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50-632: The Hussite Bible is the only written vestige of Hussitism in Hungary. The book – or at least most of it – was translated by Tamás Pécsi and Bálint Újlaki . Both Pécsi and Újlaki had attended the University of Prague in Bohemia between 1399 and 1411, where they got to know the concepts of Jan Hus , a reformist Christian theologian. Concluded from the calendar found in the Codex of Munich,

100-471: A majority Utraquist movement with a significant Taborite faction, and smaller regional ones that included Adamites , Orebites and Orphans . Major Hussite theologians included Petr Chelčický , Jerome of Prague . A number of Czech national heroes were Hussite, including Jan Žižka , who led a fierce resistance to five consecutive crusades proclaimed on Hussite Bohemia by the Papacy . Hussites were one of

150-623: Is 208 by 140 millimetres. Hussitism The Hussites ( Czech : Husité or Kališníci , "Chalice People"; Latin : Hussitae ) were a Czech proto-Protestant Christian movement that followed the teachings of reformer Jan Hus ( fl. 1401–1415), a part of the Bohemian Reformation . After the execution of Hus at the Council of Constance , a series of crusades, civil wars, victories and compromises between various factions with different theological agendas broke out. At

200-673: The " Unitas Fratrum " already in 1457. Under Emperor Maximilian II , the Bohemian state assembly established the Confessio Bohemica , upon which Lutherans , Reformed, and Bohemian Brethren agreed. From that time forward Hussitism began to die out. After the Battle of White Mountain on 8 November 1620 the Roman Catholic Faith was re-established with vigour, which fundamentally changed the religious conditions of

250-502: The Council of Constance arrived, disturbances broke out, directed primarily against the clergy and especially against the monks. Even the Archbishop narrowly escaped from the effects of this popular anger. The treatment of Hus was felt to be a disgrace inflicted upon the whole country and his death was seen as a criminal act. King Wenceslaus IV. , prompted by his grudge against Sigismund, at first gave free vent to his indignation at

300-557: The Czech lands . Leaders and members of Unitas Fratrum were forced to choose to either leave the many and varied southeastern principalities of what was the Holy Roman Empire (mainly Austria , Hungary , Bohemia , Moravia and parts of Germany and its many states), or to practice their beliefs secretly. As a result, members were forced underground and dispersed across northwestern Europe. The largest remaining communities of

350-689: The Habsburg monarchy as Czechoslovakia (due to Masaryk and Czechoslovak legions with Hussite tradition, in the name of the troops). Today, the Hussite tradition is represented in the Moravian Church , Unity of the Brethren , and Czechoslovak Hussite Church . Hussitism organised itself during the years 1415–1419. Hussites were not a unitary movement, but a diverse one with multiple factions that held different views and opposed each other in

400-687: The Hungarian language at the time. These include (with Modern Hungarian equivalent and English translation in parentheses): monnál (mintegy, or so), midenem (nemde, is it right?), csajva (cserebogár, cockchafer ), gördőlet (mennydörgés, thunder), etc. In some respects, the Hussite Bible's translators were the first reformers of Hungarian: they coined several new terms, which today sound constrained. Some examples: császárlat ( imperium ), czímerlet ( titulus ), ezerlő ( tribunus ), negyedlő ( tetrarch ), and so on. The Bible's orthography

450-527: The Hussite Wars . From the beginning, there formed two parties, with a smaller number of people withdrawing from both parties around the pacifist Petr Chelčický , whose teachings would form the foundation of the Unitas Fratrum . Hussites can be divided into: The more conservative Hussites (the moderate party, or Utraquists ), who followed Hus more closely, sought to conduct reform while leaving

500-560: The Utraquists . The radicals preached the "sufficientia legis Christi" —the divine law (i.e. the Bible ) is the sole rule and canon for human society, not only in the church, but also in political and civil matters. They rejected therefore, as early as 1416, everything that they believed had no basis in the Bible, such as the veneration of saints and images, fasts , superfluous holidays,

550-539: The ecumenical Council of Basel on October 15, 1431. The discussions began on 10 January 1432, focusing chiefly on the four articles of Prague . No agreement emerged. After repeated negotiations between the Basel Council and Bohemia, a Bohemian–Moravian state assembly in Prague accepted the " Compactata " of Prague on 30 November 1433. The agreement granted communion in both kinds to all who desired it, but with

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600-923: The gróf branch of the Apor family died without heirs. The currently surviving báró branch gained its title on January 13, 1713. The zaláni branch split off the rest of the family during the 17th century, after the failed Thököly uprising. During the Battle for Zernyest , a young surviving Apor family member moved to Zalán and founded this branch with Székely Judit. - they style themselves zaláni ( Latin: Apor de Zalán; G erman: Apor von Zalán). The family had multiple estates in Transylvania, including in Torja , in Háromszék , and in Abosfalva . The zaláni branch of

650-516: The monastic clergy, and his desire to return the Church to its supposed condition during the time of the apostles. This required the removal of the existing hierarchy and the secularisation of ecclesiastical possessions. Above all they clung to Wycliffe's doctrine of the Lord's Supper , denying transubstantiation , and this is the principal point by which they are distinguished from the moderate party,

700-686: The Apor family similarly had multiple estates, including those in Zalán and Szentivánlaborfalva . Their current descendants re-acquired the manor in Szentivánlaborfalva after the Communist regime's fall in 1989. Apor family members are the main protagonists in Jókai Mór 's novel "Bálványosvár" (Fortress of Idols). The novel tells a Székely legend about how Szilamér Apor, the son of rabonbán Opour (Apor) Kevend, fell in love with Mike Imola,

750-636: The Apors' beliefs). From the XVth century, the family's genealogy is well-documented in written sources. The family abandoned their fortress in Bálványos , and moved to Torja some time during the 16th century. From this residence stems the style altorjai ( Latin: Apor de Altorja; German: Apor von Altorja, both meaning " of Lower Torja"). In 1506, István Apor was still referenced as living in Bálványos. It

800-804: The Brethren were located in Lissa ( Leszno ) in Poland, which had historically strong ties with the Czechs, and in small, isolated groups in Moravia. Some, among them Jan Amos Comenius , fled to western Europe, mainly the Low Countries . A settlement of Hussites in Herrnhut , Saxony, now Germany, in 1722 caused the emergence of the Moravian Church . In 1918, as a result of World War I , the Czech lands regained independence from Austria-Hungary controlled by

850-622: The Hussite Bible were revealed from partial copies. The most important extant copies of this translation are the Codex of Munich, the Codex of Wien, and the Apor Codex. Some other, shorter parts had been transcribed to other Hungarian dialects as well; these can be found in other 15th century Hungarian codices . The translation's language is archaic, with many terms unknown in Modern Hungarian. Also, it contains several rare Old Hungarian words, thus providing an interesting insight into

900-694: The Roman Catholics and destroyed the Taborites at the Battle of Lipany on 30 May 1434. From that time, the Taborites lost their importance, though the Hussite movement would continue in Poland for another five years, until the Royalist forces of Poland defeated the Polish Hussites at the Battle of Grotniki . The state assembly of Jihlava in 1436 confirmed the "Compactata" and gave them

950-709: The Roman Church. This he refused, leading to the Bohemian–Hungarian War (1468–1478) . His successor, King Vladislaus II , favored the Roman Catholics and proceeded against some zealous clergymen of the Calixtines. The troubles of the Utraquists increased from year to year. In 1485, at the Diet of Kutná Hora , an agreement was made between the Roman Catholics and Utraquists that lasted for thirty-one years. It

1000-517: The Taborites now went over to the party of the Utraquists; the rest joined the "Brothers of the Law of Christ" ( Latin : "Unitas Fratrum" ) (see history of the Moravian Church ). In 1462, Pope Pius II declared the "Compacta" null and void, prohibited communion in both kinds, and acknowledged King George of Podebrady as king on condition that he would promise an unconditional harmony with

1050-517: The West to take up arms against the Hussites, declaring a crusade, and twelve years of warfare followed. The Hussites initially campaigned defensively, but after 1427 they assumed the offensive. Apart from their religious aims, they fought for the national interests of the Czechs. The moderate and radical parties were united, and they not only repelled the attacks of the army of crusaders but crossed

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1100-517: The battle against Hus's teaching after the enactments of the Council of Constance . He wished to eradicate completely the doctrine of Hus, for which purpose the co-operation of King Wenceslaus had to be obtained. In 1418, Sigismund succeeded in winning his brother over to the standpoint of the council by pointing out the inevitability of a religious war if the heretics in Bohemia found further protection. Hussite statesmen and army leaders had to leave

1150-516: The borders into neighboring countries. On March 23, 1430, Joan of Arc dictated a letter that threatened to lead a crusading army against the Hussites unless they returned to the Catholic faith, but her capture by English and Burgundian troops two months later would keep her from carrying out this threat. Eventually, the opponents of the Hussites found themselves forced to consider an amicable settlement. The Hussites were sent an invitation to attend

1200-571: The central identifying symbol of the Hussite movement. If the king had joined, its resolutions would have received the sanction of the law; but he refused, and approached the newly formed Roman Catholic League of lords, whose members pledged themselves to support the king, the Catholic Church , and the council. The prospect of a civil war began to emerge. Prior to becoming pope, Martin V , then known as Cardinal Otto of Colonna had attacked Hus with relentless severity. He energetically resumed

1250-773: The copies is the Codex of Wien. It contains parts of the Old Testament . The codex has 162 pages, each with a size of 216 by 142 millimetres. The book is the work of three hands from the second half of the 15th century. Since the 18th century, the manuscript has been kept in Vienna (Wien in German), its earlier place is unknown. In 1932, it was moved to the National Széchenyi Library 's Section of Manuscripts, Budapest , where it can be found today as well. The Codex of Munich consists of 124 pages, and contains

1300-401: The country and Roman Catholic priests were reinstated. These measures caused a general commotion which hastened the death of King Wenceslaus by a paralytic stroke in 1419. His heir was Sigismund. The news of the death of King Wenceslaus in 1419 produced a great commotion among the people of Prague. A revolution swept over the country: churches and monasteries were destroyed, and church property

1350-639: The course of events in Constance . His wife openly favoured the friends of Hus. Avowed Hussites stood at the head of the government. A league was formed by certain lords, who pledged themselves to protect the free preaching of the Gospel upon all their possessions and estates and to obey the power of the Bishops only where their orders accorded with the injunctions of the Bible . The university would arbitrate any disputed points. The entire Hussite nobility joined

1400-485: The daughter and only child of the head of the Mike family. The Apors, at the time, were still pagans, whereas the Mike had already converted to Christianity. Of course, a marriage was out of the question. In an impulse, Szilamér decides to kidnap the girl and a major armed conflict threatens to break out as a result. In the end, the Apors decide to convert to Christianity, making a consensual marriage possible and averting war at

1450-575: The end of the Hussite Wars (1420–1434), the now Catholic -supported Utraquist side came out victorious from conflict with the Taborites and became the dominant Hussite group in Bohemia. Catholics and Utraquists were given legal equality in Bohemia after the religious peace of Kutná Hora in 1485. Bohemia and Moravia , or what is now the territory of the Czech Republic , remained majority Hussite for two centuries until Roman Catholicism

1500-465: The four Gospels . Its size is 135 by 200 millimetres. The whole manuscript had been written by György Németi , who finished the work in Târgu Trotuș , in the year 1466 AD. It is unknown where the codex was after its completion. The first page shows a reference to Johann Albrecht Widmannstetter (1506–1557) as an early owner, who was a philologist and book collector. After his death, the manuscript

1550-400: The league. Other than verbal protest of the council's treatment of Hus, there was little evidence of any actions taken by the nobility until 1417. At that point several of the lesser nobility and some barons, signatories of the 1415 protest letter, removed Catholic priests from their parishes, replacing them with priests willing to give communion in both wine and bread. The chalice of wine became

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1600-614: The most important forerunners of the Protestant Reformation . This predominantly religious movement was propelled by social issues and strengthened Czech national awareness. The Council of Constance lured Jan Hus in with a letter of indemnity, then tried him for heresy and put him to death at the stake on 6 July 1415. The arrest of Hus in 1414 caused considerable resentment in Czech lands . The authorities of both countries appealed urgently and repeatedly to King Sigismund to release Jan Hus. When news of his death at

1650-519: The northern parts of the Kingdom of Hungary (now Slovakia ), but was rejected and gained infamy for the plundering behaviour of the Hussite soldiers. There were also very small temporary communities in Poland-Lithuania and Transylvania which moved to Bohemia after being confronted with religious intolerance. It was a regional movement that failed to expand farther. Hussites emerged as

1700-536: The oath, intercession for the dead, auricular Confession , indulgences , the sacraments of Confirmation and the Anointing of the Sick , and chose their own priests. The radicals had their gathering-places all around the country. Their first armed assault fell on the small town of Ústí, on the river Lužnice, south of Prague (today's Sezimovo Ústí ). However, as the place did not prove to be defensible, they settled in

1750-405: The remains of an older town upon a hill not far away and founded a new town, which they named Tábor (a play on words, as "Tábor" not only meant "camp" or "encampment" in Czech , but is also the traditional name of the mountain on which Jesus was expected to return; see Mark 13 ); hence they were called Táborité ( Taborites ). They comprised the essential force of the radical Hussites. Their aim

1800-514: The sanction of law. This accomplished the reconciliation of Bohemia with Rome and the Western Church, and at last Sigismund obtained possession of the Bohemian crown. His reactionary measures caused a ferment in the whole country, but he died in 1437. The state assembly in Prague rejected Wyclif's doctrine of the Lord's Supper, which was obnoxious to the Utraquists , as heresy in 1444. Most of

1850-642: The social order of the time. The Taborites usually had the support of the Orebites (later called Orphans), an eastern Bohemian sect of Hussitism based in Hradec Králové . Apor family Apor de Altorja (carrying title báró) The Apor family (different branches styled altorjai or zaláni ) is a family of ancient Hungarian nobility, which played a major role in Transylvanian history. It has several branches, which held different ranks over

1900-507: The two Franciscan priests may already have begun the work in 1416 in the town of Sremska Kamenica which was at the time a center of Hussitism. They finished it at the latest in 1441. Pécsi had to escape soon from Hungary due to the Inquisition , thus he and many of his followers moved to Moldavia . They had been unsuccessful: the translation was confiscated. The original manuscript is not known, most likely it perished. Most texts of

1950-447: The understanding that Christ was entirely present in each kind, though on the condition that the rest of the Hussite reforms would no longer be emphasised. Free preaching was granted conditionally: the Church hierarchy had to approve and place priests, and the power of the bishop must be considered. The article which prohibited the secular power of the clergy was almost reversed. The Taborites refused to conform. The Calixtines united with

2000-502: The university and among the citizens of Prague; they were therefore called the Prague Party, but also Calixtines (Latin calix chalice) or Utraquists (Latin utraque both), because they emphasized the second article of Prague, and the chalice became their emblem. The more radical parties, the Taborites , Orebites and Orphans , identified itself more boldly with the doctrines of John Wycliffe , sharing his passionate hatred of

2050-567: The whole hierarchical and liturgical order of the Church untouched. Their programme is contained in the Four Articles of Prague , which were written by Jacob of Mies and agreed upon in July 1420, promulgated in the Latin , Czech , and German languages. The full text is about two pages long, but they are often summarized as: The views of the moderate Hussites were widely represented at

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2100-709: The years, including primor (the highest rank of Székely nobility, comparable to baron or count ) , and the Westernised titles of báró (baron) and gróf (count). The exact origins of the family are subject to debate. Traditionally, the Apors claim descent from the Hungarian chieftain Apor , known for having laid siege to Constantinople. Transylvanian historian Baron Peter Apor de Altorja (1676–1752) claims such descent. In addition, acknowledging that no surviving written sources explicitly state so, he proposes that Apor

2150-494: Was a legitimate son of Hungary's Grand Prince Árpád . In Transylvanian folklore, the family is assumed to have been rabonbáns , ancient rulers of the Székely people , who resisted conversion to Christianity for several centuries after King Stephen I had banned the original Hungarian pagan religion . Already during this time, the Apor family inhabited a fortress in Bálványos (the name itself meaning "idolatrous", referring to

2200-523: Was influenced by early 15th century Czech spelling. Pécsi and Újlaki adopted the system of writing special sounds with diacritic marks . (i. e, writing [ ɲ ] with ń, or [ ɛː ] with è, etc.) This orthography later spread among the Hungarian Franciscan friars as well, and had a great influence on spelling in 16th-century Hungarian printed books. However, the modern Hungarian alphabet has different origins. The oldest of

2250-734: Was only later, at the Diet of 1512, that the equal rights of both religions were permanently established. The appearance of Martin Luther was hailed by the Utraquist clergy, and Luther himself was astonished to find so many points of agreement between the doctrines of Hus and his own. But not all Utraquists approved of the German Reformation ; a schism arose among them, and many returned to the Roman doctrine, while other elements had organised

2300-407: Was probably his son András who subsequently moved to Torja, where he spawned ten children. One of them, Lázár Apor, was alkirálybiró for Kézdiszék , whereas another, István, became the richest man in Transylvania and had numerous official royal functions - both civil and military. István gained the báró title in on the 1st of May, 1693, and later the gróf title on February 23, 1696, but with him,

2350-448: Was reimposed by the Holy Roman Emperor following the 1620 Battle of White Mountain during the Thirty Years' War . The Hussite tradition continues in the Moravian Church , Unity of the Brethren and the refounded Czechoslovak Hussite churches. The Hussite movement began in the Kingdom of Bohemia and quickly spread throughout the remaining Lands of the Bohemian Crown , including Moravia and Silesia . It also made inroads into

2400-583: Was seized by the Hussite nobility. It was then, and remained till much later, in question whether Bohemia was a hereditary or an elective monarchy, especially as the line through which Sigismund claimed the throne had accepted that the Kingdom of Bohemia was an elective monarchy elected by the nobles, and thus the regent of the kingdom ( Čeněk of Wartenberg ) also explicitly stated that Sigismund had not been elected as reason for Sigismund's claim to not be accepted. Sigismund could get possession of "his" kingdom only by force of arms. Pope Martin V called upon Catholics of

2450-485: Was to destroy the enemies of the law of God, and to defend his kingdom (which had been expected to come in a short time) by the sword. Their end-of-world visions did not come true. In order to preserve their settlement and spread their ideology, they waged bloody wars; in the beginning they observed a strict regime, inflicting the severest punishment equally for murder, as for less severe faults as adultery, perjury and usury , and also tried to apply rigid Biblical standards to

2500-499: Was transferred to the Bavarian State Library , where it is kept still today, in excellent condition. A complete facsimile was published in 1958, as part of the Ural-Altaische Bibliothek ( Ural-Altaic Library ). The Apor codex got its name after its former owner, the Apor family . It is colligatum. Once it contained 208 pages, but 92 perished, and only 116 remained, the first 21 of which are badly damaged. Because of humid storage circumstances, other pages were harmed as well. Its size

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