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84-614: The Huarpes or Warpes are an indigenous people of Argentina , living in the Cuyo region. Some scholars assume that in the Huarpe language , this word means "sandy ground," but according to Arte y Vocabulario de la lengua general del Reino de Chile , written by Andrés Febrés in Lima in 1765, the word Cuyo comes from Araucanian cuyum puulli , meaning "sandy land" or "desert country". Huarpe people settled in permanent villages beginning in

168-561: A certain El Lal was sent. Also, within Tehuelche myth, through the god Temauckel, Erral created humans and taught them how to use bows and arrows. The Tehuelche culture embraced the presence of evil spirits called guarichos. Gualicho . The ancestors of the Tehuelche are probably responsible for the creation of the rock art of Cueva de las Manos , created from about 13,000 to 9,000 years ago up until around 700 A.D. Six thousand years ago

252-424: A chief known as Pitioche and his wife and child were captured. Reports of these shocking facts form part of Christian Báez and Peter Mason's book Zoológicos humanos ( Human Zoos ). Anthropologist Robert Lehmann-Nitsche was also criticized for having studied members of the Tehuelche people who had been abducted and were exhibited in circuses. By decree of President José Evaristo Uriburu on 11 January 1898,

336-466: A closer relationship with the languages from Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego (southern Chonan) and a more distant relationship with the language of the Gününa küne indigenous group (northern Chonan). Escalada considered the idea that the entire Tehuelche complex had a common linguistic core, called Ken ('people'). Until the 19th century the following languages were recognized: In central Patagonia there

420-526: A definitive interpretation of the ethnological panorama of Patagonia and the adjacent Northern area ) (1965); Un nuevo panorama etnológico del area pan-pampeana y patagónica adyacente (A new ethnological panorama of the Pan-Pampas and adjacent Patagonian area) (1969); and Bosquejo de una etnología de la provincia de Río Negro (Outline of an ethnology of the Río Negro province) (1985), reaffirming

504-707: A great many subdivisions, as the Leuvuches, or People of the River, and Calille-Het, or People of the Mountains; amongst whom are the Chulilau-cunnees, Sehuau-cunnees, and Yacana-cunnees. All these, except those of the River, are called by the Moluches, Vucha-Huilliches. In 1936 Milcíades Vignati published Las culturas indígenas de la Pampa y Las culturas indígenas de la Patagonia (The Indigenous Cultures of

588-645: A morphosyntactic projection in Clarificación lingüística de las relaciones interculturales e interétnicas en la región pampeano-patagónica ( Linguistic Clarification of Intercultural and Inter-ethnic Relations in the Pampas-Patagonian Region ), and in 2005 he developed a phonological description in Voces en el viento ( Voices in the Wind ). Puelche is a dead language . Casamiquela released

672-544: A mother language called "Ken". He grouped them together geographically into "dry land" and "islanders", denying the existence of a separate "Pampa" group. The names used by Escalada, which he obtained from Mapuche-speaking informants, were: Argentine historian and paleontologist Rodolfo Casamiquela reviewed Escalada's classifications in his books Rectificaciones y ratificaciones hacia una interpretación definitiva del panorama etnológico de la Patagonia y área septentrional adyacente ( Rectifications and ratifications towards

756-472: A mythical tribe of Patagonian giants . Prior to meeting the Tehuelche groups in person, the explorers had been amazed by the size of their footprints. Enlarged by the animal furs they used as footwear, their feet appeared much larger than those of the Europeans at the time. During the 16th century, the average male height of Europeans at around 165 cm (5 ft 5 in) would have been shorter than

840-410: A principle part of the Tehuelche diet, leaving guanacos in second place. The Selk'nam from Tierra del Fuego did not develop a comparable dependency on horses. Welsh settlers arrived in the Tehuelche lands of the lower Chubut Valley in 1865. Relations were mostly amicable and have been described as mutual feelings of "trust and admiration". Paternalistic attitudes toward the Tehuelche were common among

924-484: A state structure, the Tehuelche did not possess an organized religious system (liturgy and vertical structure). However, like all the Pampas and Patagonian peoples, they had a corpus of beliefs based on their own myths and rituals, which were narrated and updated by the shamans who also practiced medicine with the help of the spirits invoked in themselves. The Tehuelche people believed in diverse Earth spirits, along with

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1008-541: A supreme deity who created the world but does not intervene in it. One of the cosmological versions of the creation myth is one in which the deity, known as Kóoch, brought order to the world's chaos, creating distinct elements. Similarly, the Selk'nam people from Tierra del Fuego in Argentina, narrated a similar myth where the world creator, a deity known as Kénos' (a variant of Kóoch through a common root). According to this,

1092-484: A way of occupying an empty territory, configuring the national population and, through their colonizing effort, gradually incorporating the nation into the world market. These changes were perhaps best summarized by the anthropological metaphor which states that “Argentines descend from ships.” The strength of the immigration and its contribution to the Argentine ethnography is evident by observing that Argentina became

1176-484: Is also present in the subsequent cultural developments of the Tehuelche people. From this time and until the European arrival (early 16th century) the Tehuelche people were hunter-gatherers who utilized seasonal mobility, moving towards guanaco herds. During the winter they were in the low areas (meadows, wetlands, shores, lake shores, etc.), and during the summer they moved up to the central plateaus of Patagonia or to

1260-508: Is known about Tehuelche culture before the use of the horse, although their socioeconomic organization resembled that of the Ona people from Tierra del Fuego. The introduction of the horse by the Spaniards, which they became acquainted with as of 1570, transformed the social organization of Tehuelche people: the introduction caused groups to develop dependencies on horses in their daily lives. Like

1344-587: Is over 10,000 years old. Both are among the oldest evidence of indigenous culture in the Americas, and have, with a number of similarly ancient sites on other parts of the southern hemisphere , challenged the " Clovis First " hypothesis on the settlement of the Americas (the assumption, based on lacking evidence to the contrary, that the Clovis culture was the first in the Western Hemisphere ). By

1428-586: The Aonikenk , Kolla , Qom , Wichí , Diaguita , Mocoví , Huarpe peoples , Mapuche and Guarani . Many Argentines also identify as having at least one indigenous ancestor; a genetic study conducted by the University of Buenos Aires in 2011 showed that more than 56% of the 320 Argentines sampled were shown to have at least one indigenous ancestor in one parental lineage and around 11% had indigenous ancestors in both parental lineages. Jujuy Province , in

1512-794: The Argentine Northwest , is home to the highest percentage of households (15%) with at least one indigenous resident or a direct descendant of an indigenous person; Chubut and Neuquén Provinces , in Patagonia , have upwards of 12%. The earliest known evidence of indigenous peoples in Argentina is dated 11,000 BC and was discovered in what is now known as the Piedra Museo archaeological site in Santa Cruz Province . The Cueva de las Manos , also in Santa Cruz,

1596-600: The Autonomous City of Buenos Aires and the provinces of Buenos Aires , Córdoba , La Pampa , Mendoza , and San Luis . This region includes the provinces of Chubut , Neuquén , Río Negro , Santa Cruz , and Tierra del Fuego . Tehuelche people The Tehuelche people , also called the Aónikenk , are an Indigenous people from eastern Patagonia in South America. In the 18th and 19th centuries

1680-765: The Chonan languages and the Het languages. The available evidence distinguishes between six languages in the Tehuelche complex: the Chon group (Teushen, Aoenek'enk, Selk'nam and Haush), the language of the Gününa küne indigenous group and the language of the Querandí people. The language of the Aonekkenk people appears more closely related to the language of the Teushen people (central eastern Chonan). These languages in turn maintain

1764-601: The Chubut river separated the two largest subdivisions: the "Southern Tehuelche" and "Northern Tehuelche". The first subdivision stretched towards the south to the Strait of Magellan , whereas the second group extended towards the north to the Colorado River (Argentina) and Rio Negro (Argentina) . The presence, or lack thereof, Tehuelche people in the Pampas has led to disagreements among researchers, who have not agreed on

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1848-858: The Jáchal River at north, to the Diamante River at south and between the Andes and Conlara Valley on San Luis. They were never fully part of the Incan Empire , but were influenced by Inca culture and adopted llama ranching and the Quechua language after 1480. Chilean encomenderos who had encomiendas in Cuyo introduced to Chile indigenous Huarpes, whom they hired to other Spaniards without encomiendas. Indigenous peoples in Argentina The most populous indigenous groups were

1932-761: The "Peénken" (people of the North), the "Háunikenk" (people of the South), and the "Aónikenk" (the people of the West). In his 1949 piece El complejo tehuelche. Estudio de etnografía patagónica ( The Tehuelche Complex. An Ethnographic study of Patagonians ), the military doctor Federico A. Escalada classified the Tehuelche people from historic periods, on the basis of the Estudio de la realidad humana y de la bibliografía ( Study of Human Reality and Bibliography ), into five simple categories, each with their own language derived from

2016-570: The 16th to the 19th centuries due to their large stature and physical strength. Since the 18th century, there was important commercial activity and product exchanges among the native inhabitants of the Pampas plains and the Sierras of the current Buenos Aires Province , the inhabitants of Northern Patagonia, and those of both edges of the Andes . There were two very important trade fairs in Cayrú and Chapaleofú. These trade fairs, called "Poncho fairs" by

2100-476: The 19th century major population movements altered the original Patagonian demography. Between 1820 and 1850 the original Aonikenk people were conquered and expelled from their territories by invading Mapuche (that called them Tehuelches ) armies. By 1870 most of northern Patagonia and the south east Pampas were Araucanized . During the Generation of 1880 , European immigration was strongly encouraged as

2184-465: The 2010 census there are the following indigenous groups: According to the 2022 census there are the following indigenous groups: This region includes the provinces of Chaco , Corrientes , Entre Ríos , Formosa , Misiones , Santa Fe , and parts of Santiago del Estero Province . This region includes the provinces of Catamarca , Jujuy , La Rioja , Salta , San Juan , parts of Santiago del Estero Province , and Tucumán . This region includes

2268-417: The 2010 census; indigenous communities and Afro-Argentines thus became the only groups accorded any recognition as ethnic categories by the 2010 census. As of the 2010 census [ INDEC ] , some 955,032 Argentines (2.38% of the country's population) self-identify as indigenous or first-generation descendants of indigenous peoples. The first government-led effort to produce accurate statistical data on

2352-488: The 5th century CE. About 50 to 100 people lived in a village, making them smaller than Diaguita settlements. They were agrarian people who grew corn ( Zea mays ), beans, squash, and quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa ). Towards the 15th century, Huarpe territory expanded into the current Argentinian provinces of San Luis , Mendoza and San Juan and even on the north of the Neuquen Province . They inhabited between

2436-569: The Andes mountains where they had, among other sacred sites, Mount Fitz Roy . On 31 March 1520 the Spanish expedition, under the command of Fernando de Magallanes , landed in San Julián Bay to spend the winter there. Here, they made contact with Tehuelche indigenous groups, who they referred to as "Patagones", as told by the scribe, Antonio Pigafetta . Pigaffetta described these people as

2520-611: The Aonekken ("people of the South") people speak the language commonly known as the Tehuelche language or Tshoneka or Aonekkenk, which constitutes the language currently most studied from the group and the only language that continues to be used. There is a group of people who try to recover the language through a program called "Kkomshkn e wine awkkoi 'a'ien" ("I am not ashamed of speaking Tehuelche"). The organization focuses on spreading

2604-594: The Argentine Ministry of Justice and Human Rights, is tasked with overseeing the government's indigenous policy and maintaining track of Argentina's indigenous communities and their rights to their ancestral lands. As of 2018, the INAI kept register of 1,653 communities, of which 1,456 held legal ownership over various territories. Genetic ancestry of the average Argentinian gene pool according to Caputo et al. (2021) using X-DIPs (matrilineal). In addition to

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2688-536: The Argentine government. His sons, Chiefs Papón and Mulato, ended up on a reserve in southern Chile. The Tehuelche people had to live with Welsh immigrants who, since the second half of the 19th century, began to settle in Chubut: the relations were generally harmonious between the two groups. In 1869, Chief Biguá recognized the need to defend the Welsh against a potential attack from Chief Calfucurá. Little information

2772-511: The Camusu Aike reservation was created for the "gathering of Tehuelche tribes". The reservation is located in the Santa Cruz Province of Argentina. In 1922, President Hipólito Yrigoyen created the following reserves by decree: Lago Viedma (Lots 119–117) between 20,000 and 25,000 hectares (200–250 km ; 77–97 sq mi), Lago Cardiel (Lot 6) and Lago Cardiel (Lot 28 bis). The first two were stripped of their status in 1966 and

2856-622: The Desert in the 1870s, which resulted in over 1,300 indigenous dead. Indigenous cultures in Argentina were consequently affected by a process of invisibilization, promoted by the government during the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th. The extensive explorations, research and writing by Juan Bautista Ambrosetti and other ethnographers during the 20th century, which followed earlier pioneer studies by anthropologists such as Robert Lehmann-Nitsche , encouraged wider interest in indigenous people in Argentina, and their contributions to

2940-462: The Gennakenk people of Neuquén, the upper valley of Río Negro and the so-called 'country of Strawberries', or Chulilaw (the region approximately bounded to the north by Lake Nahuel Huapi, to the east by the low mountains and morraines called Patagónides, to the west by the high summits of the Andes and to the south by Lake Buenos Aires/General Carrera). The horse, or more precisely, the mare, became

3024-562: The Indies), that "We Spaniards call them the Patagones for their big feet", which the historian Francisco López de Gómara agreed with in 1552. Based on these accounts, the first name the Spanish used to refer to the Tehuelche people was the Patagones. However, some researchers speculate, without verifiable bases, that Magellan could have been inspired by the dog-headed monster from the 1512 novel Primaleón known as "Pathogan". According to

3108-579: The Jesuits at the time who recorded their existence (such as Thomas Falkner ), were places for the exchange of various types of products: from livestock and agricultural products to garments, such as ponchos. Cayrú was located in the most western part of the Tandilia system (in the current territory of the Olavarría Partido ). Chapaleofú refers to the homonymic water stream vicinity, situated in

3192-626: The Pampas and central and North of Patagonia, producing the Araucanization of a large part of the ancient inhabitants. Finally, the subsequent Conquest of the Desert carried out by the Argentine Army led to the near extinction of these indigenous communities. This historic overview has led to the disagreement among researchers. In the 19th century, explorers such as Ramón Lista and George Chaworth Musters named them "tsóneka", "tsónik" or "chonik". The majority of experts agree that

3276-548: The Pampas and the Indigenous Cultures of Patagonia) in which he proposed that between the 16th and 19th centuries the "Gününa-küne" or "Tuelches" lived from the southern half of the province of Rio Negro to the boundary between the present Chubut and Santa Cruz provinces. The "Serranos" were to the North of them and the "Aônükün'k" or "Patagones" were located to the South. These peoples were divided between three groups:

3360-606: The Patagones and Pehuenches on the banks of the Senguerr River; other combat occurred at Barrancas Blancas and Shótel Káike. By 1828, the Pincheira Royalist army attacked the Tehuelche group in the Bahía Blanca and Carmen de Patagones area. The Tehuelche people south of the Río Negro had a female chief: María la Grande . Her successor, Casimiro Biguá , was the first Tehuelche chief to make treaties with

3444-559: The Patagonian men whose height reportedly averaged above 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) by some accounts and around 183 centimetres (6 ft) by other accounts. Thus the Europeans may have considered them to be "Patones" ('large footed') or the Patagonians may have reminded the explorers of the giant Pathoagón from the knighthood novel Primaleón . The Patagonians' large craniometry made them famous in European literature from

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3528-587: The Southern provinces of Argentina, such as Río Negro and Neuquén , were on average 40% of indigenous, 54% European, and 6% of African ancestry. Finally, only in areas of massive historical European immigration in Argentina, namely the Central provinces ( Buenos Aires and the surrounding urban areas), Argentines were of overwhelmingly European ancestry, with the average person having 17% indigenous, 76% European, and 7% of African ancestry. In another study, that

3612-574: The Strait of Magellan: The Tehuelhets, who in Europe are known by the name of Patagons, have been, through ignorance of their idiom, called Tehuelchus; for chu signifies country of abode, and not people; which is expressed by the word het, and, more to the south, by the word kunnee or kunny. These and the Chechehets are known to the Spaniards by the name of Serranos, or Mountaineers. They are split into

3696-567: The Study of the Gününa küne Indian ), claiming that they called their language Gününa yájitch or Pampa. During the 1950s, Casamiquela collected vocabulary, songs and prayers from various elders, outlining a morphosyntactic analysis. In 1960, Ana Gerzenstein made a phonetic and phonological classification in her Fonología de la lengua gününa-këna ( Phonology of the Gününa-këna Language ). In 1991, José Pedro Viegas Barros outlined

3780-540: The Tehuelche and Ranquel peoples adopted many of the Mapuche customs and their language, while the Mapuches adopted parts of the Tehuelche way of life (such as living in tolderías) and thereby, the differences between the two groups were blurred to the point that their descendants refer to themselves as Mapuche-Tehuelche people. During the first half of the 18th century, Chief Cacapol and his son, Chief Cangapol , were

3864-552: The Tehuelche were influenced by Mapuche people, and many adopted a horseriding lifestyle. Once a nomadic people, the lands of the Tehuelche were colonized in the 19th century by Argentina and Chile, gradually disrupting their traditional economies. The establishment of large sheep farming estates in Patagonia was particularly detrimental to the Tehuelche. Contact with outsiders also brought in infectious diseases ushering deadly epidemics among Tehuelche tribes. Most existing members of

3948-527: The Toldense industry emerged, consisting primarily of goods such as two-sided sub-triangular projectile points, lateral and terminal scrapers, bifacial knives and tools made from bone. Later, between 7000 and 4000 B.C., the Casapedrense industry appeared, characterized by a greater proportion of stone tools made in sheets, which was most likely a demonstration of a specialization in guanaco hunting, which

4032-480: The Welsh. There was a widespread critical view of the Argentine militaries' treatment of the Tehuelche and of traders who provided Tehuelches with alcohol and weaponry. Tehuelches were reportedly seen as uncivilized, savage and childlike by the Welsh. As early as the second half of the 19th century, Tehuelche groups were abducted and displayed against their will in countries such as Belgium , Switzerland , (Germany), France and England. More specific data shows that

4116-465: The coast of the Pacific Ocean. This was the start of cultural exchanges and migratory movements, between distinct groups such as the Tehuelche, Ranquel and Mapuche people. Although Mapuche trade started as a means of fostering commerce and alliances, it was completed by generating a large cultural influence on the Tehuelche and other groups, to the point that it is referred to as the "Mapuchization" or " Araucanization of Patagonia ". A large portion of

4200-412: The country in the world that received the second highest number of immigrants, with 6.6 million, second only to the United States with 27 million, and ahead of countries such as Canada, Brazil , Australia, etc. The expansion of European immigrant communities and the railways westward into the Pampas and south into Patagonia was met with Malón raids by displaced tribes. This led to the Conquest of

4284-428: The country was limited and the original indigenous population largely thrived after their initial decline owing to the introduction of European diseases and colonization. Similarly, the study also showed that the population in the North Eastern provinces of Argentina (for example, Misiones , Chaco , Corrientes , and Formosa ) were on average 43% of indigenous, 54% European, and 3% of African ancestry. The population of

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4368-429: The country were 31% of indigenous, 63% of European, and 6.4% of African ancestry. Finally, the population in the Pampa region of the country were 22% of indigenous, 68% of European, and 10% of African ancestry. Finally, in another study published in 2005 involving the North Western provinces of the country, the genetic structure of 1293 individuals from Jujuy, Salta, Tucumán, Santiago del Estero, Catamarca and La Rioja

4452-479: The country's indigenous peoples was the 2001 national census, which included a question on self-identification with indigenous nations. A more in-depth statistical survey came in 2004, with the Complimentary Survey on Indigenous Populations carried out by the National Institute for Indigenous Affairs (INAI). The 2004 survey which accounted for 600,329 people who see themselves as descending from or belonging to indigenous people. Indigenous organisations have questioned

4536-520: The country, it was observed that 65% of the Argentine population was of European descent, followed by 31% of indigenous descent, and 4% of African descent. The same study also found there were great differences in the ancestry amongst Argentines as one traveled across the country. For example, the population in the North West provinces of Argentina (including the province of Salta ) were on average of 66% indigenous, 33% European, and 1% of African ancestry. The European immigration to this North West part of

4620-497: The country, opposed to the more than 31 groups recognized by the INAI today. This increase reflects a growing awareness amongst indigenous people in terms of their ethnic belonging. As many Argentines either believe that the majority of the indigenous have died out or are on the verge of doing so, or 'their descendants' assimilated into Western civilisation many years ago, they wrongly hold the idea that there are no indigenous people in their country. The use of pejorative terms likening

4704-422: The country. For example, Argentines who hailed from Patagonia were 45% indigenous and 55% of European ancestry. The population in the North West part of the country were made up of 69% of indigenous, 23% of European, and 8% of African ancestry. The population in the Gran Chaco part of the country were 38% of indigenous, 53% of European, and 9% of African ancestry. The population in the Mesopotamian part of

4788-404: The current Tandil Partido . Both municipalities, or partidos, are located in the interior of the current Buenos Aires Province . The movements of people to participate in the exchanging of products generated certain cultural exchanges between different groups living anywhere from the humid Pampas, the northern Patagonia, the immediate area near the Andes (both on its western and eastern edges), to

4872-401: The data collected by Hunziker and Claraz to create a comparative vocabulary of Tehuelche languages: El grupo lingüístico tschon de los territorios magallánicos ( The Chonan Linguistic Groups of the Magellanic Territories ). In 1925, Harrington gathered words from bilingual Tehuelche speakers which he published in 1946 in Contribución al estudio del indio gününa küne ( A Contribution to

4956-403: The dawn of the equestrian complex, longitudinal movements (from south to north and vice versa) were very important in establishing extensive exchange networks. In the mid-19th century the Aonikenk exchanged their skins and mollusks for cholilas (strawberries, blackberries, raspberries, Magellan barberry , Chilean pine tree seeds, Cyttaria , buds and Chilean bamboo buds, etc.) and apples with

5040-455: The different terms that were used to refer to the native population groups from these regions. There are various causes that have prevented the establishment of one unique and complete classification. Among these circumstances, the extinction of some of these groups, coupled with the vast amount of land on which these groups were distributed, which inhibited Spanish explorers who first identified certain Tehuelche peoples from making contact with all

5124-407: The establishment of a government bureau, the National Institute Against Discrimination, Xenophobia , and Racism (INADI), in 1995. Corrientes Province , in 2004, became the first in the nation to award an indigenous language ( Guaraní ) with co-official status, and all 35 native peoples were recognized by both the 2004 Indigenous Peoples Census and by their inclusion as self-descriptive categories in

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5208-414: The existence of a Tehuelche complex. Casamiquela proposed the following classification for the continental area circa 1700: The different ethnic groups that are recognized under the broad term "Tehuelche" spoke languages whose exact quantity and relationships have been subject to different opinions. For Roberto Lehmann Nitsche, the languages stemming from the Pampas and Patagonia divided in to two groups,

5292-483: The existence of a separate subdivision called the "Pampas", nor what their relationship and borders were with the Mapuches. One of the primary classifications was from English Jesuit Thomas Falkner in his 1774 work A description of Patagonia and the adjoining parts of South America , which introduced the ethnic name ' Het peoples ' for the Puelche people, which included the Tehuelche: The Puelches, or Eastern Peoples ... They bear different denominations, according to

5376-405: The factual accuracy of the 2004 survey: First, the methodology used in the survey was considered inadequate, as a large number of indigenous people live in urban areas where the survey was not fully conducted. Second, many indigenous people in the country hide their identity for fear of discrimination. Moreover, when the survey was designed in 2001, it was based on the existence of 18 known peoples in

5460-427: The first and last name of the last Puelche speaker: José María Cual, who died in 1960 at the age of 90. Although mobile, Tehuelche groups tended to move in specific circuits, predominantly from west to east and vice versa. During each season, the groups had places where they would set up camps, known as aik or aiken among themselves, and referred to as tolderías by the Spanish and Creoles . Each Tehuelche group

5544-406: The group currently reside in cities and towns of Argentine Patagonia. The name "Tehuelche complex" has been used by researchers in a broad sense to group together indigenous peoples from Patagonia and the Pampas . Several specialists, missionaries and travelers have proposed grouping them together on account of the similarities in their cultural traits, geographic vicinity and languages, even though

5628-423: The groups. In other cases, the seasonal migrations that they practiced which involved traveling long distances made Europeans that observed them overestimate the number of people from a group or the distribution range of a language. In conjunction with all of these factors, the intrusion of the Mapuches , or Araucans, from the west deeply transformed their cultural reality, intermixing and absorbing ethnic groups from

5712-441: The indigenous groups in the North American Great Plains, the Tehuelche also worked the thicket steppes of Patagonia, living mainly off of guanaco and rhea meat (ñandú or choique), followed by South Andean deer , deer , Patagonian mara and even puma and jaguar meat, in addition to certain plants (although late, they learned how to cultivate the land). As for fish and shellfish, there were certain cases where their consumption

5796-416: The indigenous population in Argentina, most Argentines are descendants of indigenous peoples or have some indigenous ancestry. Many genetic studies have shown that Argentina's genetic footprint is primarily, but not overwhelmingly, European. In a genetic study involving 441 Argentines from across the North East, North West, Southern, and Central provinces (especially the urban conglomeration of Buenos Aires) of

5880-410: The indigenous to lazy, idle, dirty, ignorant and savage are part of the everyday language in Argentina. Due to these incorrect stereotypes many indigenous have over the years been forced to hide their identity in order to avoid being subjected to racial discrimination. As of 2011 many natives were still being denied land and human rights. Many of the Qom native community had been struggling to protect

5964-416: The land they claim as ancestral territory and even the lives of its members. Qom community leader Félix Díaz claimed that his people were being denied medical assistance, did not have access to drinking water, and were subject to arbitrary rises on food prices by non-indigenous businesses. He also claimed the local justice system refused to hear the local community's complaints. The INAI, which reports to

6048-524: The language and culture. In 1864, Hunziker recorded a vocabulary and a collection of phrases from a language called Genakenn in the Viedma region. In 1865, the explorer Jorge Claraz traveled from south of Buenos Aires to Chubut being guided by individuals who spoke Gününa iajëch, collecting the names of places, words and sentences in his Diario de viaje de exploración al Chubut ( Chubut exploration travel diary ) (1865–1866). In 1913, Lehmann Nitsche used

6132-538: The languages they spoke amongst themselves were not related to each other and their geographic distributions were extensive. According to the historian Antonio Pigafetta from Ferdinand Magellan 's expedition in 1520, he referred to the indigenous people he came across in the San Julian Bay as the "Patagoni". In 1535 the historian Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés explained in his Historia general y natural de las Indias (General and Natural History of

6216-863: The most important chiefs in the regions extending from the Andes Mountains to the Atlantic Oceans, and from the Río Negro to the Salado River . Cangapol had a seat in the government in the Sierra de la Ventana region, and their people were known as the "Mountain Pampas". The Pampas knew how to align themselves with the Mapuches from the west, to attack the Buenos Aires Campaign in 1740. In this process there were also inter-ethnic struggles and by 1820 heavy combat erupted between

6300-524: The most widespread view, the word Tehuelche comes from the Mapuche term chewel che, which would mean "brave people", "rugged people", or "barren land people". Another version suggests that it could be derived from one of their factions, the Tueshens, plus the Mapuche word "che" meaning 'people' or 'peoples'. The classification of indigenous groups that lived in the Pampas and Patagonia is confusing due to

6384-568: The nation's culture were further underscored during the administration of President Juan Perón in the 1940s and 1950s as part of the rustic criollo culture and values exalted by Perón during that era. Discriminatory policies toward these people and other minorities officially ended, moreover, with the August 3, 1988, enactment of the Antidiscrimination Law (Law 23.592) by President Raúl Alfonsín , and were countered further with

6468-430: The resources from their territories; a violation of this rule led to war. The Tehuelche had a very organized family unit, in which men were the authoritative figures and women were subordinate. In most family contexts, the father would offer his daughter for marriage in exchange for various goods. Each man could have two or three wives, depending on his status. As in the case of other ethnic groups that did not develop

6552-581: The situation of their respective countries, of because they were originally of different nations. Those toward the north are called Taluhets; to the west and south of these are the Diuihets; to the south east, the Chechehets; and to the south of these last is the country of the Tehuelhets ... or Falkner the "Tehuelhets" or "Patagones" were the Tehuelche people who lived from the banks of the Rio Negro to

6636-534: The year 1500, many different indigenous communities lived in what is now modern Argentina. They were not a unified group but many independent ones, with distinct languages, societies, and relations with each other. As a result, they did not face the arrival of the Spanish colonization as a single block and had varied reactions toward the Europeans. The Spanish people looked down on the indigenous population, considering them inferior to themselves. For this reason, they kept very little historical information about them. In

6720-521: Was also an ancient transition language between the Penkkenk and the Aonekkenk languages, called Tehuesh (Tewsün, Téushenkenk or Teushen), which was gradually replaced by the Aonekkenk language. However, a large portion of the current names of places in the central plateau retain their Tewsün roots today; for example, the name of the Chubut Province is derived from the term " chupat" . Finally,

6804-859: Was analysed. This study showed that the Spanish contribution (50%) predominated in Argentina's North West, followed by the Amerindian (40%) and African (10%) contributions. According to this study, Argentines from Jujuy were 53% indigenous, 47% European, and 0.1% African ancestry. Argentines from Salta were 41% of indigenous, 56% of European, and 3.1% of African ancestry. Those from Catamarca were 37% of indigenous, 53% of European, and 10% of African ancestry. Those from La Rioja were on average 31% indigenous, 50% European, and 19% African ancestry. The inhabitants of Santiago del Estero were on average 30% indigenous, 46% European, and 24% African ancestry. The inhabitants of Tucumán were on average 24% indigenous, 67% European, and 9% African ancestry. According to

6888-410: Was banned: for example, some groups had prohibited the consumption of fish. Their groups used to consist of between 50 and 100 members. The adoption of the horse meant an extensive social change in Tehuelche culture: the new mobility altered their ancestral territories and greatly affected their movement patterns. Before the 17th century east–west movements prevailed in pursuit of guanacos; however, as of

6972-411: Was composed of various kinship and they had specific territories for hunting and gathering. The boundaries of these territories were defined through ancestry by markers with unknown significance: a hill, a trough, a hollow, or important tree. In cases where a group could not satisfy their needs in their own territory, they had to ask for the permission of neighboring people from the same ethnic group to use

7056-466: Was titled the Regional pattern of genetic admixture in South America, the researchers included results from the genetic study of several hundreds of Argentines from all across the country. The study indicated that Argentines were as a whole made up of 38% indogenous, 58.9% of European, and 3.1% of African ancestry. Again, there were huge difference in the genetic ancestry from across the various regions of

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