Captain Pierre Pouchot (April 8, 1712 – 1769) was a French military engineer and officer in the French regular army.
88-682: He was born at Grenoble , France, son of a merchant. In 1733 he joined the regular army as a volunteer engineer and on May 1, 1734 was appointed a second lieutenant in the Regiment de Bearn . He later served in Italy, Flanders, and Germany and became an assistant adjutant within ten years. In the War of the Austrian Succession his engineering service won distinction and he received the Cross of
176-754: A Gallic people dwelling in a large territory between the Rhône river and the Alps during the Iron Age and the Roman period . The Allobroges came relatively late to Gaul compared to most other tribes of Gallia Narbonensis ; they first appear in historical records in connection with Hannibal's crossing of the Alps in 218 BC. Their territory was subsequently annexed to Rome in 121 BC by Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and Quintus Fabius Maximus Allobrogicus . An attempted revolt
264-689: A civil war and Caesar's assassination in March 44. Although the Helvetii thought that they could persuade the Allobroges to let them go through their territory in 58 BC because of their antipathy to Rome, the Gallic tribe, presumably led at that time by Adbucillus, remained loyal to Caesar during all the Gallic Wars (58–50 BC). The Roman general used Vienna in particular as a strategic outpost during
352-733: A Catholic movement, the Ligue , which took Grenoble in December 1590, refused to make peace. After months of assaults, Lesdiguières defeated the Ligue and took back Grenoble. He became the leader of the entire province. Lesdiguières became the lieutenant-general of the Dauphiné and administered the Province from 1591 to 1626. He began the construction of the Bastille to protect the city and ordered
440-606: A Celtic-Germanic correspondence of the term. A mountain in the Mont Blanc massif is still called Pointe Allobrogia , which could be the remnant of an ancient territorial claim made by the Gallic people. The territory of the Allobroges, which is known as Allobrogia , stretched between the Isère and the Rhône rivers, the Lacus Lemannus (Lake Geneva) and the Alps . By the mid-1st century BC, they also possessed
528-507: A decentralized system of governance. Aimé Bocquet has proposed to identify those hypothetical tribal territories with five natural sub-regions: Chablais and Faucigny [ fr ] , the Genevois , Savoie , Grésivaudan , and Isle-Crémieu [ fr ] . During the Roman period, the Allobroges cultivated wheat and exported wine. Copper and silver deposits were numerous in
616-758: A joint British and Iroquois force commanded by General John Prideaux and William Johnson laid siege to Fort Niagara. After a relief force from Fort Machault under the command of Captain François-Marie Le Marchand de Lignery was routed by the besiegers at La Belle Famille on 25 July, Pouchot was obliged to surrender the fort to Johnson. He died in May, 1769 on Corsica as a military engineer. Grenoble Grenoble ( / ɡ r ə ˈ n oʊ b əl / grə- NOH -bəl ; French: [ɡʁənɔbl] ; Arpitan : Grenoblo or Grainóvol ; Occitan : Graçanòbol or Grenòble )
704-654: A major role in industrializing hydroelectricity production. With the development of his paper mills, he accelerated the economic development of the Grésivaudan valley and Grenoble. On 4 August 1897, a stone and bronze fountain was inaugurated in Grenoble to commemorate the pre-revolutionary events of June 1788. Built by the sculptor Henri Ding , the Fountain of the Three Orders, which represents three characters,
792-800: A piece of land north of the Rhône river, between modern Lyon and Geneva , whose later status remains uncertain. During the Roman period, the civitas Viennensium covered an area of around 13,000 km , one of the largest in Gaul. The Allobroges lived east of the Segusiavi and the Vellavi , south of the Ambarri and Sequani , north of the Segovellauni , Vertamocorii , Vocontii , Tricorii , Ucennii , Graioceli and Ceutrones , and southwest of
880-663: A time when it was a village of the Allobroges Gallic tribe. It became the capital of the Dauphiné in the 11th century. This status, consolidated by the annexation to France , allowed it to develop its economy. Grenoble then became a parliamentary and military city, close to the border with Savoy , which at the time was part of the Holy Roman Empire . Industrial development increased the prominence of Grenoble through several periods of economic expansion over
968-533: Is a Latinized form of the Gaulish * Allobrogis ( sing. Allobrox ), which literally means 'those from another country' or 'those from the other frontier', that is to say the 'foreigners' or the 'exiled'. The personal names Allo-brogicus and Allo-broxus are related; they all stem from the Celtic root allo - ('other, second') attached to brogi- ('territory, region, march '). This may give further evidence of
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#17327794707361056-585: Is classified as a global city with the ranking of "sufficiency" by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . The city held the title of European Green Capital in 2022. The first references to what is now Grenoble date back to 43 BC. Cularo was at that time a Gallic village of the Allobroges tribe, near a bridge across the Isère. Three centuries later and with insecurity rising in
1144-449: Is located on Place Notre-Dame. People in Grenoble interpret these characters as follows: "Is it raining?" inquires the third estate ; "Please heaven it had rained", lament the clergy ; and "It will rain", proclaims the nobility . World War I accelerated Grenoble's economic development. To sustain the war effort, new hydroelectric industries developed along the various rivers of the region, and several existing companies moved into
1232-671: Is the prefecture and largest city of the Isère department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of southeastern France. It was the capital of the Dauphiné historical province and lies where the river Drac flows into the Isère at the foot of the French Alps . The population of the commune of Grenoble was 158,198 as of 2019, while the population of the Grenoble metropolitan area (French: aire d'attraction de Grenoble or agglomération grenobloise )
1320-452: The Bastille hill of Chartreuse, Grenoble is exclusively built on the alluvial plain of the rivers Isère and Drac at an altitude of 214 metres (702 ft). As a result, the city itself is extremely flat. Mountain sports are an important tourist attraction in summer and winter. Twenty large and small ski resorts surround the city, the nearest being Le Sappey-en-Chartreuse , which is about 15 minutes away by car. Historically, Grenoble and
1408-624: The Helvetii and Veragri . Until its destruction by the Romans in 61 BC, the main settlement of the Allobroges was known as Solonion, possibly corresponding to the modern village of Salagnon , near Bourgoin-Jallieu , or else to Montmiral , near Saint-Marcellin . The site of Vienna (modern Vienne , France), situated at the confluence of the Gère and Rhône rivers, was occupied by the Celts since
1496-527: The International Exhibition of Hydropower and Tourism in 1925, which was visited by more than 1 million people. The organization of this exhibition forced the military to remove the old city walls and allowed the expansion of the city to the south. This exhibition also highlighted the city's hydropower industry and the region's tourist attractions. The site of the exhibition became an urban park in 1926, named Parc Paul Mistral after
1584-700: The Roman Republic and, in particular, the power of the aristocratic Senate . Seeing an opportunity to enlist their help to the Catiline conspiracy , Lentulus sent the businessman Umbrenus persuade the Gallic envoys to invade Italy in support of Catiline. Although initially favourable to this overture, the Allobroges thought that their fate would be better if they take the Senate's side. They contacted their patron Q. Fabius Sanga , and Cicero convinced them to provide him with more evidence by feigning to join
1672-482: The Segovellauni , Brancus may actually be Segovellaunian. In his account, however, Livy specifically states that the two chieftains were Allobroges. From the 2nd century BC onward, a climate change known as the Roman Warm Period led to a reduction in migrations from Central and Northern Europe. As a result, the adoption rate of a sedentary lifestyle among the former roving tribes of the region, including
1760-607: The United States , the United Kingdom , and Russia . General Haxo transformed the Bastille fortress, which took on its present aspect between 1824 and 1848. The Second Empire saw the construction of the French railway network, and the first trains arrived at Grenoble in 1858. Shortly thereafter Grenoble experienced widespread destruction by extensive flooding in 1859. In 1869 engineer Aristide Bergès played
1848-535: The diocese of Grenoble was founded in 377 AD. From that time on, the bishops exercised significant political power over the city. Until the French Revolution , they styled themselves the "bishops and princes of Grenoble". After the collapse of the Roman Empire , the city became part of the first Burgundian kingdom in the 5th century and of the later Kingdom of Burgundy until 1032, when it
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#17327794707361936-717: The " Day of the Tiles ". The people attacked the royal troops to prevent an expulsion of the notables of the city, which would have seriously endangered the economic prosperity of Grenoble. Following these events, the Assembly of Vizille took place. Its members organized the meeting of the old Estates General , thus beginning the French Revolution . During the Revolution, Grenoble was represented in Paris by two illustrious notables, Jean Joseph Mounier and Antoine Barnave . In 1790,
2024-399: The Allobroges began to strengthen the border along the Rhône river, possibly fearing attacks coming from the other bank. Vercingetorix tried to bribe their leaders to fight on the side of the Gallic coalition against Caesar, but the Allobroges rejected the offer. Two sons of Adbucillus, Aegus and Roscillus , provided assistance to Caesar in all of his Gallic campaigns. He assigned to them
2112-482: The Allobroges, probably increased during the late 2nd and 1st century BC. Greek geographer Strabo later wrote in the early 1st century AD, "formerly the Allobroges kept up warfare with many myriads of men, whereas now they till the plains and the glens that are in the Alps." Between 125 and 122 BC, the Romans crossed the Alps and fought the Salluvii and Vocontii . During the conflict, the Allobroges gave shelter to
2200-571: The Allobrogian territory was divided and administered from the three main cities: Vienna, Geneva and Cularo (later renamed Gratianopolis). From the "Palace of Mirrors" baths at Saint-Romain-en-Gal comes a statue of Vienna's tutelary goddess. Aix-les-Bains was a major centre of the cult of the healing god Borvo . The cult of Cybele was introduced to Vienna by traders from the Ancient Orient . A prominent temple likely dedicated to
2288-461: The Carthaginian army, but, as it was, it was discovered, and though they inflicted a good deal of damage on Hannibal, they did as much injury to themselves ... In Livy 's version, the Gallic chieftain who provided assistance to Hannibal is named Brancus ('the claw', var. Braneus ). According to some scholars, since the 'Island' mentioned by ancient authors corresponds to the territory of
2376-599: The Counts to strengthen their authority. When they later adopted the title of " Dauphins ", Grenoble became the capital of the State of Dauphiné . Despite their status, the Counts had to share authority over the city with the Bishop of Grenoble. One of the most famous of those was Saint Hugh . Under his rule, the city's bridge was rebuilt, and a regular and leper hospital was built. The inhabitants of Grenoble took advantage of
2464-568: The Dauphiné was divided into three departments , and Grenoble became the chef-lieu of the Isère department . Only two refractory priests were executed at Grenoble during the Reign of Terror . Pope Pius VI , prisoner of France, spent two days at Grenoble in 1799 before going to Valence where he died. The establishment of the Empire was overwhelmingly approved (in Isère, the results showed 82,084 yes and only 12 no). Grenoble welcomed for
2552-464: The Grenoble Center for Nuclear Studies (CENG), resulting in the birth of the Grenoble model, a combination of research and industry. The first stone was laid in December 1956. In 1968 Grenoble hosted the X Olympic Winter Games . This event helped modernize the city with the development of infrastructure such as an airport, motorways, a new town hall , and a new train station. It also helped
2640-832: The Order of St. Louis and in September, 1748 a Captain's commission. In 1754 during the French and Indian War his regiment was selected for service in Canada. He arrived at Fort Frontenac in July, 1755 and then was sent to Fort Niagara to improve its defenses. In July and August, 1756 he assisting in laying out the siege works in the Battle of Fort Oswego . After came construction in Montreal, then Fort Ticonderoga and Fort Frontenac. He
2728-547: The Rhone and the Arar, at their confluence. Under Octavian , sometime between 40 and 27 BC, Vienna became known as Colonia Iulia Viennensium , then was made into a colonia Romana known as Colonia Iulia Augusta Florentia Vienna (or Viennensium) , either under Augustus (ca. 15 BC) or Caligula (ca. 40 AD). In 35 AD, the Allobrogian citizen Valerius Asiaticus became the first Gallic man to be elected as Roman consul . Vienna
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2816-509: The Salluvian leaders, including their king Toutomotoulos , and refused to hand them over, which, added to the fact that the Allobroges had raided the Aedui , a recent ally of Rome, led the latter to declare war against them. They were defeated by the Romans forces of Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus at the Battle of Vindalium in 121 BC, which occurred in modern Mourre-de-Sève ( Sorgues ), at
2904-518: The activity of German troops. With the landing in Provence , German troops evacuated the city on 22 August 1944. On 5 November 1944, General Charles de Gaulle came to Grenoble and bestowed on the city the Compagnon de la Libération to recognise "a heroic city at the peak of the French resistance and combat for the liberation". In 1955, future physics Nobel prize laureate Louis Néel created
2992-529: The armaments industry (for example in Livet-et-Gavet ). Electrochemical factories were also established in the area surrounding Grenoble, initially to produce chemical weapons. This development resulted in significant immigration to Grenoble, particularly from Italian workers who settled in the Saint-Laurent neighborhood. The economic development of the city was highlighted by the organization of
3080-547: The capitulation of the troops and the occupation of the city. During his return from the island of Elba in 1815, Napoleon took a road that led him near Grenoble at Laffrey . There he met the Royalist Régiment d'Angoulême (former 5th) of Louis XVIII's Royal Army . Napoleon stepped toward the soldiers and said these famous words: "If there is among you a soldier who wants to kill his Emperor, here I am." The soldiers all joined his cause. After that, Napoleon
3168-540: The chosen classifications. The area contains significant seasonal differences between warm to hot summers and cool to cold winters. Both temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F) for the summer months and winter air frosts are common. In addition, the climate is much gloomier than in the Mediterranean region, although less so than in Northern France. Rainfall is quite heavy by French standards, although
3256-402: The clandestine operations and provided false documentation for young people to prevent them from being assigned to STO . In September 1943, German troops occupied Grenoble, escalating the conflict with the clandestine movements. On 11 November 1943 (the anniversary of the armistice of 1918 ), massive strikes and demonstrations took place in front of the local collaboration offices. In response,
3344-438: The competing glove industry of Grasse , leaving the glove factories of Grenoble without any competition. This allowed a stronger economic development for the city during the 18th century. At the beginning of that century, only 12 glovers made 15,000 dozen gloves each year; by 1787, 64 glovers made 160,000 dozen gloves each year. The city gained some notoriety on 7 June 1788 when the townspeople assaulted troops of Louis XVI in
3432-456: The condition that the heir to the French crown used the title of Dauphin . The first one, the future Charles V , spent nine months in Grenoble. The city remained the capital of the Dauphiné, henceforth a province of France , and the Estates of Dauphiné were created. The only Dauphin who governed his province was the future Louis XI , whose "reign" lasted from 1447 to 1456. It
3520-531: The conflict against the Gauls. After the failed migration of the Helvetii , who were repelled by the Romans towards their homeland, the Allobroges were asked by Caesar to provide them with wheat. In the autumn of 57, the legate Galba spent winter in the Allobrogian territory after an unsuccessful campaign in Vallis Poenina (modern Valais ). Following the Roman defeat at the Battle of Gergovia (52 BC),
3608-683: The conflicts between the Counts and the bishops and obtained the recognition of a Charter of Customs that guaranteed their rights. That charter was confirmed by Kings Louis XI in 1447 and Francis I in 1541. In 1336 the last Dauphin Humbert ;II founded a court of justice, the Conseil delphinal [ fr ] , which settled at Grenoble in 1340. He also established the University of Grenoble in 1339. Without an heir and deep into debt, Humbert sold his state to France in 1349, on
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3696-407: The confluence of the Rhône and Sorgue rivers in Cavarian territory. The Allobrogian cavalry reportedly feared the Roman war elephants , and Orosius writes that they lost 20,000 men while 3,000 of them were captured. In August of the same year, the Roman army, strengthened by the troops of Quintus Fabius Maximus , inflicted a decisive defeat on a massive combined force of Allobroges, Arveni and
3784-429: The conspirators. The supporters of Catiline then revealed all their plan to the Gauls, who demanded sealed letters from some leading conspirators, which the Allobroges eventually leaked to Cicero. Faced with a series of legal defeats, the Allobroges decided to take the arms against Rome in 62 BC. Led by their chief Catugnatus , they managed to resist against the Roman armies during nearly two years. The new governor of
3872-403: The construction of new walls, increasing the city's size. He also constructed the Hôtel Lesdiguières, built new fountains, and dug sewers. In 1689, the bishop Étienne Le Camus launched the construction of Saint-Louis Church . The revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV caused the departure of 2,000 Protestants from Grenoble, weakening the city's economy. However, it also weakened
3960-426: The death of the mayor in 1932. The only building of this exhibition remaining in the park is the crumbling Tour Perret , which has been closed to the public since 1960 due to its very poor state of maintenance. During World War II, at the Battle of France , the German invasion was stopped near Grenoble at Voreppe by the forces of General Cartier . The French forces resisted until the armistice, after which Grenoble
4048-412: The development of ski resorts like Chamrousse , Les Deux Alpes , and Villard-de-Lans . Grenoble is surrounded by mountains. To the north lies the Chartreuse , to the south and west the Vercors , and to the east the Belledonne range . Grenoble is regarded as the capital of the French Alps. It is the centre of the Grenoble urban unit (agglomeration). Except for a few dozen houses on the slopes of
4136-449: The dominant tribe of Gallia Transalpina at that time, for Indutiomarus is presented as the "leader of the Allobroges and all the Gauls" by Cicero. According to scholar A. L. F. Rivet , they were probably feared as "the one tribe in Gaul that really could mount war against the Roman people". Later on, an Allobrogian insurrection was suppressed by Calpurnius Piso , who administered Gallia Narbonensis as proconsul until 65 BC. For this, he
4224-407: The early 4th century BC. It served as a small river port protected by two oppida , one on the Pipet hill, and one on the Sainte-Blandine hill, and perhaps surrounded by a wall. Although it remained a village until the 1st century BC, Vienna held a central position at a trading crossroad between northern Gaul, the Italian Peninsula and the Mediterranean Sea , before it was eventually outshined by
4312-447: The exactions of the soldiers. The nobility of the region took part in various battles ( Marignano , Pavia ) and in doing so gained significant prestige. The best-known of its members was Bayard , "the knight without fear and beyond reproach". Grenoble suffered as a result of the French Wars of Religion . The Dauphiné was indeed an important settlement for Protestants and therefore experienced several conflicts. The baron des Adrets ,
4400-425: The expulsion of the settlers to the Allobrogian revolt of 62–62, and contend that Vienna was made into a colony only later at the time of Octavian. And to prevent [Lepidus and Lucius Plancus'] suspecting anything and consequently causing trouble, [the senators] ordered them to establish in a colony in Gallia Narbonensis the men who had once been driven by the Allobroges out of Vienna and afterwards established between
4488-403: The first part of the 3rd century BC, and who eventually settled between the Rhône and the Alps in search for new opportunities during the later decades of the century. In the mid-2nd century BC, the Greek historian Polybius first mentioned the Allobroges in his account of Hannibal's crossing of the Alps in 218 BC. The Allobroges of the plain helped the Carthaginian conqueror, whereas those of
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#17327794707364576-420: The goddess was built in the early 1st century AD, and a sacred theatre of Mysteries is dated to the 1st century AD. Outside of Vienna, however, evidence of the cult of Cybele, although not totally absent, are scattered and become rare when approaching the Alps. Allobrogia was geographically divided between the plains of the Dauphiné and the mountains of Savoy , which influenced the political organization of
4664-455: The heavy taxes imposed by Marcus Fonteius , the Roman governor of Gallia Transalpina . Already in 104 BC, the tribune Domitius Ahenobarbus , son of the Roman conqueror of the Allobroges, had accused Silanus of injustice ( iniurias ) against the Allobrogian chief Aegritomarus. Fonteius chose Cicero as his lawyer, and although the verdict of the trial remains unknown, the Roman governor was probably acquitted. The Allobroges appear to have been
4752-401: The highest magistracies among their own people, and granted them both money and conquered territory in Gaul. Regrettably, Caesar records that these privileges caused the two brothers to become "carried away by a foolish native pride" and to "treat their men with contempt, cheating the cavalry of its pay and diverting all of the booty to themselves". Their own armies came to Caesar to complain, and
4840-474: The invasions of the Cimbri and Teutoni during the Cimbrian War in 107–102 BC. The Allobrogian territory – Vienna in particular as it was located in the middle of the Rhône Valley – represented the northern frontier that separated Rome from the ' barbarian ' world, and was thus exposed to the attacks of potentially hostile Gallic and Germanic tribes. In 69 BC, the Allobroges sent a delegation to Rome led by their chief Indutiomarus in order to protest against
4928-510: The last three centuries. This started with a booming glove industry in the 18th and 19th centuries, continued with the development of a strong hydropower industry in the late 19th to early 20th centuries, and ended with a post- World War II economic boom symbolized by the holding of the X Olympic Winter Games in 1968. The city has grown to be one of Europe's most important research, technology and innovation centres, with one in five inhabitants working directly in these fields. Grenoble
5016-415: The late Roman empire , a strong wall was built around the small town in 286 AD. The Emperor Gratian visited Cularo and, touched by the people's welcome, made the village a Roman city. In honour of this, Cularo was renamed Gratianopolis ("city of Gratian") in 381 (leading to Graignovol during the Middle Ages , and then Grenoble). Christianity spread to the region during the 4th century, and
5104-448: The late 3rd century BC, in connection with Hannibal 's crossing of the Alps in 218 BC. According to some scholars, they may be identified with the Gaesatae , a group of mercenary warriors first mentioned a few years earlier in the region and who fought against the Roman Republic in the Battle of Telamon (225 BC). The Allobroges may thus be the descendants of mobile groups of Gallic mercenaries who were active across central Europe in
5192-404: The leader of the Huguenots , pillaged the Cathedral of Grenoble and destroyed the tombs of the former Dauphins. In August 1575, Lesdiguières became the new leader of the Protestants and, thanks to the accession of Henry IV to the throne of France, allied himself with the governor and the lieutenant general of the Dauphiné. But this alliance did not bring an end to the conflicts. Indeed,
5280-478: The mountains tried in vain to block his passage. ... [Hannibal] reached a place called the 'Island', a populous district producing abundance of corn and deriving its name from its situation; for the Rhone and Isère running along each side of it meet at its point ... On arriving there he found two brothers disputing the crown and posted over against each other with their armies, and on the elder one making overtures to him and begging him to assist in establishing him on
5368-460: The nearby Lugdunum during the reign of Augustus (27 BC–14 AD). Until that time, Vienna was indeed the only place in the region where the Rhône could be crossed by foot. Since its creation, the port had been maintaining trade relations with the Greek colony of Massalia , on the Mediterranean coast. After the destruction of Solonion by the Romans in 61 BC, the Allobrogian chieftains decided to move their place of residence to Vienna. Around 50 BC,
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#17327794707365456-570: The number of rainy days is relatively moderate. As a result of winter lows averaging below freezing, snowfall also occurs, although the Grenoble Airport area itself is too mild to sustain a snowpack all winter, unlike the surrounding mountains. The record low of −27.1 °C (−16.8 °F) decisively indicates the continental influence, being colder than records in typical maritime climates. Winter nights are also colder than in all other French lowland areas. The Grenoble metropolitan area experiences two different microclimates: one more windy and cold to
5544-400: The occupiers arrested 400 demonstrators in the streets. On 13 November, the resistance blew up the artillery at the Polygon, which was a psychological shock for an enemy who then intensified the repression. On 25 November, the occupiers killed 11 members of the Résistance organizations of Grenoble. This violent crackdown was nicknamed " Grenoble's Saint-Bartholomew ". From these events, Grenoble
5632-490: The political control of the city. At that time, Grenoble was a crossroads between Vienne , Geneva, Italy, and Savoy . It was the industrial centre of the Dauphiné and the province's biggest city, but a rather small one. Owing to Grenoble's geographical situation, French troops were garrisoned in the city and its region during the Italian Wars . Charles VIII , Louis XII , and Francis I went several times to Grenoble. Its people consequently had to suffer from
5720-400: The province, Gaius Pomptinus , sent his legate Manlius Lentinus to crush the revolt. In 61 BC, a battle was fought between the Gallic and Roman troops near the Segovellaunian settlement of Ventia, which was eventually taken by Lentinus. At the same time, the two other legates seized and partly destroyed the Allobrogian chief town, Solonion. The coming of Catugnatus' forces momentary saved
5808-403: The region, as documented by Polybius for the time of Hannibal's Crossing of the Alps in 218 BC. Although this is not mentioned by the written sources, the Allobroges probably federated smaller peoples or ethnic unities of the area, as did the neighbouring Cavares and Vocontii . Polybius indeed writes that the plains of Allobrogia were ruled by "various chiefs", suggesting the existence of
5896-469: The relatively recent coming of the Allobroges in the region. Their name can indeed be contrasted with that of the Nitio-broges ('indigenous'), who lived further southwest on the middle Garonne river . The Gaulish * Allobrogis is cognate with the Welsh allfro ('foreigner, exiled') – both stemming from the Celtic compound * allo-mrogis –, and with the Germanic alja-markiz ('the foreigner'), found in an inscription from Karstad, which may indicate
5984-552: The remaining Salluvii at the Battle of the Isère River . The Allobrogian territory was subsequently annexed to Rome by Domitius Ahenobarbus and Fabius Maximus, the latter earning the cognomen Allobrogicus for this feat. Between 120 and 117, those new Roman lands were progressively pacified and incorporated into a Roman province known as Gallia Transalpina by Domitius Ahenobarbus. The Allobroges had to pay heavy taxes to Rome, although they were allowed to keep their administrative autonomy and territory. They likely suffered from
6072-425: The second time a prisoner Pope in 1809. Pius VII spent 10 days in the city en route to his exile in Fontainebleau . In 1813 Grenoble was under threat from the Austrian army, which invaded Switzerland and Savoy . The well-defended city contained the Austrian attacks, and the French army defeated the Austrians, forcing them to withdraw at Geneva . However, the later invasion of France in 1814 resulted in
6160-443: The settlement possibly became a colonia Latina, leading to the immigration of settlers from the Italian Peninsula. According to most scholars, after their expulsion by the local Allobroges in March 44 BC during the political troubles that followed the assassination of Caesar , those Roman settlers moved further north, where Munatius Plancus founded for them the colony of Lugdunum the following year. Alternatively, some scholars date
6248-505: The stronghold, but further Roman troops led by Pomptinus surrounded and defeated the Gallic armies, putting an end to the rebellion. Their capital destroyed, the Allobrogian chieftains decided to move their place of residence to Vienna . Lucius Marius and Servius Galba crossed the Rhone and after ravaging the possessions of the Allobroges finally reached the city of Solonium and occupied a strong position commanding it. They conquered their opponents in battle and also set fire to portions of
6336-484: The surrounding areas were heavy industry and mining sites. Abandoned mills and factories can be found in small towns and villages, and a few have been converted to tourist attractions, such as the coal mine at La Mure . The climate in Grenoble depends on the data from the chosen weather station. Grenoble Airport , located 40 km northwest of the city has a range from temperate continental climate to oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb, Trewartha : Dc, Do) depending on
6424-508: The throne, he consented, it being almost a matter of certainty that under present circumstances this would be of great service to him. Hannibal then expelled the other chieftain and was given new weapons, corn, warm clothing and footwear by his local ally. The latter protected him in the rear with him own forces through the territory of the Allobroges, until he reached the foot of the Alpine pass. ... For as long as they had been in flat country,
6512-441: The town, which was partly constructed of wood; they did not capture it, however, being prevented by the arrival of Catugnatus. Pomptinus, on learning of this, proceeded against the place with his entire army, besieged it, and got possession of the defenders, with the exception of Catugnatus. After that he more easily subjugated the remaining districts. The period saw the invasion of the remaining of Gaul by Julius Caesar , followed by
6600-418: The two brothers eventually defected to Pompey at Dyrrachium just before the Battle of Pharsalia (48 BC). Strabo reported in the early 1st century AD that all of the Allobroges lived in villages, "except that the most notable of them, inhabitants of Vienna (formerly a village, but called, nevertheless, the 'metropolis' of the tribe), have built it up into a city." At the time of the late Roman Empire,
6688-561: The various chiefs of the Allobroges had left them alone, being afraid both of the cavalry and of the barbarians who were escorting them. But when the latter had set off on their return home, and Hannibal's troops began to advance into the difficult region, the Allobrogian chieftains got together a considerable force and occupied advantageous positions on the road by which the Carthaginians would be obliged to ascend. Had they only kept their project secret, they would have utterly annihilated
6776-578: The west, the other, on the contrary, not very windy and warmer to the east. However, the city of Grenoble features a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa) with no dry season. Although the record is incomplete, the newer station will meet the humid subtropical classification if maintained for the required 30-year period. (5 km east of Grenoble at an altitude of 220m) (40 km north-west of Grenoble at an altitude of 400m) Allobroges The Allobroges ( Gaulish : * Allobrogis , 'foreigner, exiled'; Ancient Greek : Ἀλλοβρίγων, Ἀλλόβριγες ) were
6864-491: Was 714,799 which makes it the largest metropolis in the Alps, ahead of Innsbruck and Bolzano . A significant European scientific centre, the city advertises itself as the "Capital of the Alps", due to its size and its proximity to the mountains. The many suburban communes that make up the rest of the metropolitan area include four with populations exceeding 20,000: Saint-Martin-d'Hères , Échirolles , Fontaine and Voiron . Grenoble's history goes back over 2,000 years, to
6952-566: Was acclaimed at Grenoble and General Jean Gabriel Marchand could not prevent Napoleon from entering the city through the Bonne gate. He said later: "From Cannes to Grenoble, I still was an adventurer; in that last city, I came back a sovereign". But after the defeat of Waterloo , the region suffered from a new invasion of Austrian and Sardinian troops. The 19th century saw significant industrial development of Grenoble. The glove factories reached their Golden Age, and their products were exported to
7040-436: Was also made into the capital of the Allobrogian civitas , and became one of the most powerful cities of Gaul during the first century AD. In the second half of the 3rd century, the city declined and shrank to its original urban core, although it remained an important settlement during the 4th century, serving as the occasional residence of the emperors Julian and Valentinian II . Genaua ('[river] mouth'; modern Genève )
7128-990: Was an oppidum erected on the hill of Saint-Pierre next to the Rhône, the Arve and the Lake Geneva, which allowed them to control the inland navigation on the Rhône. Located near the border of the Helvetii territory, Genaua was occupied from 130 BC at the latest. Another important Allobrogian settlement was located in Cularo ('field of squash', modern Grenoble ), first mentioned by Munatius Plancus in 43 BC and later renamed to Gratianopolis. Other oppida have been excavated at Musièges , Larina ( Hières-sur-Amby ), Saint-Saturnin ( Chambéry ), Les Étroits ( Saint-Lattier ), Quatre-Têtes ( Saint-Just-de-Claix ), and Rochefort ( Varces ). The Allobroges probably settled relatively late in Southern Gaul, for they are not attested before
7216-691: Was crushed by Gaius Pomptinus in 61 BC. However, they had rejected the second Catilinarian conspiracy in 63 BC. During the Gallic Wars , the Allobroges did not side with Vercingetorix at the Battle of Alesia in 52 BC. They are mentioned as A̓llobrígōn (Ἀλλοβρίγων) by Polybius (2nd c. BC) and Strabo (early 1st c. AD), Allobroges by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC) and Livy (late 1st c. BC), A̓llóbriges ( Ἀλλόβριγες), Allóbrigas (Ἀλλόβριγας) and Allobrígōn (Ἀλλοβρίγων) by Appian (2nd c. AD), A̓llóbriges (Ἀλλόβριγες; var. Ἀλλόβρυγες, Ἀλλόβρογες) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD), and as Allobrogas by Orosius (early 5th c. AD). The ethnonym Allobroges
7304-514: Was integrated into the Holy Roman Empire . The Burgundian rule was interrupted between 942 and 970 by Arab rule based in Fraxinet . Grenoble grew significantly in the 11th century when the Counts of Albon chose the city as the capital of their territories. Their possessions at the time were a patchwork of several territories sprawled across the region, and the central position of Grenoble allowed
7392-629: Was only under his rule that Dauphiné properly joined the Kingdom of France. The Old Conseil Delphinal became a Parlement (the third in France after the Parliaments of Paris and Toulouse), strengthening the status of Grenoble as a Provincial capital. He also ordered the construction of the Palais du Parlement (finished under Francis I ) and ensured that the Bishop pledged allegiance, thus unifying
7480-757: Was part of the French State before an Italian occupation from 1942 to 1943. The relative tolerance of the Italian occupiers towards the Jewish populations resulted in a significant number moving to the region from the German-occupied parts of France. Grenoble was extremely active in the Résistance against the occupation. Its action was symbolized by figures such as Eugène Chavant , Léon Martin, and Marie Reynoard . The University of Grenoble supported
7568-697: Was styled by the Free French Forces the title of Capital of the Maquis on the antennas of the BBC . This event only intensified the activities of Grenoble's resistance movements. The Germans could not prevent the destruction of their new arsenal on 2 December at the Bonne Barracks. After the Normandy landing , resistance operations reached their peak, with numerous attacks considerably hampering
7656-480: Was then given command of Fort Niagara which he enlarged and provided with new earthwork defences (he was also based briefly at Fort Rouillé in 1757, a settlement that eventually ended in British hands and is now known as Toronto ). In October 1757, he was removed from his command at Fort Niagara and rejoined his regiment in Montreal. He was dispatched again as commander of Fort Niagara in March, 1759. In July 1759
7744-482: Was unsuccessfully prosecuted by Caesar , who had interest in the region. In 63 BC, while Cicero was serving as consul, they sent another delegation to Rome, hoping to seek relief from the oppression and rapacity of the governor Lucius Murena and Roman businessmen active in the region. Their demands rejected by the Roman Senate, they were approached by supporters of Catiline , a senator who attempted to overthrow
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