59-473: Hum Hindustani ( Translation We, the Indians ) is a 1960 Hindi movie produced by Sashadhar Mukherjee and directed by Ram Mukherjee . A remake of the 1952 Bengali film Basu Poribar . The film stars Sunil Dutt , Joy Mukherjee , Asha Parekh , Jagirdar , Helen , Leela Chitnis , Agha , Prem Chopra and Sanjeev Kumar in his debut. The film is about a family who lost everything but didn't leave
118-513: A continuous decline in the 20th century. The following table lists estimates for the population of India (including what are now Pakistan and Bangladesh ) from prehistory up until 1820. It includes estimates and growth rates according to five economic historians, along with interpolated estimates and overall aggregate averages derived from their estimates. The population grew from the South Asian Stone Age in 10,000 BC to
177-445: A fist-fight ensues. Suken then discloses how he has earned all the money. Meanwhile, Anand finds Shankar's diary at the place of the theft and learns about the real thief and gives evidence of the same in court. Shankar tries to foil the brothers' plan to apprehend him and the police arrive in time and arrest him. This film is also remembered for having introduced Sanjeev Kumar. Indian English Indian English ( IndE , IE )
236-535: A foothold on the Indian subcontinent with the granting of the East India Company charter by Queen Elizabeth I in 1600 and the subsequent establishment of trading ports in coastal cities such as Surat , Mumbai (called Bombay before 1995), Chennai (called Madras before 1996), and Kolkata (called Calcutta before 2001). English-language public instruction began in the subcontinent in the 1830s during
295-635: A large number of specific lexical items. The Macmillan publishing company also produced a range of synchronic general dictionaries for the Indian market, such as the Macmillan Comprehensive Dictionary (2006). The most recent dictionary is Carls A Dictionary of Indian English, with a Supplement on Word-formation Patterns (2017). Misplaced Pages's India estimate of 350 million includes two categories – 'English speakers' and 'English users'. The distinction between speakers and users
354-519: A population between a quarter-million and half-million people, with larger cities including Agra (in Agra Subah ) with up to 800,000 people and Dhaka (in Bengal Subah ) with over 1 million people. Mughal India also had a large number of villages, with 455,698 villages by the time of Aurangzeb (reigned 1658–1707). The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It
413-457: A sentence or phrase are stressed) are important features of Received Pronunciation. Indian native languages are actually syllable-timed languages , like French. Indian-English speakers usually speak with a syllabic rhythm. Further, in some Indian languages, stress is associated with a low pitch, whereas in most English dialects, stressed syllables are generally pronounced with a higher pitch. Thus, when some Indian speakers speak, they appear to put
472-437: A serious decline in the number of girls under the age of seven – activists posit that eight million female fetuses may have been aborted between 2001 and 2011. Mother tongue languages of India ( 2011 ) According to the 2001 census, 41.03% of the Indians spoke Hindi natively, while the rest spoke Assamese , Bengali , Gujarati , Maithili , Kannada , Malayalam , Marathi , Odia , Punjabi , Tamil , Telugu , Urdu and
531-617: A subset of the Indian numbering system. Thus, the following scale is used: ( arab and kharab are not commonly used today) Larger numbers are generally expressed as multiples of the above (for example, one lakh crores for one trillion ). Indian English includes many political, sociological, and administrative terms, such as dharna , hartal , eve-teasing , vote bank , swaraj , swadeshi , scheduled caste , scheduled tribe , and NRI . It incorporates some Anglo-Indian words such as tiffin , hill station , gymkhana , along with slang. Indian English, like some other World Englishes ,
590-651: A variety of other languages. There are a total of 122 languages and 234 mother tongues spoken in India. Of these, 22 languages are specified in the Eighth Schedule of Indian Constitution , while 100 are non-specified. The table below excludes Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of Senapati District of Manipur state due to cancellation of census results. Source 1: UN World Population Prospects Source 2: Our World in Data Structure of
649-589: Is a group of English dialects spoken in the Republic of India and among the Indian diaspora . English is used by the Government of India for communication, and is enshrined in the Constitution of India . English is also an official language in seven states and seven union territories of India, and the additional official language in seven other states and one union territory. Furthermore, English
SECTION 10
#1732801723012708-528: Is based on fairly good data for the entire years. Sources: Our World in Data and Gapminder Foundation . Life expectancy from 1881 to 1950 The population of India under the British Raj (including what are now Pakistan and Bangladesh) according to censuses: Studies of India's population since 1881 have focused on such topics as total population, birth and death rates, geographic distribution, literacy,
767-502: Is extremely high compared to the rest of the world, it is expected to surpass both China and India by the early 2030s. The table below summarises India's demographics (excluding the Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of Senapati district of Manipur state due to cancellation of census results) according to religion at the 2011 census in per cent. The data are "unadjusted" (without excluding Assam and Jammu and Kashmir );
826-465: Is notable for its treatment of English mass and count nouns . Words that are treated as mass nouns in native forms of English, such as evidence , equipment , or training , are frequently treated as count nouns in Indian English. Some examples of words and phrases unique to, or chiefly used in, standard written Indian English include: Spelling practices in Indian English generally follow
885-680: Is now also declining. India has many ethnic groups, and every major religion is represented, as are four major families of languages ( Indo-European , Dravidian , Austroasiatic and Sino-Tibetan languages ) as well as two language isolates : the Nihali language , spoken in parts of Maharashtra , and the Burushaski language, spoken in parts of Jammu and Kashmir . 1,000,000 people in India are Anglo-Indians and between 25,000 and 70,000 people are Siddhis ,who are descendants of Bantu slaves brought by Arabs , Persians and Portuguese to
944-407: Is now primarily associated with economic progress, and English continues to be an official language of India. While there is an assumption that English is readily available in India, studies show that its usage is actually restricted to the elite, because of inadequate education to large parts of the Indian population. The use of outdated teaching methods and the poor grasp of English exhibited by
1003-433: Is sold for millions copies, runs an employment agency and participates in stage programs. Satyen works under Mr Verma. One day Mr Verma gives him ten thousand rupees to give to someone. Satyen forgets to lock the almirah and Mr Verma's nephew Shankar steals the money. Meanwhile Suken had gone to pick up Satyen. Satyen is accused of stealing the money and the matter is taken to court. At home, Satyen accuses Suken of stealing and
1062-477: Is that Users only know how to read English words, while Speakers know how to read English, understand spoken English and form their own sentences to converse in English. The distinction becomes clear when you consider China's numbers. China has over 200 million people who can read English words but by this definition only a few million are English speakers. Demographics of India (April 2023 est.) India
1121-473: Is the most populous country in the world with one-sixth of the world's population . According to estimates from the United Nations (UN), India has overtaken China as the country with the largest population in the world , with a population of 1,425,775,850 at the end of April 2023. Between 1975 and 2010, the population doubled to 1.2 billion, reaching the billion mark in 2000. According to
1180-679: Is the language of India's Supreme Court and of all the high courts of India . However, as allowed by the Constitution, Hindi is also used in courts in Bihar , Madhya Pradesh , Uttar Pradesh , and Rajasthan by virtue of special presidential approval. As of 2018 , the high courts of Punjab and Haryana were also awaiting presidential approval to use Hindi alongside English, and the Madras High Court has been taking steps to use Tamil alongside English. The first occurrence of
1239-641: Is the sole official language of the Judiciary of India , unless the state governor or legislature mandates the use of a regional language, or if the President of India has given approval for the use of regional languages in courts. Before the dissolution of the British Empire on the Indian subcontinent , the term Indian English broadly referred to South Asian English , also known as British Indian English . After gaining independence from
SECTION 20
#17328017230121298-726: Is viewed as a single language called Hindustani , the portmanteaus Hinglish and Urdish mean the same code-mixed tongue , where the former term is used predominantly in modern India and the latter term predominantly in Pakistan . Other macaronic hybrids such as Minglish ( Marathi and English), Banglish ( Bengali and English), Manglish ( Malayalam and English), Kanglish ( Kannada and English), Tenglish ( Telugu and English), and Tanglish or Tamglish ( Tamil and English) exist in South India. In general, Indian English has fewer peculiarities in its vowel sounds than
1357-437: The 2011 Census , 129 million Indians (10.6%) spoke English. 259,678 (0.02%) Indians spoke English as their first language. It concluded that approximately 83 million Indians (6.8%) reported English as their second language, and 46 million (3.8%) reported it as their third language, making English the second-most spoken language in India. India ranks 52 out of 111 countries in the 2022 EF English Proficiency Index published by
1416-403: The British Raj (1858 to 1947), English-language penetration increased throughout the subcontinent. This was driven in part by the gradually increasing hiring of Indians in the civil services . At the time of Indian independence in 1947, English was the only functional lingua franca in the region. After the independence and Partition of British India , Modern Standard Hindi was declared
1475-405: The British Raj in 1947, English remained an official language of the new Dominion of India and later the Republic of India . After the partition of India , Pakistani English and Bangladeshi English were considered separate from Indian English. Today , only a few hundred thousand Indians, or less than 0.1% of the total population, speak English as their first language, and around 30% of
1534-588: The British style , e.g., using travelling , litre , practise (as a verb), anaesthesia , fulfil , catalogue , realise and colour , rather than the American style. The most famous dictionary of Indian English is Yule and Brunell 's Hobson-Jobson , originally published in 1886 with an expanded edition edited by William Crooke in 1903, widely available in reprint since the 1960s. Numerous other dictionaries ostensibly covering Indian English, though for
1593-740: The CIA World Factbook , unless otherwise indicated. The TFR (total number of children born per women) by religion in 2005–2006 was: See Languages of India and List of languages by number of native speakers in India . There are 216 languages with more than 10,000 native speakers in India. The largest of these is Hindi with some 337 million, and the second largest is Bengali with 238 million. 22 languages are recognised as official languages . In India, there are 1,652 languages and dialects in total. Caste and community statistics as recorded from "Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Commission" (SEBC) or Mandal Commission of 1979. This
1652-470: The EF Education First . The index gives the country a score of 496 indicating "moderate proficiency". India ranks 6th out of 24 Asian countries included in the index. As a multilingual country, English is the lingua franca among different regions of India. Writing for The New York Times , journalist Manu Joseph stated in 2011 that, due to the prominence and usage of the language and
1711-811: The Indian population can speak English to some extent. According to the 2001 Census , 12.18% of Indians knew English at that time. Of those, approximately 200,000 reported that it was their first language, 86 million reported that it was their second, and 39 million reported that it was their third. According to the 2005 India Human Development Survey , of 41,554 surveyed, households reported that 72% of men (29,918) spoke no English, 28% of them (11,635) spoke at least some English, and 5% of them (2,077, roughly 17.9% of those who spoke at least some English) spoke fluent English. Among women, 83% (34,489) spoke no English, 17% (7,064) spoke at least some English, and 3% (1,246, roughly 17.6% of those who spoke at least some English) spoke English fluently. According to statistics from
1770-709: The Maurya Empire in 200 BC at a steadily increasing growth rate, before population growth slowed down in the classical era up to 500 AD, and then became largely stagnant during the early medieval era era up to 1000 AD. The population growth rate then increased in the late medieval era (during the Delhi Sultanate ) from 1000 to 1500. Under the Mughal Empire , India experienced a high economic and demographic upsurge, due to Mughal agrarian reforms that intensified agricultural production. 15% of
1829-405: The macaronic hybrid use of Hindustani and English. It is often the growing preferred language of the urban and semi-urban educated Indian youth, as well as the Indian diaspora abroad. The Hindi film industry, more popularly known as Bollywood , incorporates considerable amounts of Hinglish as well. Many internet platforms and voice commands on Google also recognise Hinglish. When Hindi – Urdu
Hum Hindustani - Misplaced Pages Continue
1888-433: The median age of an Indian was 29.5 years, compared to 39.8 for China and 49.5 for Japan; and, by 2030; India's dependency ratio will be just over 0.4. However, the number of children in India peaked more than a decade ago and is now falling. The number of children under the age of five peaked in 2007, and since then the number has been falling. The number of Indians under 15 years old peaked slightly later (in 2011) and
1947-620: The rule of the British East India Company . In 1835, English replaced Persian as the official language of the East India Company. Lord Macaulay played a major role in introducing English and Western concepts into educational institutions in British-India. He supported the replacement of Persian by English as the official language, the use of English as the medium of instruction in all schools, and
2006-564: The 1981 census was not conducted in Assam and the 1991 census was not conducted in Jammu and Kashmir. Missing citing/reference for "Changes in religious demagraphics over time" table below. The table below represents the infant mortality rate trends in India, based on sex, over the last 15 years. In the urban areas of India, average male infant mortality rates are slightly higher than average female infant mortality rates. India's 2011 census shows
2065-690: The District Information System for Education (DISE) of the National University of Educational Planning and Administration under the Ministry of Human Resource Development , Government of India , enrollment in English-medium schools increased by 50% between 2008–09 and 2013–14. The number of English-medium school students in India increased from over 15 million in 2008–09 to 29 million by 2013–14. According to
2124-622: The English Language Amendment Bill declared English to be an associate language "until such time as all non-Hindi States had agreed to its being dropped." This has not yet occurred, and English is still widely used. For instance, it is the only reliable means of day-to-day communication between the central government and the non-Hindi states. The view of the English language among many Indians has changed over time. It used to be associated primarily with colonialism; it
2183-572: The Mughal Empire's urban population was up to 17 million people, larger than the urban population in Europe. By 1700, Mughal India had an urban population of 23 million people, larger than British India's urban population of 22.3 million in 1871. Nizamuddin Ahmad (1551–1621) reported that, under Akbar's reign, Mughal India had 120 large cities and 3,200 townships. A number of cities in India had
2242-708: The Roman Character (1852), Carnegy Kutcherry Technicalities (1853) and its second edition Kachahri Technicalities (1877), Wilson Glossary of Judicial and Revenue Terms (1855), Giles A Glossary of Reference, on Subjects connected with the Far East (1878), Whitworth Anglo-Indian Dictionary (1885), Temple A Glossary of Indian Terms relating to Religion, Customs, Government, Land (1897), and Crooke Things India: Being Discursive Notes on Various Subjects connected with India (1906). The first dictionary of Indian English to be published after independence
2301-495: The UN's World Population dashboard, India's population now stands at slightly over 1.428 billion, edging past China's population of 1.425 billion people, as reported by the news agency Bloomberg. In 2015, India's population was predicted to reach 1.7 billion by 2050. In 2017 its population growth rate was 0.98%, ranking 112th in the world; in contrast, from 1972 to 1983, India's population grew by an annual rate of 2.3%. In 2023,
2360-440: The authors of many guidebooks disadvantage students who rely on these books, giving India only a moderate proficiency in English. In addition, many features of Indian English were imported into Bhutan due to the dominance of Indian-style education and teachers in the country after it withdrew from its isolation in the 1960s. The term Hinglish is a portmanteau of the languages English and Hindi . This typically refers to
2419-647: The consonants, especially as spoken by native speakers of languages like Hindi, the vowel phoneme system having some similarities with that of English. Among the distinctive features of the vowel-sounds employed by some Indian English speakers: The following are some variations in Indian English resulting from not distinguishing a few vowels: The following are the standard variations in Indian English: The following are variations in Indian English due to language contact with Indian languages: A number of distinctive features of Indian English are due to "
Hum Hindustani - Misplaced Pages Continue
2478-473: The desire for English-language education, "English is the de facto national language of India. It is a bitter truth." In his book, In Search of Indian English: History, Politics and Indigenisation , Ranjan Kumar Auddy shows that the history of the rise of Indian nationalism and the history of the emergence of Indian English are deeply inter-related. Under the Indian Constitution, English
2537-433: The first official language in the new Indian Republic, and attempts were made to declare Hindi the sole national language. Due to protests from Tamil Nadu and other non-Hindi-speaking states, it was decided to temporarily retain English for official purposes until at least 1965. By the end of this period, however, opposition from non-Hindi states was still too strong to have Hindi declared the sole language. With this in mind,
2596-1035: The modern era, a range of colloquial portmanteau words for Indian English have been used. The earliest of these is Indlish (recorded from 1962), and others include Indiglish (1974), Indenglish (1979), Indglish (1984), Indish (1984), Inglish (1985) and Indianlish (2007). Indian English generally uses the Indian numbering system . Idiomatic forms derived from Indian literary languages and vernaculars have been absorbed into Indian English. Nevertheless, there remains general homogeneity in phonetics, vocabulary, and phraseology among various dialects of Indian English. Formal written publications in English in India tend to use lakh / crore for Indian currency and Western numbering for foreign currencies like dollars and pounds , although lakh and crore are also used to refer to other large numbers such as population sizes. These terms are not used by other English-speakers, who have to learn what they mean in order to read Indian English news articles. The English language established
2655-602: The most part being merely collections of administratively-useful words from local languages, include (chronologically): Rousseau A Dictionary of Words used in the East Indies (1804), Wilkins Glossary to the Fifth Report (1813), Stocqueler The Oriental Interpreter and Treasury of East Indian Knowledge (1844), Elliot A Supplement to the Glossary of Indian Terms: A-J (1845), Brown The Zillah Dictionary in
2714-403: The path of truth. The music is very good.It has a famous song "Chhodo Kal Ki Baatein" (Let go old stories) sung by Mukesh , with music by Usha Khanna and written by IPTA poet, Prem Dhawan . The film's music is by Usha Khanna . The film did "above average" business at the box office. Helen said in an interview that she wasn't offered character roles after this film, until later in career and
2773-621: The population (Census 9.II.2011) Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (03.III.2016) (Data are projections based on the 2011 Population Census.): Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.III.2021) (Includes data for the Indian-held part of Jammu and Kashmir, the final status of which has not yet been determined. Data are projections based on the 2011 Population Census.): From the Demographic Health Survey: The following demographic statistics are from
2832-442: The population lived in urban centres, higher than the percentage of the population in 19th-century British India and contemporary Europe up until the 19th century. These estimates by Abraham Eraly and Paolo Malanima have been criticised by Tim Dyson , who considers them exaggerations and estimates urbanisation of the Mughal Empire to be less than 9% of the population. Under the reign of Akbar (reigned 1556–1605) in 1600,
2891-581: The rural and urban divide, cities of a million, and the three cities with populations over eight million: Delhi, Greater Mumbai (Bombay), and Kolkata (Calcutta). Mortality rates fell in the period 1920–45, primarily due to biological immunisation. Suggestions that it was the benefits of colonialism are refuted by academic thinking: "There can be no serious, informed belief... that... late colonial era mortality diminished and population grew rapidly because of improvements in income, living standards, nutrition, environmental standards, sanitation or health policies, nor
2950-548: The stress accents at the wrong syllables, or accentuate all the syllables of a long English word. Certain Indian accents possess a "sing-song" quality, a feature seen in a few English dialects of Britain, such as Scouse and Welsh English . The Indian numbering system is preferred for digit grouping. When written in words, or when spoken, numbers less than 100,000 are expressed just as they are in Standard English. Numbers including and beyond 100,000 are expressed in
3009-414: The term Indian English dates from 1696, though the term did not become common until the 19th century. In the colonial era, the most common terms in use were Anglo-Indian English , or simply Anglo-Indian , both dating from 1860. Other less common terms in use were Indo-Anglian (dating from 1897) and Indo-English (1912). An item of Anglo-Indian English was known as an Anglo-Indianism from 1851. In
SECTION 50
#17328017230123068-580: The training of English-speaking Indians as teachers. Throughout the 1840s and 1850s, primary, middle, and high schools were opened in many districts of British India , with most high schools offering English language instruction in some subjects. In 1857, just before the end of East India Company rule, universities that were modeled on the University of London and used English as the medium of instruction were established in Bombay, Calcutta and Madras. During
3127-613: The tribal groups as Scheduled Castes and Tribes (see list of Scheduled Tribes in India ). For a list of ethnic groups in the Republic of India (as well as neighbouring countries), see South Asian ethnic groups . Linguistic groups in India chart According to a 2009 study published by Reich et al. ., the modern Indian population is composed of two genetically divergent and heterogeneous populations which mixed in ancient times (about 1,200–3,500 BP), known as Ancestral North Indians (ANI) and Ancestral South Indians (ASI). ASI corresponds to
3186-457: The vagaries of English spelling ". Most Indian languages, unlike English, have a nearly phonetic spelling , so the spelling of a word is a highly reliable guide to its modern pronunciation. Indians' tendency to pronounce English phonetically as well can cause divergence from British English. This phenomenon is known as spelling pronunciation . English is a stress-timed language . Both syllable stress and word stress (where only certain words in
3245-475: The western coast of India during the Middle Ages and the colonial period . They represent over 0.1% of the total population of India. Overall, only the continent of Africa exceeds the linguistic, genetic and cultural diversity of the nation of India. The sex ratio was 944 females for 1000 males in 2016, and 940 per 1000 in 2011. This ratio has been showing an upwards trend for the last two decades after
3304-604: Was Hawkins Common Indian Words in English (1984). Other efforts include (chronologically): Lewis Sahibs, Nabobs and Boxwallahs (1991), Muthiah Words in Indian English (1991), Sengupta's Indian English supplement to the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (1996) and Hankin Hanklyn-Janklin (2003). Nihalani et al. Indian and British English: A Handbook of Usage and Pronunciation (2004) delineates how Indian English differs from British English for
3363-748: Was completed in 1983. India has chosen not to officially count caste population since then. The following data are from the Mandal report: Sources: 2. **1961 Census of India:** 3. **1971 Census of India:** 4. **1981 Census of India:** 5. **1991 Census of India:** 6. **2001 Census of India:** 7. **2011 Census of India:** 2. Ludden, David. (2013). India and South Asia: A Short History . Oneworld Publications. ISBN 1780741086 . 3. Bhagat, R. B. (2004). "Census Enumeration in India, 1991 and 2001: Issues and Concerns." Economic and Political Weekly . The national Census of India does not recognise racial or ethnic groups within India, but recognises many of
3422-454: Was there a cultural transformation...". India occupies 2.41% of the world's land area but supports over 18% of the world's population. At the 2001 census 72.2% of the population lived in about 638,000 villages and the remaining 27.8% lived in more than 5,100 towns and over 380 urban agglomerations . India's population exceeded that of the entire continent of Africa by 200 million people in 2010. However, because Africa's population growth
3481-407: Was typecast as a dancer. Suken and Satyen are brothers. They were very rich but their father lost everything when his relatives produced fake documents and evidences and took all the properties from him. Suken's marriage with Sudha is cancelled because of their changed fortunes. Satyen's engagement is still intact. Suken works hard and does many things like writing a book titled "Hum Hindustani" which
#11988