in the top 10. Currently, many geodesic domes are larger than 113 metres (371 ft) in diameter. Acrylic glass Poly ( methyl methacrylate ) ( PMMA )

3330-749: Is the world's third-largest free-flight aviary . It is home to about 500 birds from around the world. The Aviary is 800 feet (240 m) long and rises to 75 feet (23 m) at the center. The structure is covered with 142,000 sq ft (13,200 m) of two-inch nylon mesh that is supported by a system of cables and poles. The use of nylon instead of wire is a unique concept to modern aviaries. In this 4-acre (16,000 m) exhibit, visitors see American flamingos , black crowned cranes , scarlet ibises , hadada ibises , northern bald ibises , straw-necked ibises , hamerkops , cattle egrets , snowy egrets , roseate spoonbills , Inca terns , ducks , black-necked swans and white storks . Situated inside

3420-516: The African elephant unexpectedly died. He was the only male of the six African elephants that arrived at the zoo from Eswatini . In May 2019, the Birmingham Zoo 's male African bush elephant Callee joined the herd of five female elephants to breed with them. In January 2022, two baby elephants, Eugenia and Sonny, were born to two of the females, Kiki and Claire respectively. In March 2022,

3510-715: The Johnson solids , Archimedean solids , and Catalan solids . These structures may have some faces that are not triangular, being squares or other polygons. In 1975, a dome was constructed at the South Pole , where its resistance to snow and wind loads was important. On October 1, 1982, one of the most famous geodesic domes, Spaceship Earth at Epcot in Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake , Florida , just outside of Orlando opened. The building and

3600-690: The 2005 release of the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Global Amphibian Assessment, as in-depth status report on the world's 8,000-plus known frogs, toads, salamanders , and caecilians , which declared amphibians as the most significantly threatened group of vertebrates in the world. The mission of the behind-the-scenes area, which is not accessible to visitors, is to address wild amphibian decline by continually advancing conservation efforts through evolving welfare, reproduction, collaboration, and reintroduction. The 3,800 square-foot facility features 13 temperature-controlled rooms,

3690-595: The Durham Family Bear Canyon, and the smaller Owen Sea Lion Pavilion. It features a 275,000-gallon saltwater pool with natural wave chambers, shallow beaches for young pups learning to swim, fish feeders that release fish and calamari at random times and places in the exhibit encouraging hunting behavior, a shaded seating area with a capacity of up to 170, and an underwater viewing cavern. The exhibit features two species: California sea lions and harbour seals . The Simmons Aviary opened in 1983, and

Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium - Misplaced Pages Continue

3780-520: The Giraffe Complex. Viewed from the sky, the exhibit resembles a winged insect. The building features several exhibits: The Desert Dome opened in April 2002 at a cost of $ 31.5 million (includes Kingdoms of the Night). It is one of the world's largest indoor deserts at around 42,000 ft (0.96 acres; 3,900 m). Beneath the Desert Dome is the Kingdoms of the Night, and both levels make up

3870-567: The Lied Jungle, but were moved to the Expedition Madagascar exhibit when it opened in 2010. Visitors to the jungle can view the indoor jungle through 90 ft (27 m) of floor-to-ceiling windows at the Durham's TreeTops Restaurant, which is next to the jungle. A portion of the electrical power needed for the jungle is provided by natural gas fuel cells . The jungle has won several awards, including "Single best zoo exhibit in

3960-626: The M1911A1 pistol or clear handle grips for the M1 bayonet or theater knifes so that soldiers could put small photos of loved ones or pin-up girls' pictures inside. They were called "Sweetheart Grips" or "Pin-up Grips". Others were used to make handles for theater knives made from scrap materials and people who made them got artistic or creative. Civilian applications followed after the war. Common orthographic stylings include polymethyl methacrylate and polymethylmethacrylate . The full IUPAC chemical name

4050-461: The US, e.g., Virginia Beach, Virginia ), auditoriums, weather observatories, and storage facilities. The dome was soon breaking records for covered surface, enclosed volume, and construction speed. Beginning in 1954, the U.S. Marines experimented with helicopter -deliverable geodesic domes. A 30-foot wood and plastic geodesic dome was lifted and carried by helicopter at 50 knots without damage, leading to

4140-406: The concrete triangles are usually so heavy that they must be placed with a crane. This construction is well-suited to domes because no place allows water to pool on the concrete and leak through. The metal fasteners, joints, and internal steel frames remain dry, preventing frost and corrosion damage. The concrete resists sun and weathering. Some form of internal flashing or caulking must be placed over

4230-473: The cost overruns associated with false starts and incorrect estimates. Fuller himself lived in a geodesic dome in Carbondale, Illinois , at the corner of Forest Ave and Cherry St. Fuller thought of residential domes as air-deliverable products manufactured by an aerospace-like industry. Fuller's own dome home still exists, the R. Buckminster Fuller and Anne Hewlett Dome Home , and a group called RBF Dome NFP

4320-656: The country" in 1994 by the Family Life Magazine ; "Significant Achievement Award for Exhibit Design" in 1993 by the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums ; "Top ten designs in the world" in 1992 by Time , and "Top eight US engineering accomplishments" in 1992 by the National Society of Professional Engineers The Owen Sea Lion Shores opened on September 4, 2020, costing $ 27.5 million. The one-acre exhibit replaced

4410-497: The demolition of Bear Canyon, and a small event center. The zoo also features Lozier IMAX Theater, Glacier Bay Landing, a Budgie Encounter in the Adventure Trails children's play area. Peacocks, peahens, and peachicks wander freely throughout the zoo, often spotted nesting near the Desert Dome. The Cat Complex opened in 1977 at a cost of $ 2.5 million. The complex had 11 indoor enclosures and 10 outdoor enclosures with

4500-544: The domes to be prefabricated in kit form and erected by a homeowner. This method makes the seams into the strongest part of the structure, where the seams and especially the hubs in most wooden-framed domes are the weakest point in the structure. It also has the advantage of being watertight. Other examples have been built in Europe. In 2012, an aluminium and glass dome was used as a dome cover to an eco home in Norway and in 2013

4590-583: The elimination of the Cat Complex along with the overhauling of several other exhibits. Going forward, animals at the zoo are grouped not by their genetic relatives, but by regions of the world. The exhibit was closed permanently in 2019 and demolished in 2022 as the cats located in the Cat Complex were relocated to new exhibits in the African Grasslands and Asian Highlands, or at other zoos and sanctuaries. The complex contained nine species from

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4680-412: The entire structure. As with any curved shape, the dome produces wall areas that can be difficult to use and leaves some peripheral floor area with restricted use due to lack of headroom. Circular plan shapes lack the simple modularity provided by rectangles. Furnishers and fitters design with flat surfaces in mind. Placing a standard sofa against an exterior wall (for example) results in a crescent behind

4770-586: The entire surface of the cut parts, at great distances from the stressed edge. Annealing the PMMA sheet/parts is therefore an obligatory post-processing step when intending to chemically bond lasercut parts together. In the majority of applications, PMMA will not shatter. Rather, it breaks into large dull pieces. Since PMMA is softer and more easily scratched than glass, scratch-resistant coatings are often added to PMMA sheets to protect it (as well as possible other functions). Pure poly(methyl methacrylate) homopolymer

4860-403: The essential design information for spherical systems, were for many years guarded like military secrets. As late as 1966, some 3 ν icosa figures from Popular Science Monthly were all anyone outside the circle of Fuller licensees had to go on." (page 57, 1976 edition). Other tables became available with publication of Lloyd Kahn's Domebook 1 (1970) and Domebook 2 (1971). Fuller hoped that

4950-411: The ester methyl methacrylate . It was developed in 1928 in several different laboratories by many chemists, such as William R. Conn, Otto Röhm , and Walter Bauer, and first brought to market in 1933 by German Röhm & Haas AG (as of January 2019, part of Evonik Industries ) and its partner and former U.S. affiliate Rohm and Haas Company under the trademark Plexiglas. Polymethyl methacrylate

5040-445: The exact length needed. Triangles of exterior plywood are then nailed to the struts. The dome is wrapped from the bottom to the top with several stapled layers of tar paper , to shed water, and finished with shingles. This type of dome is often called a hub-and-strut dome because of the use of steel hubs to tie the struts together. Paneled domes are constructed of separately framed timbers covered in plywood. The three members comprising

5130-472: The exhibit include: The Garden of the Senses opened in spring 1998 at a cost of $ 1.8 million. The garden houses plants , fountains , birds , and a giant sundial . There are over 250 species of herbs , perennials trees , roses and other flowers , butterfly -friendly plants, and trellises . The birds include macaws , South American parrots , and Australian cockatoos . The Hubbard Gorilla Valley

5220-420: The exhibit include: The Walter and Suzanne Scott Aquarium, a public aquarium , opened on April 1, 1995, at a cost of $ 16 million. The building has 71,000 sq ft (6,600 m) and contains a total of 1,200,000 US gal (4,500,000 L; 1,000,000 imp gal) of water. The exhibit was first renovated in 2011, and opened again on April 5, 2012. It is one of the largest in-zoo aquariums in

5310-490: The family Felidae : The Durham Family Bear Canyon opened in 1989 at a cost of $ 1.4 million. The canyon had a large 30,000-U.S.-gallon (25,000 imp gal; 110,000 L) tank for polar bears. Having previously housed four bear species – the polar bear , the American black bear , the sun bear and the spectacled bear , it was closed and demolished in 2018 to make room for Owen Sea Lion Shores. The Red Barn Park

5400-518: The first phase was opened in May, and the second phase opened in late summer at a cost of $ 8.5 million. The first phase is the outdoor habitat that includes two 65-foot (20 m)-tall, 100- short-ton (91- metric-ton ) Banyan trees interconnected with vines enclosed by a stainless steel netting. It underwent extensive renovations in 2021, while the exhibit was closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic , and reopened in July 2021. A 20-foot (6.1 m) waterfall

5490-726: The following disadvantages, which he has listed on his company's website: Off-the-shelf building materials (e.g., plywood, strand board) normally come in rectangular shapes, therefore some material may have to be scrapped after cutting rectangles down to triangles, increasing the cost of construction. Fire escapes are problematic; codes require them for larger structures, and they are expensive. Windows conforming to code can cost anywhere from five to fifteen times as much as windows in conventional houses. Professional electrical wiring costs more because of increased labor time. Even owner-wired situations are costly, because more of certain materials are required for dome construction. Expansion and partitioning

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5580-409: The following year in 2001. The hotel's dome design is key to resisting the region's strong winds and is based on the dwellings of the indigenous Kaweskar people . Geodomes are also becoming popular as a glamping (glamorous camping) unit. Wooden domes have a hole drilled in the width of a strut . A stainless steel band locks the strut's hole to a steel pipe. With this method, the struts may be cut to

5670-746: The form of sheets affords to shatter resistant panels for building windows, skylights, bulletproof security barriers, signs and displays, sanitary ware (bathtubs), LCD screens, furniture and many other applications. It is also used for coating polymers based on MMA provides outstanding stability against environmental conditions with reduced emission of VOC. Methacrylate polymers are used extensively in medical and dental applications where purity and stability are critical to performance. In particular, acrylic-type lenses are useful for cataract surgery in patients that have recurrent ocular inflammation (uveitis), as acrylic material induces less inflammation. Due to its aforementioned biocompatibility, poly(methyl methacrylate)

5760-433: The framework. Concrete and foam-plastic domes generally start with a steel framework dome, wrapped with chicken wire and wire screen for reinforcement. The chicken wire and screen are tied to the framework with wire ties. A coat of material is then sprayed or molded onto the frame. Tests should be performed with small squares to achieve the correct consistency of concrete or plastic. Generally, several coats are necessary on

5850-494: The geodesic dome would help address the postwar housing crisis. This was consistent with his prior hopes for both versions of the Dymaxion House . Residential geodesic domes have been less successful than those used for working and/or entertainment, largely because of their complexity and consequent greater construction costs. Professional experienced dome contractors, while hard to find, do exist, and can eliminate much of

5940-700: The glass as a clear plastic sheet, which Röhm gave the trademarked name Plexiglas in 1933. Both Perspex and Plexiglas were commercialized in the late 1930s. In the United States, E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company (now DuPont Company) subsequently introduced its own product under the trademark Lucite. In 1936 ICI Acrylics (now Lucite International) began the first commercially viable production of acrylic safety glass. During World War II both Allied and Axis forces used acrylic glass for submarine periscopes and aircraft windscreen, canopies, and gun turrets. Scraps of acrylic were also used to make clear pistol grips for

6030-496: The inside and outside. The last step is to saturate concrete or polyester domes with a thin layer of epoxy compound to shed water. Some concrete domes have been constructed from prefabricated, prestressed, steel-reinforced concrete panels that can be bolted into place. The bolts are within raised receptacles covered with little concrete caps to shed water. The triangles overlap to shed water. The triangles in this method can be molded in forms patterned in sand with wooden patterns, but

6120-403: The interior finishes. The most effective waterproofing method with a wooden dome is to shingle the dome. Peaked caps at the top of the dome, or to modify the dome shapes are used where slope is insufficient for ice barrier. One-piece reinforced concrete or plastic domes are also in use, and some domes have been constructed from plastic or waxed cardboard triangles that are overlapped in such

6210-574: The joints to prevent drafts. The 1963 Cinerama Dome was built from precast concrete hexagons and pentagons. Domes can now be printed at high speeds using very large, mobile "3D Printers", also known as additive manufacturing machines. The material used as the filament is often a form of air injected concrete or closed-cell plastic foam. Given the complicated geometry of the geodesic dome, dome builders rely on tables of strut lengths, or "chord factors". In Geodesic Math and How to Use It , Hugh Kenner wrote, "Tables of chord factors, containing as they do

6300-414: The largest glazed geodesic dome . The zoo's mission includes four pillars, "Conservation , Research, Recreation, and Education" which are represented by the four squares in the logo. In 1894, the first animals were exhibited here under the name Riverview Park Zoo . By 1898, the collection had grown to over 120 animals. The Omaha Zoological Society was founded in 1952 to organize the long-term efforts of

6390-403: The manufacture of a standard magnesium dome by Magnesium Products of Milwaukee. Tests included assembly practices in which previously untrained Marines were able to assemble a 30-foot magnesium dome in 135 minutes, helicopter lifts off aircraft carriers, and a durability test in which an anchored dome successfully withstood without damage, a day-long 120 mph (190 km/h) propeller blast from

6480-517: The polymerization and molding steps occur concurrently. The strength of the material is higher than molding grades owing to its extremely high molecular mass . Rubber toughening has been used to increase the toughness of PMMA to overcome its brittle behavior in response to applied loads. Being transparent and durable, PMMA is a versatile material and has been used in a wide range of fields and applications such as rear-lights and instrument clusters for vehicles, appliances, and lenses for glasses. PMMA in

6570-496: The ride inside of it are named with one of Buckminster Fuller's famous terms, Spaceship Earth , a world view expressing concern over the use of limited resources available on Earth and encouraging everyone on it to act as a harmonious crew working toward the greater good. The building is Epcot's icon, representing the entire park. For the 1986 World's Fair (Expo 86) , held in Vancouver , a Buckminster Fuller-inspired Geodesic dome

6660-432: The sofa being wasted. Dome builders using cut-board sheathing material (common in the 1960s and 1970s) find it hard to seal domes against rain, because of their many seams. Also, these seams may be stressed because ordinary solar heat flexes the entire structure each day as the sun moves across the sky. Subsequent addition of straps and interior flexible drywall finishes has virtually eliminated this movement being noticed in

6750-564: The surface of the material. Laser cutting may be used to form intricate designs from PMMA sheets. PMMA vaporizes to gaseous compounds (including its monomers) upon laser cutting, so a very clean cut is made, and cutting is performed very easily. However, the pulsed lasercutting introduces high internal stresses, which on exposure to solvents produce undesirable "stress- crazing " at the cut edge and several millimetres deep. Even ammonium-based glass-cleaner and almost everything short of soap-and-water produces similar undesirable crazing, sometimes over

6840-464: The top hotspots for biodiversity because it is home to the largest number of endemic plant and animal species. Each exhibit is linked to ongoing projects in Madagascar and conservation efforts that the zoo's Madagascar Biodiversity Partnership has been active in since 1998. It underwent extensive renovations in 2021 during a closure due to the COVID-19 pandemic , and reopened in July 2021. Animals in

6930-402: The triangles while safely working on the ground or in a comfortable shop out of the weather. This method does not require expensive steel hubs. Steel framework can be easily constructed of electrical conduit. One flattens the end of a strut and drills bolt holes at the needed length. A single bolt secures a vertex of struts. The nuts are usually set with removable locking compound, or if the dome

7020-402: The triangular frame are often cut at compound angles to provide for a flat fitting of the various triangles. Holes are drilled through the members at precise locations and steel bolts then connect the triangles to form the dome. These members are often 2x4s or 2x6s, which allow for more insulation to fit within the triangle. The panelized technique allows the builder to attach the plywood skin to

7110-602: The twin 3,000 horsepower engines of an anchored airplane. The 1958 Gold Dome in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, utilized Fuller's design for use as a bank building. Another early example was the Stepan Center at the University of Notre Dame , built in 1962. The dome was introduced to a wider audience as a pavilion for the 1964 New York World's Fair designed by Thomas C. Howard of Synergetics, Inc. This dome

7200-497: The world. It features displays of aquatic habitats from polar regions, temperate oceans, the flooded Amazon rainforest , and coral reefs . The 450,000 US gal (1,700,000 L; 370,000 imp gal) shark tank features a 70 ft (21 m) shark tunnel at the bottom of the 17 ft (5.2 m)-deep tank. This tank features sharks, stingrays , sea turtles , and coral reef fish. An additional 450,000 US gal (1,700,000 L; 370,000 imp gal)

7290-538: The zoo announced a third female was pregnant; Lolly would go on to give birth to a male calf in March 2023. Species include: A new exhibit built on previously undeveloped space, the Asian Highlands area is a $ 22 million, 8-acre recreation of the highlands of central Asia, including India and China , designed to simulate a mountain ascent, featuring species native to the region as well as a Yeti Camp, acting as

7380-545: The zoo began developing the land at the stadium to become the new parking area and visitor center, leaving a small memorial at the location of home plate. Rosenblatt was replaced by the Charles Schwab Field Omaha downtown. After six years of planning and three years of construction, the 28-acre, $ 73 million African Grasslands exhibit opened to the public May 27, 2016, over the zoo's former eastern boundary area and Pachyderm Hill exhibits. In 2017, Warren

7470-619: The zoo lay down 2.5 mi (4.0 km) of track in 1968 and the inaugural run of the Omaha Zoo Railroad was made on July 22, 1968. The zoo has two rides that circumnavigate the property (tram and train): a carousel and the Skyfari, an aerial tram which opened in 2009 and takes visitors from the Butterfly and Insect Pavilion to the lion viewing exhibit. The zoo is adjacent to the former site of Rosenblatt Stadium . In 2011,

7560-487: The zoo's main entrance, the 21,000-square-foot (2,000 m) Mutual of Omaha's Wild Kingdom Pavilion was completed in the spring of 1987. The building currently houses reptiles, insects, amphibians, and small mammals, while also providing business offices, a 312-seat multimedia auditorium, and classrooms. The Wild Kingdom Pavilion has been partially transformed into the Exploration Station exhibit, serving as

7650-606: The zoo. The name was changed to Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo & Aquarium in 1963, after a $ 750,000 donation from Margaret Hitchcock Doorly, given with the stipulation that the zoo be renamed in memory of her late husband. Henry Doorly had an influential career the chairman of the World Publishing Company . In addition to the World Publishing Company, the zoo soon connected with another notable Omaha business: Union Pacific . Union Pacific helped

7740-597: Was a petting zoo that opened in 1966. It included numerous domesticated animals including goats and cattle and was particularly noteworthy because of the large red barn that could be found in the area. It was demolished in 2018 and replaced with the Glacier Bay Landing area which opened in the spring of 2019. Many of the animals found in the exhibit were transferred to the Children's Adventure Trails . The zoo's Amphibian Conservation Area opened following

7830-550: Was designed by the Expo's chief architect Bruno Freschi to serve as the fair's Expo Centre. Construction began in 1984 and was completed by early 1985. The dome and the building now serve as an Arts, Science and Technology center, and has been named Science World . In 2000, the world's first fully sustainable geodesic dome hotel, EcoCamp Patagonia, was built at Kawésqar National Park in Chilean Patagonia , opening

7920-539: Was discovered in the early 1930s by British chemists Rowland Hill and John Crawford at Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) in the United Kingdom. ICI registered the product under the trademark Perspex. About the same time, chemist and industrialist Otto Röhm of Röhm and Haas AG in Germany attempted to produce safety glass by polymerizing methyl methacrylate between two layers of glass. The polymer separated from

8010-420: Was found to be degrading by cyanobacteria and Archaea . PMMA can be joined using cyanoacrylate cement (commonly known as superglue ), with heat (welding), or by using chlorinated solvents such as dichloromethane or trichloromethane (chloroform) to dissolve the plastic at the joint, which then fuses and sets, forming an almost invisible weld . Scratches may easily be removed by polishing or by heating

8100-547: Was not the original inventor, he is credited with the U.S. popularization of the idea for which he received U.S. patent 2682235A on 29 June 1954. The oldest surviving dome built by Fuller himself is located in Woods Hole, Massachusetts , and was built by students under his tutelage over three weeks in 1953. The geodesic dome appealed to Fuller because it was extremely strong for its weight, its "omnitriangulated" surface provided an inherently stable structure, and because

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