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83-546: The office existed in the Irish Free State , but was abolished in 1926. In England and Wales , the offices of high sheriff were created at the direction of the Local Government Act 1972 incepting on 1 April 1974. The purpose was to distinguish sheriffs of counties proper from sheriffs of cities and boroughs designated counties corporate . The office is now an unpaid privilege with ceremonial duties,

166-673: A British government position since the Acts of Union of 1707 . A holder of the post would be the third-highest-ranked Great Officer of State in England , below the Lord High Steward and the Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain . The Lord High Treasurer functions as the head of His Majesty's Treasury . The office has, since the resignation of Charles Talbot, 1st Duke of Shrewsbury in 1714, been vacant. Although

249-460: A birth rate of just 18.6 per 1,000. Irish society during this period was extremely Roman Catholic, with Roman Catholic thinkers promoting anti-capitalist, anti-communist, anti-Protestant, anti-Masonic, and antisemitic views in Irish society. Through the works of priests such as Edward Cahill , Richard Devane, and Denis Fahey , Irish society saw capitalism, individualism, communism, private banking,

332-694: A combination of three sources, and was largely the work of Michael Collins in the Treaty negotiations. It came in part from a draft oath suggested prior to the negotiations by President de Valera. Other sections were taken by Collins directly from the Oath of the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB), of which he was the secret head. In its structure, it was also partially based on the form and structure used for 'Dominion status'. Although 'a new departure', and notably indirect in its reference to

415-657: A new office of President of Ireland was instituted in place of the Governor-General of the Irish Free State. The new constitution claimed jurisdiction over all of Ireland while recognising that legislation would not apply in Northern Ireland (see Articles 2 and 3 ). Articles 2 and 3 were reworded in 1998 to remove jurisdictional claim over the entire island and to recognise that "a united Ireland shall be brought about only by peaceful means with

498-699: Is drawn up in November for Cornwall and presented to the Duke of Cornwall (or to the sovereign when there is no such duke). Certain eligible persons (High Court judges and the Privy Council) nominate candidates for each county shrievalty , one of whom is chosen for each by the sovereign. In practice, the first name on the list is nowadays always the one chosen; the second and third names tend to become sheriffs in succeeding years, barring incapacity or death. The sovereign signifies assent by pricking (i.e., piercing)

581-521: Is the model of the reconstituted Seanad Éireann (the Senate), which operates based on a system of vocational panels, along with a list of appointed nominating industry bodies, a corporatist concept (seen in Pope Pius XI's 1931 encyclical Quadragesimo anno ). Furthermore, Ireland's main political parties; Fine Gael, Fianna Fáil and Labour, all had an inherently corporatist outlook. The government

664-729: The 1932 general election ), the Seanad , university representation in the Dáil, and appeals to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council . One major policy error occurred in 1936 when he attempted to use the abdication of King Edward VIII to abolish the crown and governor-general in the Free State with the " Constitution (Amendment No. 27) Act ". He was advised by senior law officers and other constitutional experts that, as

747-726: The Council of Wales and the Marches and the Welsh justices under Henry VIII . With the abolition of the Council in 1689, the power of nomination was transferred to the justices of the Court of Great Sessions in Wales . When this court was abolished in 1830, its rights were in turn transferred to the courts of King's Bench , Exchequer , and Commons Pleas . Finally, by an act of Parliament of 1845,

830-721: The Oireachtas , made up of the king and two houses, Dáil Éireann and Seanad Éireann (the Irish Senate). Executive authority was vested in the king, with the Governor-General as his representative. He appointed a cabinet called the Executive Council to "aid and advise" him. The Executive Council was presided over by a prime minister called the President of the Executive Council . In practice, most of

913-644: The Pound sterling from its inception; there is no reference in the Treaty or in either of the enabling Acts to currency. Nonetheless, and within a few years, the Dáil passed the Coinage Act, 1926 (which provided for a Saorstát [Free State] coinage) and the Currency Act, 1927 (which provided inter alia for banknotes of the Saorstát pound ). The new Saorstát pound was defined by the 1927 Act to have exactly

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996-729: The Presbyterian Church in Ireland , the Methodist Church in Ireland , the Religious Society of Friends in Ireland , as well as the Jewish Congregations and the other religious denominations existing in Ireland at the date of the coming into operation of this Constitution. Following a referendum, this section was removed in 1973. After the setting up of the Free State in 1923, unionism in

1079-745: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was created in 1801, it was not until the Consolidated Fund Act 1816 that the separate offices of Lord High Treasurer of Great Britain and Lord High Treasurer of Ireland were united into one office as the "Lord High Treasurer of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" on 5 January 1817. Section 2 of the Consolidated Fund Act 1816 also provides that "whenever there shall not be [a Lord High Treasurer of

1162-521: The shrieval counties , are the ceremonial counties . The post contrasts with that of sheriff in Scotland, who is a judge sitting in a sheriff court . The word sheriff is a contraction of the term shire reeve . The term, from the Old English scīrgerefa , designated a royal official responsible for keeping the peace (a reeve ) throughout a shire or county on behalf of the king. The term

1245-611: The " Irish pound " and the coins were marked Éire . Ireland joined the League of Nations on 10 September 1923. It would also participate in the Olympics sending its first team to the 1924 Summer Olympics held in Paris. They would send further teams to the 1928 Summer Olympics and the 1932 Summer Olympics . According to Gerard Keown, by 1932 much had been achieved in the quest for an independent foreign policy. The Irish Free State

1328-526: The 13th century saw a process whereby the office devolved on significant men within each county, usually landowners. The Provisions of Oxford (1258) established a yearly tenure of office. The appointments and duties of the sheriffs in England and Wales were redefined by the Sheriffs Act 1887 . Under the provisions of the Local Government Act 1972 , on 1 April 1974, the office previously known as sheriff

1411-555: The 1926 act, but in 1945 was retained and renamed sheriff . The position of high sheriff in the United States generally denotes the superior sheriff in a state , or the head of a statewide sheriff's department. Such a position exists in Rhode Island (executive high sheriff), and Hawaii . In New Hampshire , the ten high sheriffs are the senior law enforcement officers of each county , and have police powers throughout

1494-537: The British Government, but with the consent of the Irish Government. From 1927, the Irish Government alone had the power to advise the king whom to appoint. As with all dominions, provision was made for an Oath of Allegiance. Within dominions, such oaths were taken by parliamentarians personally towards the monarch. The Irish Oath of Allegiance was fundamentally different. It had two elements;

1577-729: The British Parliament that may have enacted the original legislation in the past. It also removed Westminster's authority to legislate for the Dominions, except with the express request and consent of the relevant Dominion's parliament. This change had the effect of making the dominions, including the Free State, de jure independent nations—thus fulfilling Collins' vision of having "the freedom to achieve freedom". The Free State symbolically marked these changes in two mould-breaking moves soon after winning internationally recognised independence: When Éamon de Valera became President of

1660-533: The British government and members of the Dáil, culminating in the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty on 6 December 1921. The Treaty allowed for the creation of a separate state to be known as the Irish Free State, with dominion status, within the then British Empire—a status equivalent to Canada. The Parliament of Northern Ireland could, by presenting an address to the king, opt not to be included in

1743-703: The Chancellor of the Exchequer was granted full entitlement, not merely conditional entitlement, if there is no Lord High Treasurer – since the treasurership is by constitutional convention always placed into commission, and in 2006 the Lord Chancellor was removed as a nominating officer through the operation of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 . These officers nominate three candidates for each county in England and Wales (with

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1826-581: The City of London , elected annually by the City of London liverymen ; their function is similar, but not equivalent to that of high sheriff, since the Sheriffs Act 1887 contains the saving "Nothing in this Act shall affect the privilege of the mayor, commonalty, and citizens of the city of London to elect the sheriffs of London" . The sheriffs of London also served as sheriffs for Middlesex until 1889 when

1909-510: The Duke of Cornwall". Contemporary high sheriffs have few genuine responsibilities and their functions are largely representational, which include attendance at royal visits and a High Court judge opening ceremony, proclamation of a new sovereign, and acting as a returning officer in county constituencies during elections. Theoretical responsibilities include the well-being and protection of High Court judges, and attending them in court; and

1992-517: The Dáil from 1922 to 1927 and thereafter ruled as a minority government until 1932. In 1931, with the passage of the Statute of Westminster , the Parliament of the United Kingdom relinquished nearly all of its remaining authority to legislate for the Free State and the other dominions. This had the effect of granting the Free State internationally recognised independence. In the first months of

2075-630: The Exchequer. The Lord High Treasurer was appointed by the delivery of a white staff to the appointee, and the Treasurer of the Exchequer was appointed at His Majesty's pleasure by letters patent under the Great Seal of the Realm . However, when the Treasury was held by an individual, he was appointed to both offices. It is the office of Treasurer of the Exchequer that is put into commission, not

2158-436: The Executive Council (prime minister) in 1932 he described Cosgrave's ministers' achievements simply. Having read the files, he told his son, Vivion, "they were magnificent, son". The Statute of Westminster allowed de Valera, on becoming President of the Executive Council (February 1932), to go even further. With no ensuing restrictions on his policies, he abolished the Oath of Allegiance (which Cosgrave intended to do had he won

2241-550: The Free State's establishment, the new dominion had the "lowest birth-rate in the world". The report noted that amongst countries for which statistics were available ( Ceylon , Chile, Japan , Spain, South Africa , the Netherlands, Canada, Germany , Australia, the United States, Britain, New Zealand, Finland, and the Irish Free State), Ceylon had the highest birth rate at 40.8 per 1,000 while the Irish Free State had

2324-461: The Free State, in which case a Boundary Commission would be established to determine where the boundary between them should lie. Members of the parliament of the Free State would be required to take an oath of allegiance to the Constitution of the Free State and to declare that they would be "faithful" to the king (a modification of the oath taken in other dominions). The Dáil ratified

2407-576: The Free State, the Irish Civil War was waged between the newly established National Army and the Anti-Treaty IRA , which refused to recognise the state. The Civil War ended in victory for the government forces, with its opponents dumping their arms in May 1923. The Anti-Treaty political party, Sinn Féin , refused to take its seats in the Dáil, leaving the relatively small Labour Party as

2490-662: The Government of Ireland Act 1920) to become Chairman of the Provisional Government of the Irish Free State in accordance with the Treaty. The general election in June gave overwhelming support for the pro-Treaty parties. W. T. Cosgrave 's Crown-appointed Provisional Government effectively subsumed Griffith's republican administration with the death of both Collins and Griffith in August 1922. The following were

2573-494: The High Sheriffs’ Association of England and Wales stated in 2021 that the role was a "non-political Royal appointment", for one year, and unpaid. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland the high sheriff (or in the City of London the sheriffs) are theoretically the sovereign's judicial representative in the county, while the lord-lieutenant is the sovereign's personal and military representative. Their jurisdictions,

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2656-587: The Irish Republican Army (IRA) and British security forces, continued until July 1921 when a truce came into force. By this time the Parliament of Northern Ireland had opened, established under the Government of Ireland Act 1920 , presenting the republican movement with a fait accompli and guaranteeing the British presence in Ireland. In October negotiations opened in London between members of

2739-518: The Navy, Army or Royal Air Force on full pay, clergymen (whether beneficed or not) and barristers or solicitors in actual practice. The practice of pricking is an ancient custom used to appoint the high sheriffs of England and Wales. In February or March of each year, two parchments prepared the previous November are presented to the Sovereign at a meeting of the Privy Council. A further parchment

2822-686: The Republic on the treaty's ratification. His resignation outraged some of his own supporters, notably Seán T. O'Kelly , the main Sinn Féin organiser. On resigning, he then sought re-election but was defeated two days later on a vote of 60–58. The pro-Treaty Arthur Griffith followed as President of the Irish Republic. Michael Collins was chosen at a meeting of the members elected to sit in the House of Commons of Southern Ireland (a body set up under

2905-596: The Senate of Northern Ireland passed resolutions "for the express purpose of opting out of the Free State". The Treaty established that the new state would be a constitutional monarchy , with the Governor-General of the Irish Free State as representative of the Crown. The Constitution of the Irish Free State made more detailed provision for the state's system of government, with a three-tier parliament, called

2988-748: The Treasury include the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , usually serving as the First Lord of the Treasury , and the Chancellor of the Exchequer , serving as the Second Lord of the Treasury . Other members of the government, usually whips in the House of Commons , are appointed to serve as the Junior Lords Commissioners of the Treasury. The English Treasury seems to have come into existence around 1126, during

3071-400: The Treaty on 7 January 1922, causing a split in the republican movement. A Provisional Government was formed, with Michael Collins as chairman. The Irish Free State was established on 6 December 1922, and the Provisional Government became the Executive Council of the Irish Free State , headed by W. T. Cosgrave as President of the Executive Council . The following day, the Commons and

3154-444: The Treaty still afforded Ireland more internal independence than it had possessed in over 400 years, and far more autonomy than had ever been hoped for by those who had advocated for Home Rule . However, a number of conditions existed: The Statute of Westminster of 1931, embodying a decision of an Imperial Conference, enabled each dominion to enact new legislation or to change any extant legislation, without resorting to any role for

3237-428: The UK. In 1937, he drafted a new constitution , which was adopted by a plebiscite in July of that year. The Free State came to an end with the coming into force of the new constitution on 29 December 1937, when the state took the name " Ireland ". The Easter Rising of 1916 and its aftermath caused a profound shift in public opinion towards the republican cause in Ireland . In the December 1918 General Election ,

3320-405: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland], it shall ... be lawful for His Majesty, by letters patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain , to appoint Commissioners for executing the Offices of Treasurer of the Exchequer of Great Britain and Lord High Treasurer of Ireland". These are the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury . In modern times, by convention, the Lords Commissioners of

3403-448: The accolade of election to a non-permanent seat on the council of the League of Nations and asserted its full equality with Britain and the other dominions within the Commonwealth. By contrast, the military was drastically reduced in size and scope, with its budget cut by 82% from 1924 to 1929. The active duty forces were reduced from 28,000 men to 7,000. Cooperation with London was minimal. According to one report, in 1924, shortly after

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3486-408: The choice of the monarch must sometimes have been tempting. The declaration a person must make before taking the office of high sheriff is contained in the second schedule of the Sheriffs Act 1887. Additional words are inserted in the case of the Duchy of Cornwall; for example, the declaration includes: "do solemnly declare that I will well and truly serve the King’s Majesty and also his Royal Highness

3569-400: The consent of a majority of the people, democratically expressed, in both jurisdictions in the island". With regard to religion, a section of Article 44 included the following: The State recognises the special position of the Holy Catholic Apostolic and Roman Church as the guardian of the Faith professed by the great majority of the citizens. The State also recognises the Church of Ireland ,

3652-424: The county. The Sheriffs Act 1887 (as amended) provides that sheriffs should be nominated on 12 November ( Martinmas ), or the Monday following if it falls on a Sunday, by any two or more of the Chancellor of the Exchequer , the Lord President of the Council , and the Lord Chief Justice of England ; other members of the Privy Council ; and any two or more judges of the High Court . These amendments were in 1998,

3735-497: The court. These Officers act in the name of the Sheriff in accordance with directions given them and the law. They include bailiffs, Deputy Sheriffs, fee-for-service Deputy Sheriffs, and all other employees and staff of the High Sheriff. Sheriff's Officers have both the power and the duty to carry out orders of the Court. They are peace officers under the Criminal Code of Canada and have all the powers and protection of law enforcement officers. The Sheriffs (Ireland) Act 1920 restricted

3818-410: The crown and governor-generalship existed separately from the constitution in a vast number of acts, charters, orders-in-council, and letters patent, they both still existed. A second bill, the " Executive Powers (Consequential Provisions) Act, 1937 " was quickly introduced to repeal the necessary elements. De Valera retroactively dated the second act back to December 1936. The new state continued to use

3901-400: The document with a silver bodkin by the relevant name for each county, and signs the parchment when complete. The parchment for the Duchy of Lancaster is known as the Lites , and the ceremony of selection known as Pricking the Lites . The term lites , meaning list , was once reserved for Yorkshire ; the date at which the name was transferred to Lancashire is unknown. The Lites is used for

3984-402: The draft document was subsequently approved by the Dáil. A plebiscite was held on 1 July 1937, which was the same day as the 1937 general election , when a relatively narrow majority approved it. The new Constitution of Ireland ( Bunreacht na hÉireann ) repealed the 1922 Constitution, and came into effect on 29 December 1937. The state was named Ireland ( Éire in the Irish language ), and

4067-409: The duties of the high sheriff to summoning of the county grand jury and attending the judge at assizes . The office continues to exist in Northern Ireland . In the Irish Free State the Courts of Justice Act 1924 abolished the grand jury and the assizes; and the office of high sheriff was formally abolished by the Court Officers Act 1926. The office of under-sheriff was due to be phased out under

4150-410: The exception of Cornwall , Merseyside , Greater Manchester and Lancashire ), which are enrolled on a parchment by the King's Remembrancer . Eligibility for nomination and appointment as high sheriff under the Sheriffs Act 1887 excludes peers of Parliament, members of the House of Commons, commissioners or officers of His Majesty's Revenue and Customs , officers of the Post Office and officers of

4233-558: The first President of the Executive Council (prime minister). The Oireachtas or legislature consisted of Dáil Éireann (the lower house) and Seanad Éireann (the upper house), also known as the Senate. Members of the Dáil were required to take an Oath of Allegiance to the Constitution of the Free State and to declare fidelity to the king . The oath was a key issue for opponents of the Treaty, who refused to take it and therefore did not take their seats. Pro-Treaty members, who formed Cumann na nGaedheal in 1923, held an effective majority in

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4316-462: The first, an oath to the Free State, as by law established , the second part a promise of fidelity, to His Majesty, King George V, his heirs and successors . That second fidelity element, however, was qualified in two ways. It was to the King in Ireland, not specifically to the King of the United Kingdom. Secondly, it was to the king explicitly in his role as part of the Treaty settlement, not in terms of pre-1922 British rule. The Oath itself came from

4399-433: The functions of high sheriff within the liberty. The right to nominate and select high sheriffs in Lancashire is vested in the monarch in right of the Duchy of Lancaster . Before 1974, this right applied only to the High Sheriff of Lancashire , but since the administrative changes of the Local Government Act 1972 (effective 1974), the High Sheriff of Greater Manchester and High Sheriff of Merseyside also come under

4482-457: The intention of publication, in February 1847, "[it began] in ancient times, sir, when sovereigns did not know how to write their names." while acquiring a prick and a signature from Queen Victoria as Prince Albert asked him when the custom began. The High Sheriffs' Association argues pricking vellum ensured that the record could not be altered. Given that holders of the office often had to bear large costs and implement unpopular policies altering

4565-455: The issue. The Free State was not a republic. The Oath became a key issue in the resulting Irish Civil War that divided the pro and anti-treaty sides in 1922–23. The compromises contained in the agreement caused the civil war in the 26 counties in June 1922 – April 1923, in which the pro-Treaty Provisional Government defeated the anti-Treaty Republican forces. The latter were led, nominally, by Éamon de Valera , who had resigned as President of

4648-414: The jurisdiction of the Duchy of Lancaster . As with other counties in England, three names are nominated to the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster for Lancashire appointments; the chancellor presents these to the monarch with his recommendation in a private audience. New appointments are usually announced during Hilary . The nomination of sheriffs in the counties of Wales was first vested by statute in

4731-417: The law was also extended to them. Under the provisions of the Sheriffs Act 1887 , if a sheriff finds any resistance in the execution of a writ he shall "take with him the power of the county" (known as posse comitatus ), and shall go in proper person to do execution, and may arrest the resisters and commit them to prison, and every such resister shall be guilty of a misdemeanor . There are two sheriffs of

4814-400: The maintenance of the loyalty of subjects to the Crown. However, most of the high sheriff's work is delegated (for example, the local police now protect judges and courts) so that in effect the post of high sheriff is essentially ceremonial. The high sheriff was traditionally responsible for the maintenance of law and order within the county, although most of these duties are now delegated to

4897-435: The monarchy, it was criticised by nationalists and republicans for making any reference to the Crown, the claim being that it was a direct oath to the Crown, a fact arguably incorrect by an examination of its wording, but in 1922 Ireland and beyond, many argued that the fact remained that as a dominion the King (and therefore the British) was still Head of State and that was the practical reality that influenced public debate on

4980-440: The nomination and appointment of sheriffs in Wales was made identical to that in England. In Newfoundland and Labrador , the High Sheriff of Newfoundland and Labrador is primarily responsible for providing administrative and enforcement services to the Supreme Court of Newfoundland and the Provincial Courts . The Office of the High Sheriff administers the jury system, provides court security and executes orders and decisions of

5063-427: The office of High Sheriff of Middlesex was created. The Duchy of Cornwall's first charter in 1337 states that the Shrievalty of Cornwall , the right to appoint the sheriff for the county, is vested in the Duke of Cornwall . Two further charters, dated 18 March 1337 and 3 January 1338, state that no sheriff of the king shall enter Cornwall to execute the king's writ . The High Sheriff of Cornwall swears to serve both

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5146-423: The office of Lord High Treasurer. When the office of Treasurer of the Exchequer is put into commission, the office of Lord High Treasurer is left vacant. During the sixteenth century, the Lord High Treasurer was often considered the most important official of the government, and became a de facto Prime Minister. Exemplifying the power of the Lord High Treasurer is William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley , who served in

5229-446: The only opposition party. In 1926, when Sinn Féin president Éamon de Valera failed to have this policy reversed, he resigned from Sinn Féin and led most of its membership into a new party, Fianna Fáil , which entered the Dáil following the 1927 general election . It formed the government after the 1932 general election , when it became the largest party. De Valera abolished the oath of allegiance and embarked on an economic war with

5312-417: The police. As a result of its close links with law and order the position is frequently awarded to people with an association with law enforcement (former police officers, lawyers , magistrates , judges ). The high sheriff was originally allowed to kill suspects resisting arrest; this was still legal in the 17th century. Edward Coke noted that when the high sheriff employed constables to assist in his duties

5395-454: The principal parties of government of the Free State between 1922 and 1937: Michael Collins described the Treaty as "the freedom to achieve freedom". In practice, the Treaty offered most of the symbols and powers of independence. These included a functioning, if disputed, parliamentary democracy with its own executive, judiciary and written constitution which could be changed by the Oireachtas. Although an Irish republic had not been on offer,

5478-465: The promotion of alcohol, contraceptives, divorce, and abortion as the pursuits of the old 'Protestant-elite' and Jews, with their efforts combined through the Freemasons . Denis Fahey described Ireland as "the third most Masonic country in the world" and saw this alleged order as contrary to the creation of an independent Irish State. In 1937 the Fianna Fáil government presented a draft of an entirely new Constitution to Dáil Éireann. An amended version of

5561-404: The real power was exercised by the Executive Council, as the Governor-General was almost always bound to act on the advice of the Executive Council. The office of Governor-General of the Irish Free State replaced the previous Lord Lieutenant , who had headed English and British administrations in Ireland since the Middle Ages. Governors-General were appointed by the king initially on the advice of

5644-412: The reign of Henry I , as the financial responsibilities were separated from the rest of the job that evolved into Lord Great Chamberlain . The Treasury was originally a section of the Royal Household with custody of the King's money. In 1216, a Treasurer was appointed to take control of the Treasury in Winchester . The Treasurer was also an officer of the Exchequer , and supervised the royal accounts. It

5727-423: The reigning monarch and Duke of Cornwall (i.e., the crown prince ). When there is no Duke of Cornwall, the Duchy Council still sits, but under the trusteeship of the English (since 1707, British) monarch. Only as Duchy Trustee can the monarch appoint the Sheriff of Cornwall. Nomination and appointment generally takes place during Hilary , and announced via the Duchy of Cornwall Office. The High Sheriff of Durham

5810-465: The republican Sinn Féin party won a large majority of the Irish seats in the British parliament: 73 of the 105 constituencies returned Sinn Féin members (25 uncontested). The elected Sinn Féin MPs, rather than take their seats at Westminster, set up their own assembly, known as Dáil Éireann (Assembly of Ireland). It affirmed the formation of an Irish Republic and passed a Declaration of Independence . The subsequent War of Independence , fought between

5893-409: The same weight and fineness of gold as was the sovereign at the time, making the new currency pegged at 1:1 with sterling. The State circulated its new national coinage in 1928, marked Saorstát Éireann and a national series of banknotes . British coinage remained acceptable in the Free State at an equal rate. In 1937, when the Free State was superseded by Ireland ( Éire ), the pound became known as

5976-665: The sheriffs being appointed annually by the Crown through a warrant from the Privy Council except for Cornwall , where the high sheriff is appointed by the Duke of Cornwall (currently the Prince of Wales ) and for Merseyside , Greater Manchester and Lancashire , where they are appointed by the monarch in the right of the Duchy of Lancaster . In England and Wales the office's civil (civil judgement) enforcement powers exist but are not exercised by convention . The website of

6059-554: The south largely came to an end. The 1937 Constitution saw a notable ideological slant to the changes of the framework of the State in such a way as to create one that appeared to be distinctly Irish. This was done so by implementing corporatist policies (based on the concepts of the Roman Catholic Church , as Catholicism was perceived to be deeply imbedded with the perception of Irish identity). A clear example of this

6142-795: The state. The Cherokee Nation formerly appointed a high sheriff, who was also the warden and treasurer of the Cherokee National Jail in Oklahoma . The position was created in 1876, after the abolition of the Light Horse . The first Cherokee high sheriff was Sam Sixkiller , appointed in 1876. Irish Free State The Irish Free State (6 December 1922 – 29 December 1937), also known by its Irish name Saorstát Éireann ( English: / ˌ s ɛər s t ɑː t ˈ ɛər ə n / SAIR -staht AIR -ən , Irish: [ˈsˠiːɾˠsˠt̪ˠaːt̪ˠ ˈeːɾʲən̪ˠ] ),

6225-414: The three shrieval counties that fall wholly or partially within the boundaries of the historic county palatine of Lancaster , since 1 April 1974: Lancashire , Greater Manchester , and Merseyside . The practice is believed to date back to a year in the reign of Elizabeth I , when, lacking a pen, she decided to use her bodkin to mark the name instead. By contrast, Lord Campbell stated, perhaps without

6308-664: Was a state established in December 1922 under the Anglo-Irish Treaty of December 1921. The treaty ended the three-year Irish War of Independence between the forces of the Irish Republic – the Irish Republican Army (IRA) – and British Crown forces. The Free State was established as a dominion of the British Empire . It comprised 26 of the 32 counties of Ireland . Northern Ireland , which

6391-566: Was an established element in the European system and a member of the League of Nations. It had blazed a trail in asserting the rights of the dominions to their own foreign policy, in the process establishing full diplomatic relations with the United States, France, Belgium, Germany, and the Holy See. It was concluding its own political and commercial treaties and using the apparatus of international relations to pursue its interests. It had received

6474-535: Was appointed by the Prince-Bishop of Durham until 1836, when the jurisdiction of the county palatine became vested in the Crown. Since then the high sheriffs of Durham have been appointed in the same way as other high sheriffs in England and Wales. After an act of Parliament in 1535/6 ended the palatine status of the Isle, the bishop remained custos rotulorum and appointed a chief bailiff for life to perform

6557-762: Was in the 16th century, the office's title of King's Treasurer developed into Lord High Treasurer . By Tudor times, the Lord High Treasurer had achieved a place among the Great Officers of State, behind the Lord Chancellor and above the Master of the Horse . Under the Treason Act 1351 it is treason to kill him. The office of Lord High Treasurer is distinct from that of Treasurer of

6640-518: Was made up of the remaining six counties, exercised its right under the Treaty to opt out of the new state. The Free State government consisted of the Governor-General – the representative of the king – and the Executive Council (cabinet), which replaced both the revolutionary Dáil Government and the Provisional Government set up under the Treaty. W. T. Cosgrave , who had led both of these administrations since August 1922, became

6723-577: Was preserved in England notwithstanding the Norman Conquest . English historians have offered varying estimates as to when the office of the sheriff was established. According to historian George Molyneaux, "the late tenth century is a very plausible period for the introduction of sheriffs, especially in the south." The office reached the height of its power under the Norman kings. While the sheriffs originally had been men of great standing at court,

6806-421: Was retitled high sheriff . The serving high sheriff submits a list of names of possible future high sheriffs to a tribunal which chooses three names to put to the sovereign. The nomination is made on 12 November every year and the term of office runs from 25 March, Lady Day , which was the first day of the year until 1751. No person may be appointed twice in three years unless there is no other suitable person in

6889-411: Was the subject of intense lobbying by leading Church figures throughout the 1930s in calling for reform of the State's framework. Much of this was reflected in the new 1937 Constitution. 53°20′52″N 6°15′35″W  /  53.34778°N 6.25972°W  / 53.34778; -6.25972 Lord High Treasurer The Lord High Treasurer was an English government position and has been

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