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43-422: The commune has an absolute Székely Hungarian majority. According to the 2011 census , it had a population of 4,430 of which 82.71% or 3,664 were Hungarians, 11.6% or 514 were Romanians , 2.93% or 130 were Roma , and 0.11% or 5 were part of another ethnic group. At the 2021 census , Ozun had a population of 4,213, of which 79.47% were Hungarians, 12.58% Romanians, and 1.02% Roma. The settlement formed part of

86-988: A Hungarian subgroup living mostly in the Székely Land in Romania . In addition to their native villages in Suceava County in Bukovina , a significant population descending from the Székelys of Bukovina currently lives in Tolna and Baranya counties in Hungary and certain districts of Vojvodina , Serbia . In the Middle Ages , the Székelys played a role in the defense of the Kingdom of Hungary against

129-461: A 20th-century Székely writer from Lupeni, Harghita , wrote many novels about the Székely which set universal stories of love and self-individuation against the backdrop of Székely village culture. Other Székely writers include the folklorist Elek Benedek , the novelist József Nyírő and the poet Sándor Kányádi . In Bram Stoker 's novel Dracula , Count Dracula is a Székely. In the beginning of

172-624: A camp called Csigla's Field. They were afraid of the Western nations which they harassed in Attila's life, and they marched to Transylvania, the frontier of the Pannonian landscape, and they did not call themselves Huns or Hungarians, but Siculus, in their own word Székelys, so that they would not know that they are the remnants of the Huns or Hungarians. In our time, no one doubts, that the Székelys are

215-542: A distinct ethnic group ( natio Siculica ) and formed part of the Unio Trium Nationum ("Union of Three Nations"), a coalition of three Transylvanian estates , the other two "nations" being the (also predominantly Hungarian) nobility and the Saxons (that is, ethnic German burghers). These three groups ruled Transylvania from 1438 onward, usually in harmony though sometimes in conflict with one another. During

258-518: A negative result for this marker. The 2,500-year-old SNP L1034 was found typical for Mansi and Hungarians, the closest linguistic relatives. The Székely live mainly in Harghita, Covasna and Mureș counties. They identify themselves as Hungarians, but they maintain a somewhat distinct ethnic identity from other Hungarians. Hungarians form a majority of the population in the counties of Covasna and Harghita. They were estimated to number about 860,000 in

301-647: A record that mushroom growths like the Hapsburgs and the Romanoffs can never reach.” The flag and coat of arms of the Székelys as approved by the Szekler National Council , one of the main political organizations of the Székelys. The Sun and Moon are the symbols of the Székelys, and are used in the coat of arms of Transylvania and on the Romanian national coat of arms . The Sun and

344-461: Is an upper limit by deep SNPs and that the main haplogroups responsible for that contribution are J2-M172 (negative M47, M67, L24, M12), J2-L24, R1a-Z93, Q-M242 and E-M78, the last of which is typically European, while N is still negligible (1.7%). In an attempt to divide N into subgroups L1034 and L708, some Hungarian, Sekler, and Uzbek samples were found to be L1034 SNP positive, while all Mongolians, Buryats , Khanty , Finnish, and Roma samples showed

387-580: The Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin than standard Hungarian does. Even if the Székelys had been a Turkic stock, they would have had to lose their original vernacular at a very early date. An autosomal analysis, studying non-European admixture in Europeans, found 4.4% of admixture of East Asian/Central Asian among Hungarians, which was the strongest among sampled populations. It

430-666: The Kingdom of Romania . In 1925, the commune fell within Plasa Ozun of Trei Scaune County . In August 1940, under the auspices of Nazi Germany , which imposed the Second Vienna Award , Hungary retook the territory of Northern Transylvania (which included Ozun) from Romania. Towards the end of World War II , however, the commune was taken back from Hungarian and German troops by Romanian and Soviet forces in September 1944. In 1950, after Communist Romania

473-629: The Long Turkish War , the Székelys formed an alliance with Prince Michael the Brave of Wallachia against the army of Andrew Báthory , recently appointed Prince of Transylvania . In the Middle Ages , the Székelys played a role in the defense of the Kingdom of Hungary against the Ottomans in their posture as guards of the eastern border. Nicolaus Olahus stated in the book Hungaria et Athila in 1536 that "Hungarians and Székelys share

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516-659: The Magyar Autonomous Region . It was superseded in 1960 by the Mureș-Magyar Autonomous Region, itself divided in 1968 into two non-autonomous counties, Harghita and Mureș . In post- Cold War Romania, where the Székelys form roughly half of the ethnic Hungarian population, members of the group have been among the most vocal of Hungarians seeking an autonomous Székely region in Transylvania. They were estimated to number about 860,000 in

559-496: The Ottomans in their posture as guards of the eastern border. With the Treaty of Trianon of 1920, Transylvania (including the Székely Land ) became part of Romania, and the Székely population was a target of Romanianization efforts. In 1952, during the communist rule of Romania , the former counties with the highest concentration of Székely population – Mureș , Odorhei , Ciuc , and Trei Scaune – were legally designated as

602-616: The Székely Land region of the historical Transylvania province. Until 1918, the village belonged to the Háromszék County of the Kingdom of Hungary . In the immediate aftermath of World War I , following the declaration of the Union of Transylvania with Romania , the area passed under Romanian administration during the Hungarian–Romanian War of 1918–1919. By the terms of the Treaty of Trianon of 1920, it became part of

645-736: The Tisza , while the Olt flows south to the Danube . In the western part of the county the two Târnava rivers (Târnava Mare and Târnava Mică) flow to the Târnava Plateau, which is part of the Transylvanian Plateau . Harghita's spectacular natural scenery includes Sfânta Ana Lake , a volcanic crater lake near the town of Băile Tușnad ; Lacul Roșu a mountain lake in the northeast near the town of Gheorgheni , and Cheile Bicazului ,

688-487: The 1970s and are officially recognized as a distinct minority group by the Romanian government . The Székelys of Bukovina , today settled mostly in Vojvodina and southern Hungary, form a culturally separate group with its own history. An autonomous Székely region existed between 1952 and 1968. First created as the Magyar Autonomous Region in 1952, it was renamed the Mureș-Magyar Autonomous Region in 1960. Ever since

731-545: The 1970s and are officially recognized as a distinct minority group by the Romanian government . Today's Székely Land roughly corresponds to the Romanian counties of Harghita, Covasna , and central and eastern Mureș where they currently make up roughly 80% of the population. Based on the official 2011 Romanian census , 1,227,623 ethnic Hungarians live in Romania, mostly in the region of Transylvania , making up 19.6% of

774-408: The 20th century, two substantial ideas emerged about Székely ancestry: Some theories suggest that the Székelys might have absorbed influences from various groups, including Turkic tribes, but this is more about cultural exchange rather than direct lineage. Overall, while there may be historical connections and interactions, the Székelys are primarily of Hungarian origin. Some historians have dated

817-729: The Honfoglalas was completed there? And when the Hungarian flood swept eastward, the Szekelys were claimed as kindred by the victorious Magyars, and to us for centuries was trusted the guarding of the frontier of Turkey-land; ay, and more than that, endless duty of the frontier guard, for, as the Turks say, ‘water sleeps, and enemy is sleepless.’ [...] The Szekelys—and the Dracula as their heart’s blood, their brains, and their swords—can boast

860-509: The Hungarians came to Pannonia again from Scythia, they went to Ruthenia in front of them with great joy, as soon as the news of their coming came to them. When the Hungarians took possession of Pannonia again, at the division of the country, with the consent of the Hungarians, these Székelys were given the part of the country that they had already chosen as their place of residence. After the theory of Hunnic descent lost scholarly currency in

903-490: The Kórógy river, and all the Székelys, who were previously the peoples of King Attila, having heard of Usubuu’s fame, came to make peace and of their own will gave their sons as hostages along with divers gifts and they undertook to fight in the vanguard of Usubuu’s army, and they forthwith sent the sons of the Székelys to Duke Árpád, and, together with the Székelys before them, began to ride against Menumorout. These Székelys were

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946-526: The Moon, the symbols of the cosmic world, are known from Hungarian grave findings from the period of the Hungarian conquest . After the Hungarians became Christians in the 11th century, the importance of these icons became purely visual and symbolic. The Székelys have succeeded in preserving traditions to an extent unusual even in Central and Eastern Europe. A description of the Székely Land and its traditions

989-630: The Székely presence in the Eastern Carpathian Mountains as early as the fifth century, and found historical evidence that the Székelys were part of the Avar confederation during the so-called Dark Ages , but this does not mean that they were ethnically Avar. Research indicates that Székelys spoke Hungarian . Toponyms at the Székely settlement area also give proof of their Hungarian mother tongue. The Székely dialect does not have more Bulgaro-Turkish loanwords derived from before

1032-469: The Székelys chose the latter – only 532 persons declared themselves as ethnic Székely . The Székely territories came under the leadership of the Count of the Székelys (Latin: Comes Siculorum ), initially a royal appointee from the non-Székely Hungarian nobility who was de facto a margrave ; from the 15th century onward, the voivodes of Transylvania held the office themselves. The Székelys were considered

1075-638: The abolition of the Mureș-Magyar Autonomous Region by the Ceaușescu regime in 1968, some of the Székely have pressed for their autonomy to be restored. Several proposals have been discussed within the Székely Hungarian community and by the Romanian majority. One of the Székely autonomy initiatives is based on the model of the Spanish autonomous community of Catalonia . A major peaceful demonstration

1118-431: The ancient Székelys, for they are the guardians of the purest Hungarian tongue" . The origin of the Székelys has been much debated. It is now generally accepted that they are descendants of Hungarians. The Székelys have historically claimed descent from Attila 's Huns and believed they played a special role in shaping Hungary. Ancient legends recount that a contingent of Huns remained in Transylvania, later allying with

1161-414: The county seat at Miercurea Ciuc . In 2002, Harghita County had a population of 326,222 and a population density of 52/km . In 2011, it had a population of 302,432 and a population density of 46/km . In 2021, it had a population of 291,950, and a population density of 43/km . Harghita county has the highest percentage of Hungarians in Romania, just ahead of Covasna county . The Hungarians form

1204-595: The east, in the former Csíkszék , while Protestants are concentrated in the south and west of Odorheiu Secuiesc . By religion, the county is divided roughly as follows: Harghita County has a total area of 6,639 km . Harghita consists primarily of mountains, connected to the Eastern Carpathians , such as the Ciuc and Harghita Mountains ; volcanic plateaux, foothills, and the more densely populated river valleys. The mountains are volcanic in origin, and

1247-458: The following haplogroups: It can be inferred that Szekelys have more significant German admixture. A study sampling 45 Palóc from Budapest and northern Hungary, found: A study estimating possible Inner Asian admixture among nearly 500 Hungarians based on paternal lineages only, estimated it at 5.1% in Hungary, at 7.4% in Székelys and at 6.3% at Csangos . It has boldly been noted that this

1290-465: The main Hungarian army that conquered the Carpathian Basin in the 9th century. The thirteenth-century chronicler Simon of Kéza also claimed that the Székely people descended from Huns who lived in mountainous lands prior to the Hungarian conquest. They, having set forth from the island, riding through the sand and flow of the Tisza, crossed at the harbour of Beuldu, and, riding on, they encamped beside

1333-406: The majority of the population in most of the county's municipalities, with Romanians concentrated in the northern and eastern part of the county (particularly Toplița and Bălan ), as well as in the enclave of Voșlăbeni . The Székelys of Harghita are mostly Roman Catholic, with Reformed and Unitarian minorities, while the ethnic Romanians are primarily Orthodox . Catholicism is strongest in

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1376-468: The novel, Dracula asserts: “We Szekelys have a right to be proud, for in our veins flows the blood of many brave races who fought as the lion fights, for lordship. Here, in the whirlpool of European races, the Ugric tribe bore down from Iceland the fighting spirit which Thor and Wodin gave them, which their Berserkers displayed to such fell intent on the seaboards of Europe, ay, and of Asia and Africa too, till

1419-662: The peoples thought that the were-wolves themselves had come. [...] Is it a wonder that we were a conquering race; that we were proud; that when the Magyar, the Lombard, the Avar, the Bulgar, or the Turk poured his thousands on our frontiers, we drove them back? Is it strange that when Arpad and his legions swept through the Hungarian fatherland he found us here when he reached the frontier; that

1462-460: The population of this region. Of these, 609,033 live in the counties of Harghita, Covasna, and Mureș, which taken together have a Hungarian majority (58%). The Hungarians in Székely Land , therefore, account for half (49.41%) of the Hungarians in Romania . When given the choice on the 2011 Romanian census between ethnically identifying as Székely or as Hungarian , the overwhelming majority of

1505-551: The region is known for its excellent hot mineral springs. Harghita is known as one of the coldest regions in Romania, although summers can be quite warm. It is in this county that two of the most important rivers in Romania, the Mureș and the Olt , originate. These rivers' origins, near the villages of Izvoru Mureșului and Sândominic , are only a few miles apart; yet the Mureș flows west to

1548-427: The remains of the Huns, who when they learned that the Hungarians had returned to Pannonia for the second time, went to the returnees on the border of Ruthenia and conquered Pannonia together. They were afraid of the western nations that they would suddenly attack them, so they went to Transylvania and did not call themselves Hungarians, but Székelys. The western clan hated the Huns in Attila's life. The Székelys are thus

1591-505: The remnants of the Huns who first came to Pannonia, and because their people do not seem to have been mixed with foreign blood since then, they are also more strict in their morals, they also differ from other Hungarians in the division of lands. They have not yet forgotten the Scythian letters, and these are not inked on paper, but engraved on sticks skillfully, in the way of the carving. They later grew into not insignificant people, and when

1634-522: The remnants of the Huns, who remained in the mentioned field until the return of the other Hungarians. So when they knew that the Hungarians would return to Pannonia again, they hurried to Ruthenia to them, conquering the land of Pannonia together. It is said that in addition to the Huns who escorted Csaba, from the same nation, three thousand more people retreating, cut themselves out of the said battle, remained in Pannonia, and first established themself in

1677-412: The same language, with the difference that the Székelys have their own words specific to their nation." The people of Székelys were in general regarded as the most Hungarian of Hungarians. In 1558, a Hungarian poet, Mihály Vilmányi Libécz voiced this opinion, instructing the reader in his poem that if they had doubts about the correctness of the Hungarian language: "Consult without fail the language of

1720-616: Was established, Ozun became part of the Sfântu Gheorghe Raion of Stalin Region . From 1952 and 1960, it was part of the Magyar Autonomous Region , and between 1960 and 1968 it reverted to Brașov Region . In 1968, when Romania was reorganized based on counties rather than regions, the commune became part of Covasna County. Sz%C3%A9kelys The Székelys ( pronounced [ˈseːkɛj] , Székely runes : 𐳥𐳋𐳓𐳉𐳗 ‎), also referred to as Szeklers , are

1763-874: Was found at 3.6% in Belarusians, 2.5% in Romanians, 2.3% in Bulgarians and Lithuanians, 1.9% in Poles and 0% in Greeks. The authors stated "This signal might correspond to a small genetic legacy from invasions of peoples from the Asian steppes (e.g., the Huns, Avars, and Bulgars) during the first millennium." Among 100 Hungarian men (90 of them from the Great Hungarian Plain ), the following haplogroups and frequencies are obtained: The 97 Székelys belong to

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1806-786: Was held in 2006 in favor of autonomy. In 2013 and 2014, thousands of ethnic Hungarians marched for autonomy on 10 March (on the Székely Freedom Day ) in Târgu Mureș , Romania. 10 March is the anniversary of the execution in Târgu Mureș in 1854, by the Austrian authorities , of three Székelys who tried to achieve national self-determination. Since 2015, the Székelys also have the Székely Autonomy Day , celebrated every last Sunday of October. Áron Tamási ,

1849-475: Was written between 1859 and 1868 by Balázs Orbán in his Description of the Székely Land . Hungarian: Harghita County Harghita County ( Romanian : Județul Harghita , Romanian pronunciation: [harˈɡita] and Hungarian : Hargita megye , pronounced [ˈhɒrɡitɒ] ) is a county ( județ ) in the center of Romania , in eastern Transylvania , with

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