A benefit concert or charity concert is a type of musical benefit performance (e.g., concert, show, or gala) featuring musicians, comedians, or other performers that is held for a charitable purpose, often directed at a specific and immediate humanitarian crisis .
123-542: Human Rights Now! was a worldwide tour of twenty benefit concerts on behalf of Amnesty International that took place over six weeks in 1988. Held not to raise funds but to increase awareness of both the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on its 40th anniversary and the work of Amnesty International, the shows featured Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band , Sting , Peter Gabriel , Tracy Chapman , and Youssou N'Dour , plus guest artists from each of
246-522: A clapper and those struck on the inside or outside. Drums, which are not found from before the Shang, sometimes used bronze, though they were more often wooden ( bangu ). The aforementioned wind instruments certainly existed by the Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BCE), as did the first Chinese string instruments: the qin (or guqin ) and se zithers . The Zhou saw the emergence of major court ensembles and
369-631: A common ancestor . Music first arose in the Paleolithic period, though it remains unclear as to whether this was the Middle (300,000 to 50,000 BP ) or Upper Paleolithic (50,000 to 12,000 BP). The vast majority of Paleolithic instruments have been found in Europe and date to the Upper Paleolithic. It is certainly possible that singing emerged far before this time, though this
492-454: A favourite celebrity support a cause can influence fans to support the same cause—not because the cause is significant to the fans, but because it seems significant to the artist. To feel connected to a celebrity, fans are likely to participate in activities the celebrity considers important. For example, if a benefit concert starred unknown musicians performing songs for unknown people in Africa,
615-582: A form known today as opera . The first operas, written around 1600, also define the end of the Renaissance and the beginning of the Baroque eras. Music prior to 1600 was modal rather than tonal . Several theoretical developments late in the 16th century, such as the writings on scales on modes by Gioseffo Zarlino and Franchinus Gaffurius , led directly to the development of common practice tonality. The major and minor scales began to predominate over
738-441: A greater cause. The efficiency of celebrity charity is explained by the theory of Catalytic Philanthropy designed by Paul Schervish . His thesis explains that it is more beneficial to a cause that celebrities do not contribute by only donating their money, but by participating in event like benefit concerts. That way stars can inspire hundreds of thousands of others to give. The presence of celebrities can draw criticism, but that
861-464: A hundred years after his death. Many scholars believe that his reputation has been exaggerated by legend. Most of the chant repertory was composed anonymously in the centuries between the time of Gregory and Charlemagne . During the 9th century, several important developments took place. First, there was a major effort by the Church to unify the many chant traditions and suppress many of them in favor of
984-513: A man who shakes two objects thought to be maracas . Another sculpture includes a man with his mouth opening (possibly singing) while there is also a sculpture of a man playing a drum. The imperial court of Japan developed gagaku (( 雅楽 ); lit. ' elegant music ' ) music, originating from the Gagakuryō imperial music academy established in 701 CE during the Asuka period . Though
1107-554: A mean to gain support to the cause in hand. Furthermore, the success of benefit concerts is tightly related to the quality of entertainment offered by them. To gain space and legitimization in the media, benefit concerts must have a large audience, the kind of large crowd attracted by famous music stars. Bob Geldof himself responded to criticisms about the lack of African artists on the Live 8 by stating that, although those musicians produce great works, they do not sell many albums—and, for
1230-461: A nation after a disaster (such as America: A Tribute to Heroes ). Concrete objectives include raising funds (such as Live Aid ) and influencing legislation (such as Live 8 or Farm Aid ). The two largest benefit concerts of all time, in size, were the Live 8 and the Live Earth events, which both attracted billions of spectators. Scholars theorize that the observed increase on concert size since
1353-449: A particular cause or occasion. They argue that media events interrupt the flow people's daily lives, and that such events create a rise of interpersonal communication or "fellow feeling". Furthermore, they propose that media events transform the ordinary role of the viewer into something more interactive where they adhere to the script of the event. All these principles of media events are true of benefit concerts. Benefit concerts interrupt
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#17327983927041476-555: A profound influence on Joseph Haydn and, through him, on all subsequent European music. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was the central figure of the Classical period, and his phenomenal and varied output in all genres defines our perception of the period. Ludwig van Beethoven and Franz Schubert were transitional composers, leading into the Romantic period, with their expansion of existing genres, forms, and even functions of music. In
1599-548: A prominent musical culture in the Empire, especially in the areas dominated by Zoroastrianism . Many Sassanian Shahanshahs were ardent supporters of music, including the founder of the empire Ardashir I and Bahram V . Khosrow II ( r. 590–628 ) was the most outstanding patron , his reign being regarded as a golden age of Persian music. Musicians in Khosrow's service include Āzādvar-e Changi (or Āzād), Bamshad ,
1722-416: A repeated pattern typically in the left hand), were used to liven the movement of the piece without creating a confusing additional voice. The now-popular instrumental music was dominated by several well-defined forms: the sonata , the symphony , and the concerto , though none of these were specifically defined or taught at the time as they are now in music theory . All three derive from sonata form , which
1845-485: A social agenda or fund-raising focus. History of music Although definitions of music vary wildly throughout the world, every known culture partakes in it, and it is thus considered a cultural universal . The origins of music remain highly contentious; commentators often relate it to the origin of language , with much disagreement surrounding whether music arose before, after or simultaneously with language . Many theories have been proposed by scholars from
1968-508: A span of several decades around 1600. Famous composers in Venice included the Gabrielis, Andrea and Giovanni , as well as Claudio Monteverdi , one of the most significant innovators at the end of the era. Most parts of Europe had active and well-differentiated musical traditions by late in the century. In England, composers such as Thomas Tallis and William Byrd wrote sacred music in
2091-459: A style similar to that written on the continent, while an active group of home-grown madrigalists adapted the Italian form for English tastes: famous composers included Thomas Morley , John Wilbye and Thomas Weelkes . Spain developed instrumental and vocal styles of its own, with Tomás Luis de Victoria writing refined music similar to that of Palestrina, and numerous other composers writing for
2214-499: A wide range of disciplines, though none has achieved broad approval. Most cultures have their own mythical origins concerning the invention of music, generally rooted in their respective mythological, religious or philosophical beliefs. The music of prehistoric cultures is first firmly dated to c. 40,000 BP of the Upper Paleolithic by evidence of bone flutes , though it remains unclear whether or not
2337-419: Is a language by whose means messages are elaborated, that such messages can be understood by the many but sent out only by the few, and that it alone among all language unites the contradictory character of being at once intelligible and untranslatable—these facts make the creator of music a being like the gods and make music itself the supreme mystery of human knowledge." Claude Lévi-Strauss , The Raw and
2460-476: Is both the overlying form of an entire work and the structure of a single movement. Sonata form matured during the Classical era to become the primary form of instrumental compositions throughout the 19th century. The early Classical period was ushered in by the Mannheim School , which included such composers as Johann Stamitz , Franz Xaver Richter , Carl Stamitz , and Christian Cannabich . It exerted
2583-671: Is essentially impossible to confirm. The potentially oldest instrument is the Divje Babe Flute from the Divje Babe cave in Slovenia, dated to 43,000 and 82,000 and made from a young cave bear femur . Purportedly used by Neanderthals , the Divje Babe Flute has received extensive scholarly attention, and whether it is truly a musical instrument or an object formed by animals is the subject of intense debate. If
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#17327983927042706-550: Is grouped with the medieval era in music, even though it had much in common with early Renaissance ideals and aesthetics . Much of the surviving music of the time is secular, and tends to use the formes fixes : the ballade , the virelai , the lai , the rondeau , which correspond to poetic forms of the same names. Most pieces in these forms are for one to three voices, likely with instrumental accompaniment: famous composers include Guillaume de Machaut and Francesco Landini . Prominent and diverse musical practices were present in
2829-655: Is influenced by all other aspects of its culture, including social and economic organization and experience, climate, and access to technology. Many cultures have coupled music with other art forms, such as the Chinese four arts and the medieval quadrivium . The emotions and ideas that music expresses, the situations in which music is played and listened to, and the attitudes toward musicians and composers all vary between regions and periods. Many cultures have or continue to distinguish between art music (or 'classical music'), folk music , and popular music . "But that music
2952-588: Is mainly available through literature, visual depictions, and increasingly as the period progresses, instruments. The oldest surviving written music is the Hurrian songs from Ugarit , Syria. Of these, the oldest is the Hymn to Nikkal (hymn no. 6; h. 6), which is somewhat complete and dated to c. 1400 BCE. However, the Seikilos epitaph is the earliest entirely complete noted musical composition. Dated to
3075-538: Is monophonic and based on a single melody line or raga rhythmically organized through talas . The beginning of the Renaissance in music is not as clearly marked as the beginning of the Renaissance in the other arts, and unlike in the other arts, it did not begin in Italy , but in northern Europe, specifically in the area currently comprising central and northern France , the Netherlands , and Belgium . The style of
3198-460: Is outweighed by the benefits. Some argue that pop stars only take part in charity to improve their public image. That, arguably, may be a motivation, but their participation can be essential to the event's success. Celebrities not only promote catalytic philanthropy, they can produce an effect some call Geldofism : "The mobilization of pop stars and their fans behind a cause." Therefore, because of their visibility, celebrities are used by organizers as
3321-559: Is probable that they existed well before their artistic depictions. Elamite bull lyres from c. 2450 have been found in Susa , while more than 40 small Oxus trumpets have been found in Bactria and Margiana , dated to the c. 2200–1750 Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex . The oxus trumpets seem to have had a close association with both religion and animals; a Zoroastrian myth in which Jamshid attract animals with
3444-550: Is traditionally credited as the genre's originator, though modern scholars now doubt this attribution. The kañon reached its peak with the music of John of Damascus and Cosmas of Maiuma and later Theodore of Stoudios and Theophanes the Branded in the 8th and 9th centuries respectively. Composers of secular music are considerably less documented. Not until late in the empire's history are composers known by name, with Joannes Koukouzeles , Xenos Korones and Joannes Glykys as
3567-672: Is unrecorded). Only the latter has any surviving work, a single antiphon . Some Byzantine emperors are known to have been composers, such as Leo VI the Wise and Constantine VII . During the ancient and medieval periods, the classical music of the Indian subcontinent was a largely unified practice. By the 14th century, socio-political turmoil inaugurated by the Delhi Sultanate began to isolate Northern and Southern India, and independent traditions in each region began emerging. By
3690-503: The Secret Policeman's Ball series of benefits. Healey developed the concept with famed rock promoter Bill Graham , who had worked with Healey on Amnesty's shorter, United States-only tour in 1986, titled A Conspiracy of Hope , and who acted as tour director. Healey served as executive producer, leading the team of three producers: Mary Daly, Jessica Neuwirth , and James Radner, father of George Radner. The media strategies for
3813-614: The Burgundian composers, as the first generation of the Franco-Flemish school is known, was at first a reaction against the excessive complexity and mannered style of the late 14th century ars subtilior , and contained clear, singable melody and balanced polyphony in all voices. The most famous composers of the Burgundian school in the mid-15th century are Guillaume Dufay , Gilles Binchois , and Antoine Busnois . By
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3936-626: The Byzantine Empire , which existed by 395 to 1453. Both sacred and secular music were commonplace, with sacred music frequently used in church services and secular music in many events including, ceremonies dramas, ballets, banquets, festivals and sports games. However, despite its popularity, secular Byzantine music was harshly criticized by the Church Fathers , particularly Jerome . Composers of sacred music, especially hymns and chants, are generally well documented throughout
4059-593: The Cave of the Trois-Frères dating to c. 15,000 BCE is thought to depict a shaman playing a musical bow . Prehistoric cultures are thought to have had a wide variety of uses for music, with little unification between different societies. Music was likely of particular value when food and other basic needs were scarce. It is also probable that prehistoric cultures viewed music as intrinsically connected with nature, and may have believed its use influenced
4182-518: The Classical period is characterized by homophonic texture , or an obvious melody with accompaniment . These new melodies tended to be almost voice-like and singable, allowing composers to actually replace singers as the focus of the music. Instrumental music therefore quickly replaced opera and other sung forms (such as oratorio ) as the favorite of the musical audience and the epitome of great composition. However, opera did not disappear: during
4305-487: The Florentine Camerata , who ironically had a reactionary intent: dissatisfied with what they saw as contemporary musical depravities, their goal was to restore the music of the ancient Greeks. Chief among them were Vincenzo Galilei , the father of the astronomer, and Giulio Caccini . The fruits of their labors was a declamatory melodic singing style known as monody , and a corresponding staged dramatic form:
4428-566: The Han dynasty (202 BCE – 220 CE), there were attempts to reconstruct the music of the Shang and Zhou, as it was now "idealized as perfect". A Music Bureau , the Yuefu , was founded or at its height by at least 120 BCE under Emperor Wu of Han , and was responsible for collecting folksongs. The purpose of this was twofold; it allowed the Imperial Court to properly understand the thoughts of
4551-525: The Late Shang dynasty had developed writing, which mostly exists as divinatory inscriptions on the ritualistic oracle bones but also as bronze inscriptions . As many as 11 oracle script characters may refer to music to some extent, some of which could be iconographical representations of instruments themselves. The stone bells qing appears to have been particularly popular with the Shang ruling class, and while no surviving flutes have been dated to
4674-478: The Silk Road . For example, a tuning key for a qin -zither from 4th–5th centuries BCE China includes considerable Persian iconography. In general, not enough information exists to make many other generalizations about ancient music between cultures. The few actual examples of ancient music notation that survive usually exist on papyrus or clay tablets . Information on musical practices, genres, and thought
4797-725: The Swabian Jura , Germany, namely from the Geissenklösterle , Hohle Fels and Vogelherd caves. Dated to the Aurignacian (of the Upper Paleolithic) and used by Early European modern humans , from all three caves there are eight examples, four made from the wing bones of birds and four from mammoth ivory ; three of these are near complete. Three flutes from the Geissenklösterle are dated as
4920-512: The Vedas to the works of Kalidasa and the Ilango Adigal 's epic Silappatikaram . Despite this, little is known on the actual musical practices of ancient India and the information available forces a somewhat homogeneous perspective on the music of the time, even though evidence indicates that in reality, it was far more diverse. The monumental arts treatise Natya Shastra is among
5043-520: The Western Zhou period (1045–771). The Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE), established by Qin Shi Huang , lasted for only 15 years, but the purported burning of books resulted in a substantial loss of previous musical literature. The Qin saw the guzheng become a particularly popular instrument; as a more portable and louder zither, it meet the needs of an emerging popular music scene. During
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5166-682: The avant-garde style of the Ferrara School of Luzzaschi and the late century madrigalist Carlo Gesualdo ; and the grandiose, sonorous music of the Venetian school , which used the architecture of the Basilica San Marco di Venezia to create antiphonal contrasts. The music of the Venetian school included the development of orchestration , ornamented instrumental parts, and continuo bass parts, all of which occurred within
5289-462: The fugue , the invention , the sonata , and the concerto. The late Baroque style was polyphonically complex and richly ornamented. Important composers from the Baroque era include Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck , Johann Sebastian Bach , Arcangelo Corelli , François Couperin , Girolamo Frescobaldi , George Frideric Handel , Jean-Baptiste Lully , Jean-Philippe Rameau , Claudio Monteverdi , Georg Philipp Telemann and Antonio Vivaldi . The music of
5412-465: The gōsān learned songs telling tales of gods and noblemen, while Plutarch similarly records the gōsān lauding Parthian heroes and mocking Roman ones. Plutarch also records, much to his bafflement, that rhoptra (large drums) were used by the Parthian army to prepare for war. The Sasanian period (226–651 CE), however, has left ample evidence of music. This influx of Sasanian records suggests
5535-406: The "power of the people" to change the world. Benefit concerts, therefore, have the potential to raise enormous sums of money for a cause because of the para-social interaction that occurs between the performing celebrities (the leaders) and the spectating fans (the people). Dan Laughey describes para-social interaction as "the apparent familiarity between media personalities and audiences". Seeing
5658-457: The 16th century was renowned as one of the greatest artists in any form. Music in the generation after Josquin explored increasing complexity of counterpoint ; possibly the most extreme expression is in the music of Nicolas Gombert , whose contrapuntal complexities influenced early instrumental music, such as the canzona and the ricercar , ultimately culminating in Baroque fugal forms. By
5781-835: The 16th-century two distinct styles had formed: the Hindustani classical music of the North and the Carnatic classical music of the South. One of the major differences between them is that the Northern Hindustani vein was considerably influenced by the Persian and Arab musical practices of the time. Carnatic music is largely devotional; the majority of the songs are addressed to the Hindu deities. Indian classical music (marga)
5904-462: The 1971 Concert For Bangladesh . Comprising two shows on the same day at Madison Square Garden , it was organized by and starred George Harrison and Ravi Shankar . The format of most modern benefit concerts, involving many acts, was pioneered in 1985 with Bob Geldof's Live Aid. Benefit concerts are a major example of celebrity charity for they involve popular musicians; actors and actresses; and other kinds of entertainment figures volunteering to
6027-467: The 2nd Century CE or later, it is an epitaph , perhaps for the wife of the unknown Seikilos. They strike the bells, kin , kin , They play the se -zither, play the qin -zither, The mouth organ and chime stones sound together; They sing the Ya and Nan Odes, And perform flawlessly upon their flutes. Shijing , Ode 208, Gu Zhong Translated by John S. Major By the mid-13th century BCE,
6150-584: The 8th to 11th centuries. A major shift in gagaku music occurred in the 9th century, namely the development of a distinction between tōgaku and komagaku music. Tōgaku was a Chinese-influenced style, which combined with the rin’yūgaku tradition, referred to as "Music of the Left" ( sahō ). Komagaku was then referred to as "Music of the Right" ( uhō ), encompassing music influenced by both Korea ( sankangaku ) and Balhae ( bokkaigaku ). Though this division
6273-947: The Achaemenid musical culture comes from Greek historians. In his Histories , Herodotus noted that Achaemenid priests did not use aulos music in their ceremonies, while Xenophon reflected on his visit to Persia in the Cyropaedia , mentioning the presence of many female singers at court. Athenaeus also mentions female singers when noting that 329 of them had been taken from the King of Kings Darius III by Macedonian general Parmenion . Later Persian texts assert that gōsān poet-musician minstrels were prominent and of considerable status in court. The Parthian Empire (247 BCE to 224 CE) saw an increase in textual and iconographical depictions of musical activity and instruments. 2nd century BCE Parthian rhuta (drinking horns) found in
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#17327983927046396-583: The Arab world, and the Islamic Golden Age saw the presence of numerous important music theorists. Music written for and by the early Christian Church properly inaugurates the Western classical music tradition, which continues into medieval music where polyphony , staff notation and nascent forms of many modern instruments developed. In addition to religion or the lack thereof, a society's music
6519-565: The Bureau's increasingly prominent suyue music which conflicted with Confucianism. The Han dynasty saw a preponderance of foreign musical influences from the Middle East and Central Asia : the emerging Silk Road led to the exchange of musical instruments, and allowed travelers such as Zhang Qian to relay with new musical genres and techniques. Instruments from said cultural transmission include metal trumpets and instruments similar to
6642-462: The Cooked Music is regarded as a cultural universal , though definitions of it vary depending on culture and throughout history. As with many aspects of human cognition , it remains debated as to what extent the origins of music will ever be understood, with scholars often taking polarizing positions. The origin of music is often discussed alongside the origin of language , with
6765-521: The Gregorian liturgy. Second, the earliest polyphonic music was sung, a form of parallel singing known as organum . Third, and of the greatest significance for music history, notation was reinvented after a lapse of about five hundred years, though it would be several more centuries before a system of pitch and rhythm notation evolved having the precision and flexibility that modern musicians take for granted. Several schools of polyphony flourished in
6888-1030: The Live Aid "rob Africans of agency, reinforces Western ethnocentrism and racisms and see famine as a natural disaster rather than as a political issue". Benefit concerts are an effective form of gaining support and raising funds for a cause because of the large media coverage that they usually receive. In addition to the results they generate themselves, benefit concerts also generate a kind of cascading effect. That is, larger benefit concert motivate smaller concerts and other kinds of charity initiatives. Large-scale benefit concerts attract millions of viewers and are usually broadcast internationally. As powerful means of mass communication, they can be highly effective at raising funds and awareness for humanitarian causes. Media scholars Dayan and Katz classify benefit concerts as "media events": shared experiences that unite viewers with one another and their societies. In fact, in their book Media Events: The Live Broadcasting of History ,
7011-576: The Live Aid is happening because organizers strive to make their events as big as the tragedy at hand, thus hoping to gain legitimization that way. Examples exist in musical history of concerts being staged for philanthropic purposes. In 1749, the composer George Frideric Handel wrote his Foundling Hospital Anthem , and put on annual performances of Messiah , to support an orphans' charity in London. While many composers and performers took part in concerts to raise donations for charitable causes, it
7134-412: The Romantic period, music became more expressive and emotional, expanding to encompass literature, art, and philosophy. Famous early Romantic composers include Schumann , Chopin , Mendelssohn , Bellini , Donizetti , and Berlioz . The late 19th century saw a dramatic expansion in the size of the orchestra , and in the role of concerts as part of urban society. Famous composers from the second half of
7257-524: The Shang and Zhou music was a symbol of power for the Imperial court, being used in religious services as well as the celebration of ancestors and heroes. Confucius ( c. 551–479 ) formally designated the music concerned with ritual and ideal morality as the superior yayue ( 雅樂 ; "proper music"), in opposition to suyue ( 俗樂 ; "vernacular/popular music"), which included virtually all non-ceremonial music, but particularly any that
7380-441: The Shang, oracle script evidence suggests they used ocarinas ( xun ), transverse flute ( xiao and dizi ), douple pipes, the mouthorgan ( sheng ), and maybe the pan flute ( paixiao ). Due to the advent of the bronze in 2000 BCE , the Shang used the material for bells—the ling [ zh ] (鈴), nao [ zh ] (鐃) and zhong (鐘) —that can be differentiated in two ways: those with or without
7503-591: The Tang dynasty's music, the Japanese gagaku and Korean court music each influenced each other. Historically, religions have often been catalysts for music. The Vedas of Hinduism immensely influenced Indian classical music , and the Five Classics of Confucianism laid the basis for subsequent Chinese music . Following the rapid spread of Islam in the 7th century, Islamic music dominated Persia and
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#17327983927047626-514: The actual origins lie in the earlier Middle Paleolithic period (300,000 to 50,000 BP). There is little known about prehistoric music, with traces mainly limited to some simple flutes and percussion instruments. However, such evidence indicates that music existed to some extent in prehistoric societies such as the Xia dynasty and the Indus Valley civilisation . Upon the development of writing,
7749-399: The ancient capital of Nisa include some of the most vivid depictions of musicians from the time. Pictorial evidence such as terracotta plaques show female harpists, while plaques from Babylon show panpipes , as well as string (harps, lutes and lyres) and percussion instruments ( tambourines and clappers ). Bronze statues from Dura-Europos depict larger panpipes and double aulos. Music
7872-472: The authors suggest that the song synonymous with the Live Aid benefit concert, " We Are the World ", might as well be the theme song for media events, as it nicely encompasses the tone of such occasions: "these ceremonies (media events) are so all-encompassing that there is nobody left to serve-as out-group". Dayan and Katz define media events as shared experiences that unite viewers and call their attention to
7995-459: The basis for the later Baroque organ style which culminated in the work of J.S. Bach . France developed a unique style of musical diction known as musique mesurée , used in secular chansons, with composers such as Guillaume Costeley and Claude Le Jeune prominent in the movement. One of the most revolutionary movements in the era took place in Florence in the 1570s and 1580s, with the work of
8118-400: The cause. According to a theory, by Jane Bennett , when people sing in the presence of other people, and that happens in benefit concerts, they become connected to each other and are more likely to work together towards a goal. Critics also say that benefit concerts are just a way for the rich West to forgive itself by helping the poor and distressed. These critiques argue that concerts like
8241-400: The century include Johann Strauss II , Brahms , Liszt , Tchaikovsky , Verdi , and Wagner . Between 1890 and 1910, a third wave of composers including Grieg , Dvořák , Mahler , Richard Strauss , Puccini , and Sibelius built on the work of middle Romantic composers to create even more complex – and often much longer – musical works. A prominent mark of late 19th-century music
8364-475: The classical period, several composers began producing operas for the general public in their native languages (previous operas were generally in Italian). Along with the gradual displacement of the voice in favor of stronger, clearer melodies, counterpoint also typically became a decorative flourish, often used near the end of a work or for a single movement . In its stead, simple patterns, such as arpeggios and, in piano music, Alberti bass (an accompaniment with
8487-426: The common people, and it was also an opportunity for the Imperial Court to adapt and manipulate the songs to suit propaganda and political purposes. Employing ceremonial, entertainment-oriented and military musicians, the Bureau also performed at a variety of venues, wrote new music, and set music to commissioned poetry by noted figures such as Sima Xiangru . The Han dynasty had officially adopted Confucianism as
8610-433: The countries where concerts were held. Human rights activists and former prisoners from around the world, led by Sonny Venkatrathnam from South Africa, participated in the tour. At each location, the artists and Amnesty leaders held a press conference to discuss human rights, and concert-goers were provided with copies of the Universal Declaration in their language and opportunities to sign the Declaration themselves and join
8733-550: The dominance of text in musical settings. Varying song forms were present in Ancient cultures, including China, Egypt, Greece, India, Mesopotamia, Rome, and the Middle East. The text, rhythm, and melodies of these songs were closely aligned, as was music in general, with magic, science, and religion. Complex song forms developed in later ancient societies, particularly the national festivals of China, Greece, and India. Later Ancient societies also saw increased trade and transmission of musical ideas and instruments, often shepherded by
8856-514: The earliest and chief sources for Ancient Indian music; the music portions alone are likely from the Gupta period (4th century to 6th century CE). In general, it is impossible to create a thorough outline of the earliest music in Persia due to a paucity of surviving records. Evidenced by c. 3300–3100 BCE Elam depictions, arched harps are the first affirmation of Persian music, though it
8979-547: The evidence in terracotta plaques, by the 2nd-century BCE the arched harp was displaced by the angular harps , which existed in 20-string vertical and nine-string horizontal variants. Lutes were purportedly used in Mesopotamia by at least 2300 BCE, but not until c. 1300 BCE do they appear in Iran, where they became the dominant string instruments of Western Iran , though the available evidence suggests its popularity
9102-447: The familiar face of their beloved artist on stage endorsing a cause, fans feel more compelled to support the cause. Criticisms against benefit concerts go further than just criticizing the intentions of the celebrities involved. Some argue that benefit concerts are a wrong response for tragedies because the atmosphere involved on them is not one of mourning. Further criticism comes from those who argue that Geldofism turns celebrities into
9225-769: The first operas (dramatic solo vocal music accompanied by orchestra) were written. During the Baroque era, polyphonic contrapuntal music, in which multiple, simultaneous independent melody lines were used, remained important (counterpoint was important in the vocal music of the Medieval era). German, Italian, French, Dutch, Polish, Spanish, Portuguese, and English Baroque composers wrote for small ensembles including strings , brass , and woodwinds , as well as for choirs and keyboard instruments such as pipe organ , harpsichord , and clavichord . During this period several major music forms were defined that lasted into later periods when they were expanded and evolved further, including
9348-502: The former, it would be the oldest known musical instrument and evidence of a musical culture in the Middle Paleolithic. Other than the Divje Babe Flute and three other doubtful flutes, there is virtually no surviving Middle Paleolithic musical evidence of any certainty, similar to the situation in regards to visual art . The earliest objects whose designations as musical instruments are widely accepted are bone flutes from
9471-584: The forms, ideas, and the musical aesthetic of the troubadours, courtly poets, and itinerant musicians, whose culture was largely exterminated during the Albigensian Crusade in the early 13th century. Forms of sacred music which developed during the late 13th century included the motet , conductus , discant , and clausulae . One unusual development was the Geisslerlieder , the music of wandering bands of flagellants during two periods:
9594-474: The general uncertainty surrounding most of the Xia, creating a musical narrative of the period is impractical. In the Indian subcontinent , the prehistoric Indus Valley civilisation (from c. 2500–2000 BCE in its mature state) has archeological evidence that indicates simple rattles and vessel flutes were used, while iconographical evidence suggests early harps and drums also existed. An ideogram in
9717-548: The harpist Nagisa (Nakisa), Ramtin , Sarkash and Barbad , who was the most famous. These musicians were usually active as minstrels , which were performers who worked as both court poets and musicians; in the Sassanian Empire there was little distinction between poetry and music. The Western African Nok culture (modern-day Nigeria) existed from c. 500–200 BCE and left a considerable amount of sculptures. Among these are depictions of music, such as
9840-534: The history of Byzantine music. However, those before the reign of Justinian I are virtually unknown; the monks Anthimos, Auxentios and Timokles are said to have written troparia , but only the text to a single one by Auxentios survives. The first major form was the kontakion , of which Romanos the Melodist was the foremost composer. In the late 7th century the kanōn overtook the kontakion in popularity; Andrew of Crete became its first significant composer, and
9963-487: The incentive for viewers to donate would be minimal. Bob Geldof, the founder of Live Aid, is aware of the need of familiarity and para-social interaction on behalf of the viewer. When criticised for not inviting enough African performers to play at Live Aid (of which the main purpose was famine relief for Africa), Geldof commented that only popular musicians were invited to play at the show because unfamiliar artists would cause viewers to lose interest and "switch off". In seeing
10086-572: The largest such formations in traditional Japanese music . Modern scholars generally define ' Medieval music ' as the music of Western Europe during the Middle Ages , from approximately the 6th to 15th centuries. Music was certainly prominent in the Early Middle Ages , as attested by artistic depictions of instruments, writings about music, and other records; however, the only repertory of music which has survived from before 800 to
10209-693: The late Middle Ages, the music of whom survives in the Codex Calixtinus ; and the English school, the music of which survives in the Worcester Fragments and the Old Hall Manuscript . Alongside these schools of sacred music a vibrant tradition of the secular song developed, as exemplified in the music of the troubadours , trouvères , and Minnesänger . Much of the later secular music of the early Renaissance evolved from
10332-488: The later IVC contains the earliest known depiction of an arched harp , dated sometime before 1800 BCE. Following the advent of writing , literate civilizations are termed part of the ancient world , the first of which is Sumerian literature of Abu Salabikh (now Southern Iraq) of c. 2600 BCE Though the music of Ancient societies was extremely diverse, some fundamental concepts arise prominently in virtually all of them, namely monophony , improvisation and
10455-467: The leading figures. Like their Western counterparts of the same period, Byzantine composers were primarily men. Kassia is a major exception to this; she was a prolific and important composer of sticheron hymns and the only woman whose works entered the Byzantine liturgy . A few other women are known to have been composers, Thekla, Theodosia, Martha and the daughter of John Kladas (her given name
10578-465: The middle generation of the Franco-Flemish school included Johannes Ockeghem , who wrote music in a contrapuntally complex style, with varied texture and an elaborate use of canonical devices; Jacob Obrecht , one of the most famous composers of masses in the last decades of the 15th century; and Josquin des Prez , probably the most famous composer in Europe before Palestrina , and who during
10701-590: The middle of the 13th century (until they were suppressed by the Church); and the period during and immediately following the Black Death , around 1350, when their activities were vividly recorded and well-documented with notated music. Their music mixed folk song styles with penitential or apocalyptic texts. The 14th century in European music history is dominated by the style of the ars nova , which by convention
10824-683: The middle of the 15th century, composers and singers from the Low Countries and adjacent areas began to spread across Europe, especially into Italy, where they were employed by the papal chapel and the aristocratic patrons of the arts (such as the Medici , the Este , and the Sforza families). They carried their style with them: smooth polyphony which could be adapted for sacred or secular use as appropriate. Principal forms of sacred musical composition at
10947-488: The middle of the 16th century, the international style began to break down, and several highly diverse stylistic trends became evident: a trend towards simplicity in sacred music, as directed by the Counter-Reformation Council of Trent , exemplified in the music of Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina ; a trend towards complexity and chromaticism in the madrigal, which reached its extreme expression in
11070-551: The modern oboe and oud lute, the latter which became the pipa . Other preexisting instruments greatly increased in popularity, such as the qing , panpipes, and particularly the qin -zither (or guqin ), which was from then on the most revered instrument, associated with good character and morality. Greek written history extends far back into Ancient Greece , and was a major part of ancient Greek theatre . In ancient Greece, mixed-gender choruses performed for entertainment, celebration and spiritual reasons. Instruments included
11193-596: The most important wind instrument, the double-reed aulos , as well as the plucked string instrument , the lyre , especially the special kind called a kithara . The principal sources on the music of ancient India are textual and iconographical; specifically, some theoretical treatises in Sanskrit survive, there are brief mentions in general literature and many sculptures of Ancient Indian musicians and their instruments exist. Ancient Sanskrit , Pali , and Prakrit literature frequently contains musical references, from
11316-504: The most prominent is that of the musician Ling Lun , who—on the orders of the Yellow Emperor (Huangdi)—invented bamboo flute by imitating the song of the mythical fenghuang birds. In the broadest sense, prehistoric music —more commonly termed primitive music in the past —encompasses all music produced in preliterate cultures ( prehistory ), beginning at least 6 million years ago when humans and chimpanzees last had
11439-939: The most prominent theories are as follows: Many cultures have their own mythical origins on the creation of music. Specific figures are sometimes credited with inventing music, such as Jubal in Christian mythology , the legendary Shah Jamshid in Persian/Iranian mythology , the goddess Saraswati in Hinduism , and the muses in Ancient Greek mythology . Some cultures credit multiple originators of music; ancient Egyptian mythology associates it with numerous deities, including Amun , Hathor , Isis and Osiris , but especially Ihy . There are many stories relating to music's origins in Chinese mythology , but
11562-407: The music of literate civilizations— ancient music —was present in the major Chinese, Egyptian, Greek, Indian, Persian, Mesopotamian, and Middle Eastern societies. It is difficult to make many generalizations about ancient music as a whole, but from what is known it was often characterized by monophony and improvisation . In ancient song forms, the texts were closely aligned with music, and though
11685-428: The natural world directly. The earliest instruments found in prehistoric China are 12 gudi bone flutes in the modern-day Jiahu , Wuyang , Henan Province from c. 6000 BCE. The only instruments dated to the prehistoric Xia dynasty ( c. 2070–1600 ) are two qing , two small bells (one earthenware , one bronze ), and a xun . Due to this extreme scarcity of surviving instruments and
11808-448: The nature of their connection being the subject of much debate. However, before the mid-late 20th century, both topics were seldom given substantial attention by academics. Since the topic's resurgence, the principal source of contention is divided into three perspectives: whether music began as a kind of proto-language (a result of adaptation ) that led to language; if music is a spandrel (a phenotypic by-product of evolution) that
11931-563: The new guitar. Germany cultivated polyphonic forms built on the Protestant chorales , which replaced the Roman Catholic Gregorian Chant as a basis for sacred music, and imported the style of the Venetian school (the appearance of which defined the start of the Baroque era there). In addition, Dutch and German composers, particularly Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck , wrote enormous amounts of organ music, establishing
12054-467: The old church modes , a feature which was at first most obvious at cadential points in compositions, but gradually became pervasive. Music after 1600, beginning with the tonal music of the Baroque era, is often referred to as belonging to the common practice period . The Baroque era took place from 1600 to 1750, as the Baroque artistic style flourished across Europe and, during this time, music expanded in its range and complexity. Baroque music began when
12177-619: The oldest extant musical notation survives from this period, many texts survive without their accompanying music, such as the Rigveda and the Shijing Classic of Poetry . The eventual emergence of the Silk Road and increasing contact between cultures led to the transmission and exchange of musical ideas, practices, and instruments. Such interaction led to the Tang dynasty 's music being heavily influenced by Central Asian traditions, while
12300-445: The oldest, c. 43,150–39,370 BP. Considering the relative complexity of flutes, it is likely earlier instruments existed, akin to objects that are common in later hunter and gatherer societies, such as rattles , shakers , and drums . The absence of other instruments from and before this time may be due to their use of weaker—and thus more biodegradable —materials, such as reeds, gourds, skins, and bark. A painting in
12423-710: The only legitimate spokespeople for a cause, robbing the NGOs of the possibilities to speak up for a cause. In chronological order, beginning with the earliest date: The following is an incomplete list of benefit concerts with their own Misplaced Pages page. For a more descriptive and inclusive list focusing on historically notable events, see the list above . Note that while some of the listed concerts feature only one headliner and several supporting acts, other benefit concerts feature diverse lineups and are also considered music festivals . This list may have some overlap with list of free festivals , which are rock festivals that often have
12546-617: The performance practices of Ancient Chinese musicians survive. The Five Classics of the Zhou dynasty include musical commentary; the I Ching and Chunqiu Spring and Autumn Annals make references, while the Liji Book of Rites contains a substantial discussion (see the chapter Yue Ji Record of Music ). While the Yue Jing Classic of Music is lost, the Shijing Classic of Poetry contains 160 texts to now lost songs from
12669-633: The period after 1100: the St. Martial school of organum, the music of which was often characterized by a swiftly moving part over a single sustained line; the Notre Dame school of polyphony, which included the composers Léonin and Pérotin , and which produced the first music for more than two parts around 1200; the musical melting-pot of Santiago de Compostela in Galicia , a pilgrimage destination and site where musicians from many traditions came together in
12792-481: The present day is the plainsong liturgical music of the Roman Catholic Church, the largest part of which is called Gregorian chant . Pope Gregory I , who gave his name to the musical repertory and may himself have been a composer, is usually claimed to be the originator of the musical portion of the liturgy in its present form, though the sources giving details on his contribution date from more than
12915-673: The routine of people's lives because they occur (in most cases) for only for one night or for one week-end. Furthermore, they are broadcast as television spectacles that interrupt the regular scheduled programming on a given television network. Often, this kind of announced interruption has television viewers discussing the event with others beforehand, generating excitement around the event. Moreover, benefit concerts encourage audiences to adhere to their script, such as by phoning in donations or signing an online pledge. As media events, benefit concerts are widely broadcast and seen by millions of people. (The Live Aid charity concert in 1985, for example,
13038-475: The sake of reaching as many people as possible, his concert had to include only popular artists. Finally, the quality of entertainment is key to the creation of a public sphere where discussions about the concert's cause can occur. The better the entertainment, the more people watch the concert, and thus the more people become aware of the cause. Furthermore, the music played in the concerts can lead spectators to interconnect and become more likely to act towards
13161-768: The second stage of what subsequently became known collectively as the Human Rights Concerts - a series of music events and tours staged by the US Section of Amnesty International between 1986 and 1998. The tour was originally conceived by the Executive Director of Amnesty International's U.S. section, Jack Healey after a suggestion from former Executive Director David Hawk, with some limited input from producer Martin Lewis , who had first recruited rock musicians to perform for Amnesty years before for
13284-415: The state philosophy, and the ganying theories became a dominant philosophy. In practice, however, many officials ignored or downplayed Confucius's high regard for yayue over suyue music, preferring to engage in the more lively and informal later. By 7 BCE the Bureau employed 829 musicians; that year Emperor Ai either disbanded or downsized the department, due to financial limitations, and
13407-455: The time were the mass , the motet , and the laude ; secular forms included the chanson , the frottola , and later the madrigal . The invention of printing had an immense influence on the dissemination of musical styles, and along with the movement of the Franco-Flemish musicians, contributed to the establishment of the first truly international style in European music since the unification of Gregorian chant under Charlemagne. Composers of
13530-444: The tour, based on concepts originated by Healey and Lewis, were developed by Healey and Daly and executed by tour media director Magdeleno Rose-Avila and Charles Fulwood , Communications Director for Amnesty International USA. Benefit concert Benefit concerts can have both subjective and concrete objectives. Subjective objectives include raising awareness about an issue such as misery in Africa (such as Live 8 ) and uplifting
13653-672: The trumpet suggests that the Elamites used them for hunting. In many ways the earliest known musical cultures of Iran are strongly connected with those of Mesopotamia. Ancient arched harps ( c. 3000 ) also exist in the latter and the scarcity of instruments makes it unclear as to which culture the harp originated. Far more bull lyres survive in Ur of Mesopotamia, notably the Bull Headed Lyre of Ur , though they are nearly identical to their contemporary Elamite counterparts. From
13776-817: The well known Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng (after 433 BCE) contains a variety of complex and decorated instruments. Of the tomb, the by-far most notable instrument is the monumental set of 65 tuned bianzhong bells , which range five octaves requiring at least five players; they are still playable and include rare inscriptions on music. Ancient Chinese instruments served both practical and ceremonial means. People used them to appeal to supernatural forces for survival needs, while pan flutes may have been used to attract birds while hunting, and drums were common in sacrifices and military ceremonies. Chinese music has always been closely associated with dance, literature and fine arts; many early Chinese thinkers also equated music with proper morality and governance of society. Throughout
13899-619: The word gagaku derives from the Chinese yayue music, the latter originally referred to Confucian ritual music, while gagaku extends to many genres, styles and instruments. In the tradition's early history, the three main genres were wagaku (native Japanese music), sankangaku (music from the Three Kingdoms of Korea ) and tōgaku (music from China's Tang dynasty ), as well as more minor genres such as toragaku , gigaku , and rin’yūgaku . Uniquely among Asian music of this time, there are numerous extant scores of gagaku music from
14022-417: The worldwide human rights movement. The tour featured big concerts at big stadiums such as Camp Nou (90,000 people), Népstadion (80,000), JFK Stadium (78,000), River Plate Stadium (75,000), and Harare (75,000). Only Paris and Toronto got arena shows. The Paris concert was originally going to be held at a big racing track that could accommodate 72,000 people, but the promoters changed their minds and it
14145-399: Was also not unusual in the 18th and 19th centuries for musicians to stage performances to raise funds for their own professional work, such as Ludwig van Beethoven 's 1808 Akademie concert . The modern understanding of a benefit concert is of a large-scale, popular event put on to support a charitable or political cause. In the modern era , the first benefit concert is generally seen as
14268-494: Was considered excessive or lascivious. During the Warring States Period when of Confucius's lifetime, officials often ignored this distinction, preferring more lively suyue music and using the older yayue traditional solely for political means. Confucius and disciples such as Mencius considered this preference virtueless and saw ill of the leaders' ignorance of ganying , a theory that held music
14391-482: Was evidently used in ceremonies and celebrations; a Parthian-era stone frieze in Hatra shows a wedding where musicians are included, playing trumpets, tambourines, and a variety of flutes. Other textual and iconographical evidence indicates the continued prominence of gōsān minstrels. However, like the Achaemenid period, Greek writers continue to be a major source for information on Parthian music. Strabo recorded that
14514-404: Was intrinsically connected to the universe. Thus, many aspects of Ancient Chinese music were aligned with cosmology: the 12 pitch shí-èr-lǜ system corresponded equally with certain weights and measurements; the pentatonic scale with the five wuxing ; and the eight tone classification of Chinese instruments of bayin with the eight symbols of bagua . No actual music or texts on
14637-546: Was moved indoors. More than one million people attended concerts over a six-week period, volunteers distributed 1.2 million copies of the Declaration, and hundreds of thousands of concertgoers signed a petition urging governments to ratify international human rights treaties and defend advocates for human rights. The tour was made possible in part by a grant from the Reebok Foundation . The twenty concerts were
14760-528: Was outside of the elite. The rock reliefs of Kul-e Farah show that sophisticated Persian court ensembles emerged in the 1st-century BCE, in the which the central instrument was the arched harp. The prominence of musicians in these certain rock reliefs suggests they were essential in religious ceremonies. Like earlier periods, extremely little contemporary information on the music of the Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BCE) exists. Most knowledge on
14883-422: Was prominent, it was not strict and the tōgaku and komagaku styles nonetheless interlaced and influenced each other. The long Heian period (794–1185) saw much patronage of gagaku music from the court, as it accompanied many festivals and celebrations. Numerous new genres emerged at this time, such as the saibara and rōei song forms. Gagaku ensembles consist of a wide variety of instruments and are
15006-471: Was seen by an estimated 1.5 billion viewers worldwide.) However, this mass dissemination is only one of the factors that contribute to the success of benefit concerts. The people who send the message for collective action are essential to a benefit concert's effectiveness. Dayan and Katz suggest that media events are an expression of a "neo-romantic desire for heroic action", meaning that media events produce leaders who inspire collective action with belief in
15129-425: Was the result of language; or if music and language both derived from a common antecedent. There is little consensus on any particular theory for the origin of music, which have included contributions from archaeologists, cognitive scientists, ethnomusicologists , evolutionary biologists , linguists, neuroscientists, paleoanthropologists , philosophers, and psychologists ( developmental and social ). Some of
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