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36-532: Waikuri may be, along with the Yukian and Chumashan languages and other languages of southern Baja such as Pericú , among the oldest languages established in California, before the arrival of speakers of Penutian , Uto-Aztecan , and perhaps even Hokan languages. All are spoken in areas with long-established populations of a distinct physical type. The ethnonym Waikuri and its variants likely originates from

72-402: A blind tasting format. The news of the wine competition, termed the "Judgment of Paris", was immediately published by a Time magazine article and later portrayed in the 2008 Hollywood film, Bottle Shock . The results of the momentous event established Napa's international reputation as a premier wine-producing region. A modern outbreak of phylloxera was discovered in the valley in 1983 in

108-600: A 'Guaicurian' language, as perhaps was Huchití (Uchití), though that may have actually been a variety of Guaycura itself (Golla 2007). The internal classification of Guaicurian (Waikurian) languages is uncertain. Massey (1949), cited in Campbell (1997:169), gives this tentative classification based on similarity judgments given by colonial-era sources, rather than actual linguistic data. However, Laylander (1997) and Zamponi (2004) conclude that Waikuri and Pericú are unrelated. Consonants were voiceless stops p t c k and maybe

144-517: A fifth dialect spoken in an enclave on Clear Lake . Wappo and Yuki are quite divergent grammatically and lexically (Goddard 1996: 83), which has led to contested theories about their relationship. Additionally, the Wappo and Yuki people were quite distinct culturally and even in physical type (Goddard 1996: 83). The Yuki–Wappo languages appear to belong to the very earliest strata of languages in California, even predating Hokan (Goddard 1996: 84). Yuki

180-497: A glottal stop; voiced b d , nasal m n ny , flap r , trill rr , and approximants w y . Waikuri had four vowels, /i, e, a, u/. Whether or not vowel length was phonemic is unknown. The little we know of Guaycura grammar was provided by Francisco Pimentel , who analyzed a few verbs and phrases. Guaicura was a polysyllabic language that involved much compounding. For example, 'sky' is tekerakadatemba , from tekaraka (arched) and datemba (earth). Beagert and Pimentel agree that

216-716: A number of hypothetical relationships: To date, none of these proposals have been successfully demonstrated. Napa Valley Napa Valley is an American Viticultural Area (AVA) located in Napa County , California . The area was established by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) , Treasury on February 27, 1981 after reviewing the 1978 petition submitted by the Napa Valley Vintners and Napa Valley Grape Growers Association on behalf of valley vineyard owners and winemakers proposing to establish

252-790: A thousand or more vines each. Of these major holdings, 72 were in the Calistoga district, 126 were in Napa City and 245 in the St. Helena area. Viticulture in Napa suffered several setbacks in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including an outbreak of the vine disease phylloxera , national enactment of Prohibition , and the Great Depression . The modern wine industry in Napa Valley gradually recovered and gained immediate recognition by

288-564: A unique cooling effect, crucial for premium grape growing. Originating from a cold ocean current from Alaska, this effect involves fog formation and cool air influx from the Pacific, offset by warmer air rising from California's Central Valley. This dynamic results in a climate system where fog and cooler sea air are drawn inland through valleys, create ideal conditions for high-quality viticulture. The region's complexity extends to varying topography, sun exposure, and diverse soils, contributing to

324-696: A vineyard planted with AxR1 rootstock. Many growers seized upon this outbreak as an opportunity to switch to varieties that were better suited to the climate and soil. By the late 1990s about 75% of the affected vineyards had been replanted with phylloxera resistant rootstock. The growers in the region have since channeled their energy to battle the Glassy-winged sharpshooter , a non-native pest that carries Pierce's disease . A trend of larger national and international companies like E & J Gallo Winery , Diageo and Constellation Brands buying smaller wineries, vineyards and brands began to gain momentum in

360-460: A viticultural area named "Napa Valley" as an appellation of origin in wine labeling and advertising would help consumers of wine to better identify Napa Valley wines. Napa Valley is considered one of the premier wine regions in the world. Historical records of viticulture in the region date back to the nineteenth century, but the modern premium wine production grew in the 1960s. The combination of Mediterranean climate , geography and geology of

396-495: A wide array of microclimates or terroirs within a relatively small viticulture area. Napa Valley, despite its linear appearance, is a tapestry of climate influences from the adjacent Vaca and Mayacamas mountain ranges, alongside varied lithologies influencing vineyard substrates. This geographical diversity, coupled with the Mediterranean climate characterized by hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters, impacts grape growing in

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432-678: Is associated with the Mendocino Complex around Clear Lake (3000 BCE ), while Wappo of the Napa Valley is associated with the St. Helena Aspect of the Augustine Pattern . Proto-Yukian peoples may be of the Post Pattern (9000 BCE ). Some evidence suggests the two languages separated around 2000–1000 bce . Wappo speakers may have separated from Yuki due to migrations of Pomoan peoples. Alternatively,

468-406: Is generally credited as the first to plant grapevines in Napa Valley in 1838. In 1864, on the marriage of one of his granddaughters to Thomas Rutherford, Yount gave the couple around 1,000 acres (2 sq mi) of land, which Rutherford dedicated to viticulture. Other pioneers followed in the 1840s and 1850s, by which time vineyards were established in and around Napa City and up the length of

504-542: The Golden Gate International Exposition to visit the winery using promotional maps printed with the phrase "All roads lead to Beringer" in 1939. The winery also invited Hollywood stars including Clark Gable , Charles Laughton and Carole Lombard to visit. These early promotions are considered to be the birth of wine-based tourism that is now a large part of the economy of Napa Valley today. Brother Timothy of Christian Brothers winery

540-592: The Pericú word guaxoro 'friend'. Variations of the name include Waicuri, Waicuri, Guaicuri, Waicura, Guaycura, Guaicura, Waicuro, Guaicuro, Guaycuro, Vaicuro, Guaicuru, Guaycuru, Waikur . Baegert's data is analyzed by Raoul Zamponi (2004). On existing evidence, Guaycura appears to be unrelated to the Yuman languages to its north. Some linguists have suggested that it belonged to the widely scattered Hokan phylum of California and Mexico (Gursky 1966; Swadesh 1967); however,

576-735: The Repeal of Prohibition . The science teacher was a fast learner and soon established Christian Brothers as one of the leading brands in the state's budding wine industry. Brother Timothy's smiling face in advertisements and promotional materials became one of the most familiar images for wine consumers across the country. Following the Second World War , the wine industry in Napa began to thrive again. In 1965, Napa Valley icon Robert Mondavi broke away from his family's Charles Krug estate to found his own winemaking operation in Oakville . It

612-480: The Napa Valley. Rainfall distribution and the daily summer fog, which typically shrouds the valley until mid-morning, vary across the region, affecting grape variety and quality. However, the potential impacts of climate change pose new challenges: rising global temperatures and possible disruptions to the cooling effect could alter the conditions that have historically favored premium grape growing in Napa Valley. Early settler and pioneer vineyardist George C. Yount

648-643: The Yuki and Wappo may have entered Northern California as distinct communities that settled in different areas, or Wappo speakers may have migrated south from the Yuki–Wappo heartland in the upper reaches of the Eel River. The Wappo migration to Alexander Valley in the 19th century was due to a war with the Southern Pomo . The relationship between Yuki and Wappo was contested by Jesse Sawyer who believes that

684-415: The area due to various weather and geographical influences. The open southern end of the valley floor is cooler during the growing season due to the proximity of San Pablo Bay while the sheltered, closed northern end is often much warmer. The eastern side of the valley tends to be more arid due to the rain shadow caused by the western mountains and hills. Napa Valley's climate and geography are shaped by

720-454: The early part of the 21st century. Today Napa Valley features more than 450 wineries that grow grape varieties including Cabernet Sauvignon , Chardonnay , Pinot noir , Merlot , Zinfandel , among others. While winemakers may produce wines from specific AVAs within the valley, many wines are made as a blend from grapes grown on the valley floor and the surrounding hillsides. More than 4.5 million people visit Napa Valley each year, making it

756-549: The eastern side. Several smaller valleys exist within these two ranges. The floor of the main valley gradually rises from sea level at the southern end to 362 feet (110 m) above sea level at the northern end in Calistoga at the base of Mount Saint Helena . The Oakville and Rutherford viticultural areas lie within a geographical area known as the Rutherford Bench in the center of the valley floor. The soil in

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792-430: The evidence for this seems inconclusive (Laylander 1997; Zamponi 2004; Mixco 2006). William C. Massey (1949) suggested a connection with Pericú , but the latter is too meagerly attested to support a meaningful comparison. Other languages of southern Baja are essentially undocumented, though people have speculated from non-linguistic sources that Monqui (Monquí-Didiú), spoken in a small region around Loreto , may have been

828-406: The oldest language families established in California, before the arrival of speakers of Penutian , Uto-Aztecan , and perhaps even Hokan languages. All three are spoken in areas with long-established populations of a distinct physical type. The family consists of Yuki consisted of three dialects: Yuki, Coast Yuki, and Huchnom. Wappo consisted of four dialects spoken in the Napa Valley , with

864-547: The plural is formed with a suffix -ma . However, Pimentel also notes a prefix k- with the 'same' function. For example, kanai 'women', from anai 'woman'. According to Pimentel, the negation in -ra of an adjective resulted in its opposite, so from ataka 'good' is derived atakara 'bad'. Pronouns were as follows (Golla 2011): The Pater Noster is recorded in Guaycura, with a literal gloss by Pimentel (1874: cap. XXV). Waikuri vocabulary from Zamponi (2004), which

900-426: The region are conducive to growing quality wine grapes. George C. Yount was the first vineyardist on record in Napa Valley planting his vines in 1838. John Patchett established the Napa Valley's first commercial vineyard in 1858. In 1861 Charles Krug established another of Napa Valley's first commercial wineries in St. Helena . By 1880, its first great period of prominence, the Napa Valley had 443 vineyards with

936-454: The similarities are due to linguistic borrowing and shared areal features . However, William Elmendorf has presented some persuasive evidence in favor of the relationship, noting that they are as close as two branches of Indo-European. Campbell (1997) considers Elmendorf's evidence to be conclusive. Mithun (1999) reports that the relationship remains open to question, Golla (2011) that it is securely demonstrated. Yuki–Wappo has been linked to

972-399: The southern end of the valley consists mainly of sediments deposited by earlier advances and retreats of San Pablo Bay while the soil at the northern end of the valley contains a large volume of volcanic lava and ash. Several of the small hills that emerge from the middle of the valley floor near Yountville are indicators of the region's volcanic past. Several mesoclimates exist within

1008-610: The surprising outcome at the Paris Wine Tasting of 1976 where Napa Valley vintages scored top honors against primer French wines establishing its place as an international viticulture producer bettering Old World wine regions. Napa Valley is now an major international enotourism destination. The valley floor is flanked by the Mayacamas Range on the western and northern sides and the Vaca Mountains on

1044-426: The types best suited for the area. By 1880, its first great period of prominence, the Napa Valley had 443 vineyards with a thousand or more vines each. Of these major holdings, 72 were in the Calistoga district, 126 were in Napa City and 245 in the St. Helena area. At the end of the nineteenth century, there were more than one hundred and forty wineries in the area. Of those original wineries, several still exist in

1080-465: The valley to Calistoga . Commercial production began in 1858, with John Patchett selling wine for $ 2 per gallon. His wine cellar, built in 1859, narrowly predates that established in 1861 in St. Helena by Charles Krug , although this is commonly cited as the Napa Valley's first winery. Captain Gustave Niebaum established Inglenook Winery in 1879 near the village of Rutherford. This

1116-579: The valley today including Beaulieu , Beringer , Charles Krug , Chateau Montelena , Far Niente , Mayacamas , Markham Vineyards , and Schramsberg Vineyards . Viticulture in Napa suffered several setbacks in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Phylloxera louse killed many of the vines throughout the valley. Prohibition , enacted in 1920, caused many wineries to shut down. A few remained open with agreements to produce sacramental wine . Growers who elected to keep their vines planted sold their crops to home winemakers. The Great Depression slowed

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1152-527: The wine business further. These events stalled the growth of the wine industry in Napa County, California for years. André Tchelistcheff is generally credited with ushering in the modern era of winemaking in California. Beaulieu hired Tchelisticheff in 1938. He introduced several techniques and procedures to the region, such as aging wine in small French Oak barrels, cold fermentation, vineyard frost prevention, and malolactic fermentation . Following Prohibition , Beringer Vineyards invited attendees of

1188-615: Was also instrumental in establishing the modern wine industry in Napa. After an earlier career as a teacher, he transferred to the order's Mont La Salle located on Mount Veeder in the Mayacamas Mountains northwest of Napa in 1935 to become the wine chemist for the order's expanding wine operations. Christian Brothers had grown grapes and made sacramental wine in Benicia, California during Prohibition, but decided to branch out into commercial production of wine and brandy after

1224-451: Was compiled primarily from 18th-century sources by Johann Jakov Baegert, as well as from Lamberto Hostell and Francisco de Ortega: Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo languages The Yuki–Wappo or Yukian languages are a small language family of western California consisting of two distantly related languages, both now extinct . The Yukian languages may be, along with Chumashan and perhaps languages of southern Baja such as Waikuri , one of

1260-568: Was the first Bordeaux style winery in the US. Inglenook wines won gold medals at the 1889 World's Fair in Paris . In 1868 H. W. Crabb bought land near Oakville close to the Napa River . Crabb established a vineyard and winery named To Kalon, and by 1877 had planted 130 acres (0.5 km ) and was producing 50,000 US gallons of wine per year. Crabb experimented with over 400 grape varieties to find

1296-562: Was the first new large scale winery to be established in the valley since prohibition and included the original To Kalon land. After this, the number of wineries in the valley grew rapidly, as did the region's reputation. During the Bicentennial , the region gained international recognition from the Paris Wine Tasting of 1976 when featured Napa Valley Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon vintages ranked #1 honors, scored by renown French oenophiles , besting several famous French labels in

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