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51-695: The Humber collects from about 750 creeks and tributaries in a fan-shaped area north of Toronto that encompasses portions of Dufferin County , the Regional Municipality of Peel , Simcoe County , and the Regional Municipality of York . The main branch runs for about 100 kilometres (60 mi) from the Niagara Escarpment in the northwest, while another major branch, known as the East Humber River, starts at Lake St. George in

102-469: A corps de garde , storeroom, barracks, blacksmithy, and a building for the officers. A drawing purported to date from 1749 shows the fort adjacent to Lake Ontario . Today the location is a hundred metres or so from the lake's current shoreline, which has been infilled. A wall surrounded the fort with an entrance to the south-facing Lake Ontario and a small road ( chemin ). Captain Gother Mann showed

153-596: A canteen. Picquet had worked among the Iroquois south of the lake and the Mississaugas felt that the Iroquois had been better treated. In 1756, war was declared between Britain and France. In 1757, with the garrison elsewhere, the Mississaugas looted the fort. A message was sent to Fort Niagara and the French returned the next day to take back the fort. The Mississaugas confessed to the plot, saying that they thought

204-412: A larger adjacent region. Fort Rouill%C3%A9 Fort Rouillé was a French trading post located in what is now Toronto , Ontario , Canada. Fort Rouillé was constructed by the French in 1751, building upon the success of a trading post they established in the area a year earlier, known as Fort Toronto . Fort Rouillé was named for Antoine Louis Rouillé , who at the time of its establishment

255-583: A long history of human settlement along its banks. Native settlement of the area is well documented archaeologically and occurred in three waves. The first settlers were the Palaeo-Indians who lived in the area from 10,000 to 7000 BC. The second wave, people of the Archaic period, settled the area between 7000 and 1000 BC and began to adopt seasonal migration patterns to take advantage of available plants, fish, and game. The third wave of native settlement

306-696: A trading post along the Humber River near Baby Point . Completed in 1720, the trading post was abandoned shortly after the British Fort Oswego was completed in 1727, which had diverted trade away from Magasin Royal. In 1750, the French built another trading post named Fort Toronto near the mouth of the Humber River, with the intention of diverting aboriginals using the Toronto Carrying-Place Trail from proceeding to

357-525: Is a county and census division located in Central Ontario , Canada. The county seat is Orangeville , and the current Warden is Darren White. The current chief administrative officer is Sonya Pritchard. Dufferin covers an area of 1,486.77 square kilometres (574.05 sq mi), and its population was 66,257 at the time of the 2021 Census . It was originally organized as the "Provisional County of Dufferin", with preparatory work authorized by

408-463: Is becoming more important as the county takes a more positive role in attracting visitors. Dufferin County is the highest plateau immediately south of Georgian Bay , and as such forms the watershed divide between the four lakes: Huron , Erie , Ontario and Simcoe . Four rivers — Saugeen , Grand , Credit and Nottawasaga — take their rise in Dufferin or in adjacent townships and drain through

459-707: Is flanked by a cannon and a mortar, dating from the 1850s; they are all British. A second cannon, present on the west side of the obelisk as recently as 2005, has since been removed. The grounds were excavated in 1979 and 1980 by the Toronto Historical Board , and again in 1982 by the Youth Committee of the Toronto Sesquicentennial Board. Two commemorative plaques – one in English, and one in French – are attached to

510-508: Is now part of the public lands of Exhibition Place . The location is marked by an obelisk monument, with the outline of the fort marked in concrete. During the late 17th and 18th centuries, the area surrounding Toronto was frequently used by French fur traders as a shortcut to the upper Great Lakes and the area north of Toronto. In an attempt to secure the trade route from the British, the French established Magasin Royal (Fort Douville),

561-687: Is very small and geographically compact. As a census division in the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada , Dufferin County had a population of 66,257 living in 23,310 of its 24,388 total private dwellings, a change of 7.3% from its 2016 population of 61,735 . With a land area of 1,486.77 km (574.05 sq mi), it had a population density of 44.6/km (115.4/sq mi) in 2021. Upper Grand District School Board operates secular Anglophone public schools. The Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board operates Anglophone Catholic public schools. The Conseil scolaire Viamonde operates secular Francophone schools serving

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612-530: The French defeat at Fort Niagara in July 1759, the garrison at Fort Rouillé burnt down the fort and withdrew to Montreal. After the fall of Fort Niagara in July 1759, the British under Lieutenant Francis came to Rouillé and found only burnt timbers. After the destruction of Fort Rouillé, no attempt was made to re-establish a settlement in the vicinity until more than thirty years later, when Governor Simcoe laid down

663-533: The Legislative Assembly of Ontario in 1875 and the actual formation taking effect in 1881, being created from parts of the counties of Grey and Simcoe, on the north and east, and from the County of Wellington on the south and west. The Village of Grand Valley was erected from East Luther in 1897, and the two municipalities amalgamated in 1995 to form the Township of East Luther Grand Valley, which

714-544: The Oak Ridges Moraine near Aurora to the northeast. They join north of Toronto and then flow in a generally southeasterly direction into Lake Ontario at what was once the far western portions of the city. The river mouth is flanked by Sir Casimir Gzowski Park and Humber Bay Park East. There are two indigenous names attributed to the Humber. One is "Cobechenonk", for "leave the canoes and go back", attributed to

765-579: The 1940s, which the Humber Valley Conservation Authority was established to address. But in 1954, Hurricane Hazel raised the river to devastating flood levels, destroying buildings and bridges ; on Raymore Drive , 60 homes were destroyed and 35 people were killed. The Metropolitan Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (MTRCA later TRCA) succeeded the Humber Valley authority in 1957 (the word "Metropolitan"

816-541: The British fort in Oswego, New York . Known as Fort Toronto (or Fort Portneuf), the trading post saw immediate success, with demand outstripping the supply of goods that the post was able to provide. Fort Toronto was built by Pierre Robineau de Portneuf and was located west of Grenadier Pond , next to Jean-Baptiste Rousseau 's home at the start of the Toronto Carrying-Place Trail. This encampment

867-500: The First Nations living within the vicinity of the mouth of the Humber River. His license was later inherited by his son, Jean Baptiste Rousseau , after his death in 1774. Rousseau maintained several contacts in the area, although did not permanently relocate there until 1792; when he established a trading post near the mouth of the Humber River. Rousseau piloted John Graves Simcoe 's ship into Toronto Bay to officially commence

918-651: The French built another fort near the mouth of the Humber River, with the intention of diverting aboriginals using it as a passage from proceeding to the British in Fort Oswego . Known as Fort Toronto, the fort saw immediate success, with demand outstripping the supply of goods the Fort was able to provide. The success of the fort persuaded the Governor General of New France , the Marquis de la Jonquière to order

969-613: The French had been driven out and they were taking items away from the British. According to a report of a Captain Pierre Pouchot , he believed that they had only wanted the French brandy. In 1758, the order was given to reinforce Fort Niagara and all men and loyal natives were called to defend it. The fort continued to operate until 1759, during the Seven Years' War . The fort's garrison was instructed to evacuate and burn Fort Rouillé should Fort Niagara be captured. Following

1020-608: The Humber, Hayhoe Mills in Woodbridge , closed in 2007. By 1860 the Humber Valley was extensively deforested. This decreased the stability of the river banks and increased damages done by periodic flooding. In 1878 a disastrous flood destroyed the remaining water-powered mills. As the Toronto area grew, the lands around the Humber became important farming areas; in addition, some areas of the river's flood plain were developed as residential. This led to serious runoff problems in

1071-529: The Marquis de La Jonquière, Governor of New France, to help strengthen French control of the Great Lakes and was located here near an important portage to capture the trade of Indians travelling southeast toward the British fur-trading centre at Oswego. A small frontier post, Fort Rouillé was a palisaded fortification with four bastions and five main buildings. It apparently prospered until hostilities between

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1122-583: The area's most recent native inhabitants, the Anishinaabe . A second is “Niwa’ah Onega’gaih’ih,” “Little Thundering Waters.” A French map from 1688 called the river "passage de taronto", while Popple's map of 1733 shows the "Tanaovate River" beside the native settlement of Tejajagon. Lieutenant-Governor John Graves Simcoe named it the Humber River, likely after the Humber estuary in England. The Humber has

1173-537: The area. The Conseil scolaire de district catholique Centre-Sud (CSDCCS) Archived 1999-10-11 at the Wayback Machine operates Catholic Francophone schools serving the area. Dufferin County is part of two Ontario travel regions. Headwaters Tourism Association represents the county and the adjacent municipalities of Caledon and Erin . Central Counties of Ontario combines the Headwaters area and

1224-529: The base of the obelisk, placed there by the Ontario Heritage Foundation . To the north, a third plaque commemorates the excavation done on the site, and to the west, a fourth plaque commemorates a visit to the site by Bertrand Delanoë , mayor of Paris , on September 6, 2003. A concrete outline of the original fort is marked on the ground. There is a short street, Fort Rouille Street, located approximately 1 km (0.62 mi) north of

1275-536: The buildings of the fort. It was very well built, piece upon piece, but was only useful for trade. A league west of the fort is the mouth of the Toronto river, which is of considerable size. The river communicates with Lake Huron by a portage of 15 leagues, and is frequented by the Indians, who come from the north." It was a small, palisaded fort with a bastion at each of its four corners. The 180 by 180 feet (55 m × 55 m) fort consisted of five buildings:

1326-470: The construction of a larger fort, with more trading capacity and military potential, in an effort to consolidate its hold of the region. Fort Rouillé , located in present-day Exhibition Place (east of the Humber River), was completed in the spring of 1751. The fort continued to operate until 1759, during the Seven Years' War . Instructed to evacuate and raze the fort should Fort Niagara be captured,

1377-545: The county. The county is a lofty table-land that is about 518 metres (1,700 ft) above sea-level and about 427 metres (1,400 ft) above the level of downtown Toronto . A continuation of the Caledon Mountains skirts the eastern side of the county. The highest peaks, however, are no match for the Blue Mountains north of Dufferin or the Caledon Mountains on the south. The County of Dufferin, sits on

1428-645: The east branch at Summerlea Park . The Humber watershed is a hydrological feature of south-central Ontario, Canada, principally in north and west Toronto. It has an area of 903 square kilometres (349 sq mi), flowing through numerous physio-graphic regions, including the Oak Ridges Moraine and the Niagara Escarpment. The watershed is bounded on the west by the Credit River , Etobicoke Creek and Mimico Creek watersheds, and on

1479-716: The east by the Garrison Creek , Don River and Rouge River watersheds, all six of which empty into Lake Ontario; on the north by the Nottawasaga River which empties into Lake Huron ; and on the northeast by the Holland River , which empties into Lake Simcoe. Unlike the Don to the east, the Humber remained relatively free from industrialization as Toronto grew. Since the flooding of Hurricane Hazel , it has been largely developed or redeveloped as parkland, with

1530-435: The extensive and important wetlands on its southern end remaining unmolested. Whereas the mouth of the Don is often clogged with flotsam and is obstructed by low bridges, the Humber is navigable and used for recreation and fishing. Today the majority of the Toronto portion of the Humber is parkland, with paved trails running from the lake shore all the way to the northern border of the city some 30 km away. Trails following

1581-544: The fort site accessible from Springhurst Avenue. The street at one time extended south to the fort site. The English-language plaque erected by the Ontario Heritage Foundation in 1957 at the Fort Rouillé monument reads: The last French post built in present-day southern Ontario, Fort Rouillé, more commonly known as Fort Toronto, was erected on this site in 1750–51. It was established by order of

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1632-399: The foundations of York in 1793, four miles east of the French stockade. A first-hand account of the fort describes it. "The fort of Toronto was at the end of the bay, on the side which is quite elevated and covered by flat rock so that vessels cannot approach within cannon shot. This fort or post was a square about 180 feet on a side externally with flanks of fifteen feet. The curtains formed

1683-506: The fringe of the Greater Toronto Area, about 100 kilometres (62 mi) northwest of Toronto. It is largely a rural county with three urban settlement areas, namely Grand Valley, Orangeville and Shelburne. The Town of Orangeville, the county seat, is situated on the southern border of the county and is the largest urban centre, with just over half the population. Although Orangeville dominates in terms of population, in area it

1734-537: The garrison would vacate the area for Montreal after they were defeated at Fort Niagara in July 1759. The area was later secured by British forces in September 1760, when the British Army dispatched its chief scout and intelligence officer, Robert Rogers , along with 200 men and fifteen whale boats to take control of the former French fort. In 1772, Jean-Bonaventure Rousseau received a license to trade with

1785-586: The layout in his map, "Plan of the Proposed Toronto Harbour," dated December 6, 1788. The map shows five buildings in the stockade as well as the bounds of the quadrangle enclosed by the palisades. Vestiges of the fort remained for many years afterwards. When Toronto secured part of the garrison common for the Toronto Industrial Exhibition , the fort site's mounds were levelled and some depressions filled in. To mark

1836-523: The need for a lumber mill and grist mill in the area. He had constructed a sawmill on the west bank of the river near present-day Bloor Street in 1793, which was operated by John Wilson. In 1797 Simcoe managed to get a grist mill established on the Humber River. It was owned and operated by John Lawrence. Over the years, numerous mills have been operated along the river by such men as William Cooper , W. P. Howland, Thomas Fisher , John Scarlett , William Gamble and Joseph Rowntree . The last grist mill on

1887-426: The same goods as Chouegen (Oswego) and at the same price." Learning that the indigenous people travelled south along the Toronto Carrying-Place Trail, the decision was made to locate the fort at Toronto. Abbé Picquet visited Rouillé in 1752. He found good bread and wine there and it was better equipped than other outposts. The Mississaugas there expressed a wish for Picquet to build a church there; they had only built

1938-563: The settlement of York in 1793. Most of the British attention was focused to the east of the Humber, around the protected Toronto Bay closer to the Don River. Settlement was scattered until after the War of 1812 when many loyalists moved to the area, who were joined by immigrants from Ireland and Scotland who chose to remain in British lands. Upon his arrival in York, Simcoe was keenly aware of

1989-637: The site in 1878 uncovered a cemetery with six remains. In the summer of 1887, a large obelisk , designed by architects Langley and Burke, was unveiled at the Toronto Industrial Exhibition to mark the spot where the original French-built Fort Rouillé was erected. It was paid for by the Exhibition Association, the city, the province and the York Pioneers. The site is now part of Exhibition Place . The obelisk

2040-422: The site of present-day Exhibition Place , was completed in the spring of 1751. The new fort was named for Antoine Louis Rouillé , Comte de Jouy and French Minister of Marine and Colonies from 1749 to 1753. It was also known as Fort Toronto since it replaced the small trading post that was built in 1750. The fort's construction had been ordered to further establish a French presence in the area, and to intercept

2091-614: The spot, a large granite boulder was dredged up from the bay, inscribed "This cairn marks the exact spot of Fort Rouille, commonly known as Fort Toronto, an Indian Trading Post and Stockade. Established 1749 AD, by the order of the government of Louis XV in accordance with the recommendations of the Count de la Galissonniere, Administrator of New France 1717–1749. Erected by the Corporation of the City of Toronto, 1878." A landscaping crew at

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2142-528: The trade of indigenous people travelling towards a British fur-trading post in present-day Oswego . According to a report of the Abbé Picquet , the indigenous people received a larger amount of silver for their beavers at Oswego. Although they preferred French brandy, this was not enough to dissuade the natives from going to Oswego. "To destroy the trade there, the King's posts ought to have been supplied with

2193-525: The various branches of the river form some 50 km of bicycling trails, much of which are in decent condition. Similar trails on the Don tend to be narrower and in somewhat worse condition, but the complete set of trails is connected along the lake shore, for some 100 km of off-road paved trails. Source: Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, The Atlas of Canada. Other map sources: Dufferin County Dufferin County

2244-454: Was Secretary of State for the Navy in the administration of King Louis XV of France . It served as a trading post with the local indigenous peoples from the region. Fort Rouillé was evacuated and burnt down by its French garrison after the French defeat at Fort Niagara in July 1759, during the French and Indian War . The remains of the fort were demolished in the 19th century. The fort site

2295-610: Was dropped in 1998). More recently, a task force within the Authority was formed to further clear the Humber as a part of the Great Lakes 2000 Cleanup Fund. The Humber River begins at Humber Springs Ponds on the Niagara Escarpment in Mono , Dufferin County and reaches its mouth at Humber Bay on Lake Ontario in the city of Toronto. The West Humber River goes through the Claireville Conservation Area , joining

2346-588: Was erected into the Town of Grand Valley in 2012. The county gets its name from Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava , who was Governor General of Canada between 1872-1878. Originally an agriculturally based economy, Dufferin's economy has diversified to include commercial and retail businesses, industries related to residential and commercial construction (building, supplies, aggregates, real estate) and manufacturing. A portion of Dufferin’s economy still depends on agriculture but tourism

2397-443: Was frequently used by the French traders as a short cut to the upper Great Lakes and the area north of Toronto. In an attempt to secure the trade route from the British, the French established Magasin Royal , a trading post along the Humber River, near Baby Point . Completed in 1720, the trading post was abandoned shortly after the British fort in Oswego, New York was completed, as it diverted trade away from Magasin Royal. In 1750,

2448-483: Was the Woodland period, which saw the introduction of the bow and arrow and the growing of crops which allowed for larger, more permanent villages. The Woodland period was also characterized by movement of native groups along what is known today as the Toronto Carrying-Place Trail , running from Lake Ontario up the Humber to Lake Simcoe and eventually to the northern Great Lakes . It is believed that Étienne Brûlé

2499-479: Was the first European to encounter the Humber while travelling the Toronto Carrying-Place Trail. Brûlé passed through the watershed in 1615 on a mission from Samuel de Champlain to build alliances with native peoples, but left no written record. The Trail became a convenient shortcut to the upper Great Lakes for traders, explorers, and missionaries. A major landmark on the northern end of the trail in Lake Simcoe

2550-404: Was typical of other New France installations in that it commanded an old riverine trade route. The success of Fort Toronto persuaded the Governor General of New France , the Marquis de la Jonquière , to order the construction of a larger fort, with more trading capacity and military potential, in an effort to consolidate France's hold of the region and its trade routes. Fort Rouillé, located on

2601-528: Was used to describe the trail as a whole, and eventually the southern end became known simply as "Toronto" to the Europeans. During the 1660s this was the site of Teiaiagon , a permanent settlement of the Seneca used for trading with the Europeans. Popple's map of 1733 shows a prominent river beside "Tejajagon" which is assumed to be the Humber. During late-17th and 18th century, the portage along this river

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