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85-536: The Hyundai Pony ( Hangul : 현대 포니 ), is a small automobile produced by the South Korean manufacturer Hyundai from 1975 until 1990. The Pony was South Korea's first mass-produced and exported car. It has a front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout and variants were made with two-door coupé utility , three-door liftback , four-door saloon car , and five-door liftback or estate car body styles. The Pony nameplate remained in use until 2000 on some export versions of

170-534: A force is allowed to act through a distance, it is doing mechanical work . Similarly, if torque is allowed to act through an angular displacement, it is doing work. Mathematically, for rotation about a fixed axis through the center of mass , the work W can be expressed as W = ∫ θ 1 θ 2 τ   d θ , {\displaystyle W=\int _{\theta _{1}}^{\theta _{2}}\tau \ \mathrm {d} \theta ,} where τ

255-733: A pixellated design which Hyundai have called "Pixel Road Trip" or "Parametric Pixel", reminiscent of 8-bit graphics and matching the design language applied to vehicles under its Ioniq sub-brand, including the contemporary Ioniq 5 production and 45 EV concept vehicles. Hangul The Korean alphabet , known as Hangul or Hangeul in South Korea ( English: / ˈ h ɑː n ɡ uː l / HAHN -gool ; Korean :  한글 ; Korean pronunciation: [ha(ː)n.ɡɯɭ] ) and Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea ( 조선글 ; North Korean pronunciation [tsʰo.sʰɔn.ɡɯɭ] ),

340-449: A consonant letter, then a vowel letter, and then potentially another consonant letter called a batchim ( Korean :  받침 ). If the syllable begins with a vowel sound, the consonant ㅇ ( ng ) acts as a silent placeholder. However, when ㅇ starts a sentence or is placed after a long pause, it marks a glottal stop . Syllables may begin with basic or tense consonants but not complex ones. The vowel can be basic or complex, and

425-527: A front air dam, rear spoiler , GT package (which included a leather-wrapped Momo three-spoke steering wheel), tachometer, different trim and badging, fog lamps , and extra lights in the rear. All GTs came with the more powerful 1.6 engine. The Pony pickup was sold in Europe (only) until the end of the 1980s. The second generation Pony remained on sale until 1988 (until 1990 in South Korea). In some markets

510-590: A glide (or a semivowel) and a monophthong. There is some disagreement about exactly how many vowels are considered Korean's monophthongs; the largest inventory features ten, while some scholars have proposed eight or nine. This divergence reveals two issues: whether Korean has two front rounded vowels (i.e. /ø/ and /y/); and, secondly, whether Korean has three levels of front vowels in terms of vowel height (i.e. whether /e/ and /ɛ/ are distinctive). Actual phonological studies done by studying formant data show that current speakers of Standard Korean do not differentiate between

595-466: A lower position), and slight alterations in interior instrumentation and trim application. The Pony Coupe Concept was designed by Giorgetto Giugiaro at Italdesign and first shown at the 1974 Turin Motor Show. According to Italdesign, the styling exercise was not performed under commission from Hyundai, but that company's executives asked to brand the concept as a Hyundai just before the opening of

680-673: A major genre . However, the use of the Korean alphabet had gone without orthographical standardization for so long that spelling had become quite irregular. In 1796, the Dutch scholar Isaac Titsingh became the first person to bring a book written in Korean to the Western world . His collection of books included the Japanese book Sangoku Tsūran Zusetsu ( An Illustrated Description of Three Countries ) by Hayashi Shihei . This book, which

765-762: A single point particle is: L = r × p {\displaystyle \mathbf {L} =\mathbf {r} \times \mathbf {p} } where p is the particle's linear momentum and r is the position vector from the origin. The time-derivative of this is: d L d t = r × d p d t + d r d t × p . {\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} \mathbf {L} }{\mathrm {d} t}}=\mathbf {r} \times {\frac {\mathrm {d} \mathbf {p} }{\mathrm {d} t}}+{\frac {\mathrm {d} \mathbf {r} }{\mathrm {d} t}}\times \mathbf {p} .} This result can easily be proven by splitting

850-402: A standard clock (which was mounted in the instrument cluster for 1984–1986 models, and for 1987, a digital clock was added in the centre of the upper dash) rear wiper, passenger-side mirror, tinted glass, lockable fuel door, standard door guards, 50/50 fold-down seats, upgraded interior trim, and (from 1985) an available 1.6-litre (98 cu in) engine. The GLS/CXL included the above with

935-411: A two-barrel downdraft carburettor (manual choke ) and breaker point-type ignition . Trim levels were 'L' (standard), 'GL/CX', and 'GLS/CXL'. The 'CX/CXL' designations were for 1987 model years only. The L featured vinyl seats, a fold-down rear bench seat, and usually a four-speed manual transmission mated to a 1.4-litre (85 cu in) inline-four engine. The GL/CX included vinyl-cloth seats,

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1020-648: Is a general proof for point particles, but it can be generalized to a system of point particles by applying the above proof to each of the point particles and then summing over all the point particles. Similarly, the proof can be generalized to a continuous mass by applying the above proof to each point within the mass, and then integrating over the entire mass. In physics , rotatum is the derivative of torque with respect to time P = d τ d t , {\displaystyle \mathbf {P} ={\frac {\mathrm {d} {\boldsymbol {\tau }}}{\mathrm {d} t}},} where τ

1105-620: Is based on the South Korean order. The order from the Hunminjeongeum in 1446 was: This is the basis of the modern alphabetic orders. It was before the development of the Korean tense consonants and the double letters that represent them, and before the conflation of the letters ㅇ (null) and ㆁ (ng). Thus, when the North Korean and South Korean governments implemented full use of the Korean alphabet, they ordered these letters differently, with North Korea placing new letters at

1190-459: Is better to use a term which treats this action as a single definite entity than to use terms like " couple " and " moment ", which suggest more complex ideas. The single notion of a twist applied to turn a shaft is better than the more complex notion of applying a linear force (or a pair of forces) with a certain leverage. Today, torque is referred to using different vocabulary depending on geographical location and field of study. This article follows

1275-762: Is determined by the right-hand rule. Therefore any force directed parallel to the particle's position vector does not produce a torque. The magnitude of torque applied to a rigid body depends on three quantities: the force applied, the lever arm vector connecting the point about which the torque is being measured to the point of force application, and the angle between the force and lever arm vectors. In symbols: τ = r × F ⟹ τ = r F ⊥ = r F sin ⁡ θ {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\tau }}=\mathbf {r} \times \mathbf {F} \implies \tau =rF_{\perp }=rF\sin \theta } where The SI unit for torque

1360-458: Is equipped with dual electric traction motors (both fitted to the rear axle) with a combined output of 670 hp (500 kW) and 664 lb⋅ft (900 N⋅m) of torque, drawing from a 62.4 kW-hr battery pack and hydrogen tanks storing 4.2 kg (9.3 lb) for an on-board fuel cell. In Europe, the front wheel drive Hyundai Excel was sold under the Pony name from 1985 as a replacement for

1445-626: Is occasionally still the way for stylistic purposes. However, Korean is now typically written from left to right with spaces between words serving as dividers , unlike in Japanese and Chinese. Hangul is the official writing system throughout both North and South Korea. It is a co-official writing system in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture and Changbai Korean Autonomous County in Jilin Province , China. Hangul has also seen limited use by speakers of

1530-571: Is said to have been suggested by James Thomson and appeared in print in April, 1884. Usage is attested the same year by Silvanus P. Thompson in the first edition of Dynamo-Electric Machinery . Thompson motivates the term as follows: Just as the Newtonian definition of force is that which produces or tends to produce motion (along a line), so torque may be defined as that which produces or tends to produce torsion (around an axis). It

1615-425: Is the moment of inertia of the body and ω is its angular speed . Power is the work per unit time , given by P = τ ⋅ ω , {\displaystyle P={\boldsymbol {\tau }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\omega }},} where P is power, τ is torque, ω is the angular velocity , and ⋅ {\displaystyle \cdot } represents

1700-405: Is the newton-metre (N⋅m). For more on the units of torque, see § Units . The net torque on a body determines the rate of change of the body's angular momentum , τ = d L d t {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\tau }}={\frac {\mathrm {d} \mathbf {L} }{\mathrm {d} t}}} where L is the angular momentum vector and t

1785-459: Is the modern writing system for the Korean language . The letters for the five basic consonants reflect the shape of the speech organs used to pronounce them. They are systematically modified to indicate phonetic features. The vowel letters are systematically modified for related sounds, making Hangul a featural writing system . It has been described as a syllabic alphabet as it combines

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1870-1748: Is time. For the motion of a point particle, L = I ω , {\displaystyle \mathbf {L} =I{\boldsymbol {\omega }},} where I = m r 2 {\textstyle I=mr^{2}} is the moment of inertia and ω is the orbital angular velocity pseudovector. It follows that τ n e t = I 1 ω 1 ˙ e 1 ^ + I 2 ω 2 ˙ e 2 ^ + I 3 ω 3 ˙ e 3 ^ + I 1 ω 1 d e 1 ^ d t + I 2 ω 2 d e 2 ^ d t + I 3 ω 3 d e 3 ^ d t = I ω ˙ + ω × ( I ω ) {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\tau }}_{\mathrm {net} }=I_{1}{\dot {\omega _{1}}}{\hat {\boldsymbol {e_{1}}}}+I_{2}{\dot {\omega _{2}}}{\hat {\boldsymbol {e_{2}}}}+I_{3}{\dot {\omega _{3}}}{\hat {\boldsymbol {e_{3}}}}+I_{1}\omega _{1}{\frac {d{\hat {\boldsymbol {e_{1}}}}}{dt}}+I_{2}\omega _{2}{\frac {d{\hat {\boldsymbol {e_{2}}}}}{dt}}+I_{3}\omega _{3}{\frac {d{\hat {\boldsymbol {e_{3}}}}}{dt}}=I{\boldsymbol {\dot {\omega }}}+{\boldsymbol {\omega }}\times (I{\boldsymbol {\omega }})} using

1955-451: Is torque, and θ 1 and θ 2 represent (respectively) the initial and final angular positions of the body. It follows from the work–energy principle that W also represents the change in the rotational kinetic energy E r of the body, given by E r = 1 2 I ω 2 , {\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {r} }={\tfrac {1}{2}}I\omega ^{2},} where I

2040-818: Is torque. This word is derived from the Latin word rotātus meaning 'to rotate', but the term rotatum is not universally recognized but is commonly used. There is not a universally accepted lexicon to indicate the successive derivatives of rotatum, even if sometimes various proposals have been made. Using the cross product definition of torque, an alternative expression for rotatum is: P = r × d F d t + d r d t × F . {\displaystyle \mathbf {P} =\mathbf {r} \times {\frac {\mathrm {d} \mathbf {F} }{\mathrm {d} t}}+{\frac {\mathrm {d} \mathbf {r} }{\mathrm {d} t}}\times \mathbf {F} .} Because

2125-570: Is used to refer to Korea in general, so the name also means Korean script. It has been romanized in multiple ways: North Koreans call the alphabet Chosŏn'gŭl ( 조선글 ), after Chosŏn , the North Korean name for Korea . A variant of the McCune–Reischauer system is used there for romanization. Until the mid-20th century, the Korean elite preferred to write using Chinese characters called Hanja . They referred to Hanja as jinseo ( 진서 ; 真書 ) meaning true letters. Some accounts say

2210-506: Is valid for any type of trajectory. In some simple cases like a rotating disc, where only the moment of inertia on rotating axis is, the rotational Newton's second law can be τ = I α {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\tau }}=I{\boldsymbol {\alpha }}} where α = ω ˙ {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\alpha }}={\dot {\boldsymbol {\omega }}}} . The definition of angular momentum for

2295-624: Is zero because velocity and momentum are parallel, so the second term vanishes. Therefore, torque on a particle is equal to the first derivative of its angular momentum with respect to time. If multiple forces are applied, according Newton's second law it follows that d L d t = r × F n e t = τ n e t . {\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} \mathbf {L} }{\mathrm {d} t}}=\mathbf {r} \times \mathbf {F} _{\mathrm {net} }={\boldsymbol {\tau }}_{\mathrm {net} }.} This

2380-657: The Veritable Records of King Sejong and Jeong Inji 's preface to the Hunminjeongeum Haerye emphasize that he invented it himself. The project was completed sometime between December 1443 and January 1444, and described in a 1446 document titled Hunminjeongeum ( The Proper Sounds for the Education of the People ), after which the alphabet itself was originally named. The publication date of

2465-608: The Cia-Cia language in Indonesia. The Korean alphabet was originally named Hunminjeong'eum ( 훈민정음 ) by King Sejong the Great in 1443. Hunminjeong'eum is also the document that explained logic and science behind the script in 1446. The name hangeul ( 한글 ) was coined by Korean linguist Ju Si-gyeong in 1912. The name combines the ancient Korean word han ( 한 ), meaning great, and geul ( 글 ), meaning script. The word han

2550-554: The Hunminjeongeum , October 9, became Hangul Day in South Korea. Its North Korean equivalent, Chosŏn'gŭl Day, is on January 15. The opening page of Hunminjeongeum contains King Sejong's foreword written in Literary Chinese, which reads: 國之語音。異乎中國。與文字不相流通。故愚民。有所欲言而終不得伸其情者。多矣。予。爲此憫然。新制二十八字。欲使人人易習。便於日用矣。 Because the speech of this country is different from that of China, it [the spoken language] does not match

2635-555: The Hunminjeongeum Haerye Edition, King Sejong expressed his intention to understand the language of the people in his country and to express their meanings more conveniently in writing. He noted that the shapes of the traditional Chinese characters, as well as factors such as the thickness, stroke count, and order of strokes in calligraphy, were extremely complex, making it difficult for people to recognize and understand them individually. A popular saying about

Hyundai Pony - Misplaced Pages Continue

2720-707: The Hyundai Excel and Accent . Hyundai had already ventured into car production by producing locally built versions of the Ford Cortina under licence from 1968. When the company wanted to develop their own car, they hired George Turnbull , the former managing director of Austin and Morris at British Leyland in 1974. He in turn hired five other top British car engineers, Kenneth Barnett as body designer, engineers John Simpson and Edward Chapman, John Crosthwaite as chassis engineer and Peter Slater as chief development engineer. With Turnbull's experience with

2805-789: The Morris Marina , engines and transmissions from Mitsubishi , platform from Mitsubishi's Lancer, some parts from the Ford Cortina they were already producing, and a hatchback body styled by Italdesign Giugiaro , they developed the Hyundai Pony. The Pony was presented as a coupé concept car at the Turin Motor Show in October 1974, and the car was introduced in December 1975 as a four-door saloon car to compete with

2890-532: The Saehan Gemini and Kia Brisa . A coupé utility version was added in May 1976, which was called a pickup, although it differed from a typical pickup truck in that its cargo tray was integral with the body rather than being a separate assembly. An estate car arrived in April 1977. In 1981, the small boot lid from the saloon was replaced by a hatchback tail gate creating a new five-door liftback model. This

2975-448: The emphatic consonants were standardized to ㅺ, ㅼ, ㅽ, ㅆ, ㅾ and final consonants restricted to ㄱ, ㄴ, ㄹ, ㅁ, ㅂ, ㅅ, ㅇ, ㄺ, ㄻ, ㄼ . Long vowels were marked by a diacritic dot to the left of the syllable, but this was dropped in 1921. A second colonial reform occurred in 1930. The arae-a was abolished: the emphatic consonants were changed to ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅆ, ㅉ and more final consonants ㄷ, ㅈ, ㅌ, ㅊ, ㅍ, ㄲ, ㄳ, ㄵ, ㄾ, ㄿ, ㅄ were allowed, making

3060-421: The lever's fulcrum (the length of the lever arm ) is its torque. Therefore, torque is defined as the product of the magnitude of the perpendicular component of the force and the distance of the line of action of a force from the point around which it is being determined. In three dimensions, the torque is a pseudovector ; for point particles , it is given by the cross product of the displacement vector and

3145-609: The mayor of Seoul . Letters in the Korean alphabet are called jamo ( 자모 ). There are 14 consonants ( 자음 ) and 10 vowels ( 모음 ) used in the modern alphabet. They were first named in Hunmongjahoe  [ ko ] , a hanja textbook written by Choe Sejin . Additionally, there are 27 complex letters that are formed by combining the basic letters: 5 tense consonant letters, 11 complex consonant letters, and 11 complex vowel letters. In typography design and in IME automata,

3230-414: The scalar product . Algebraically, the equation may be rearranged to compute torque for a given angular speed and power output. The power injected by the torque depends only on the instantaneous angular speed – not on whether the angular speed increases, decreases, or remains constant while the torque is being applied (this is equivalent to the linear case where the power injected by a force depends only on

3315-601: The 1984 model year and sales ended in 1987. The Pony was sufficiently popular there that it was sold alongside the Excel until 1987 rather than being replaced by that vehicle as was done in some other markets. The Canadian version of the Pony was modified to meet local standards. Differences between the Canadian Pony versus its European counterparts were 8-kilometre-per-hour (5.0 mph) bumpers, sealed-beam headlights, side marker lamps instead of indicator repeaters (also in

3400-504: The 21 vowels used in the modern Korean alphabet in South Korean alphabetic order with Revised Romanization equivalents for each letter and pronunciation in IPA (see Korean phonology for more). The vowels are generally separated into two categories: monophthongs and diphthongs. Monophthongs are produced with a single articulatory movement (hence the prefix mono), while diphthongs feature an articulatory change. Diphthongs have two constituents:

3485-579: The Korean alphabet or mixed script as their official writing system, with ever-decreasing use of Hanja especially in the North. Beginning in the 1970s, Hanja began to experience a gradual decline in commercial or unofficial writing in the South due to government intervention, with some South Korean newspapers now only using Hanja as abbreviations or disambiguation of homonyms. However, as Korean documents, history, literature and records throughout its history until

Hyundai Pony - Misplaced Pages Continue

3570-466: The Korean consonants by their respective categories and subcategories. All Korean obstruents are voiceless in that the larynx does not vibrate when producing those sounds and are further distinguished by degree of aspiration and tenseness. The tensed consonants are produced by constricting the vocal cords while heavily aspirated consonants (such as the Korean ㅍ , /pʰ/ ) are produced by opening them. Korean sonorants are voiced. The chart below shows

3655-456: The Pony was positioned as a budget offering between Eastern Bloc brands ( Lada , Skoda ) and the lower echelons of established Japanese makes for sales, marking the beginning of a successful foray into this market by Korean carmakers. For 1984, the Pony came only with a 1,439-cubic-centimetre (87.8 cu in) 4G33 Mitsubishi inline-four engine , rated at 70 horsepower (52 kW) and 82 pound-feet (111 N⋅m) of torque . This engine

3740-482: The Pony was replaced by a re-badged Hyundai Excel from 1985, particularly in Europe. The Pony II was exported to Canada from 1983, where it was one of the least expensive vehicles on the market, and sales greatly exceeded expectations; initial projections for 1984 called for 5,000 sales, but the final total was 25,123, making it one of the top-selling vehicles in that country. The Pony was released for sale in Canada for

3825-730: The Turin show. After the positive reception in Turin, the concept Coupe was imported to Korea and featured in domestic advertisements there; reverse engineering the concept began at the Hyundai Ulsan plant, and engineering drawings were made, but the Pony Coupe never reached mass production. The styling of the Pony Coupe Concept went on to inspire both the DMC DeLorean and Hyundai N Vision 74 concept. The N Vision 74

3910-409: The [Chinese] letters. Therefore, even if the ignorant want to communicate, many of them in the end cannot state their concerns. Saddened by this, I have [had] 28 letters newly made. It is my wish that all the people may easily learn these letters and that [they] be convenient for daily use. The Korean alphabet was designed so that people with little education could learn to read and write. According to

3995-721: The above expression for work, , gives W = ∫ s 1 s 2 F ⋅ d θ × r {\displaystyle W=\int _{s_{1}}^{s_{2}}\mathbf {F} \cdot \mathrm {d} {\boldsymbol {\theta }}\times \mathbf {r} } The expression inside the integral is a scalar triple product F ⋅ d θ × r = r × F ⋅ d θ {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} \cdot \mathrm {d} {\boldsymbol {\theta }}\times \mathbf {r} =\mathbf {r} \times \mathbf {F} \cdot \mathrm {d} {\boldsymbol {\theta }}} , but as per

4080-409: The alphabet is, "A wise man can acquaint himself with them before the morning is over; even a stupid man can learn them in the space of ten days." Another document published in 1446 and titled Hunminjeongeum Haerye ( Hunminjeongeum Explanation and Examples) was discovered in 1940. This document explains that the design of the consonant letters is based on articulatory phonetics and the design of

4165-505: The annexation and Korean was written in a mixed Hanja-Hangul script , where most lexical roots were written in Hanja and grammatical forms in the Korean alphabet. Japan banned earlier Korean literature from public schooling, which became mandatory for children. The orthography of the Korean alphabet was partially standardized in 1912, when the vowel arae-a ( ㆍ )—which has now disappeared from Korean—was restricted to Sino-Korean roots:

4250-421: The basic letters: 5 tense consonant letters, 11 complex consonant letters, and 11 complex vowel letters. Four basic letters in the original alphabet are no longer used: 1 vowel letter and 3 consonant letters. Korean letters are written in syllabic blocks with the alphabetic letters arranged in two dimensions. For example, the South Korean city of Seoul is written as 서울 , not ㅅㅓㅇㅜㄹ . The syllables begin with

4335-611: The contemporary period were written primarily in Literary Chinese using Hanja as its primary script, a good working knowledge of Chinese characters especially in academia is still important for anyone who wishes to interpret and study older texts from Korea, or anyone who wishes to read scholarly texts in the humanities. A high proficiency in Hanja is also useful for understanding the etymology of Sino-Korean words as well as to enlarge one's Korean vocabulary. North Korea instated Hangul as its exclusive writing system in 1949 on

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4420-439: The definition of torque, and since the parameter of integration has been changed from linear displacement to angular displacement, the equation becomes W = ∫ θ 1 θ 2 τ ⋅ d θ {\displaystyle W=\int _{\theta _{1}}^{\theta _{2}}{\boldsymbol {\tau }}\cdot \mathrm {d} {\boldsymbol {\theta }}} If

4505-605: The definition used in US physics in its usage of the word torque . In the UK and in US mechanical engineering , torque is referred to as moment of force , usually shortened to moment . This terminology can be traced back to at least 1811 in Siméon Denis Poisson 's Traité de mécanique . An English translation of Poisson's work appears in 1842. A force applied perpendicularly to a lever multiplied by its distance from

4590-411: The derivative of a vector is d e i ^ d t = ω × e i ^ {\displaystyle {d{\boldsymbol {\hat {e_{i}}}} \over dt}={\boldsymbol {\omega }}\times {\boldsymbol {\hat {e_{i}}}}} This equation is the rotational analogue of Newton's second law for point particles, and

4675-513: The difficulty of learning the Korean and Chinese languages, as well as the large number of Chinese characters that are used. To promote literacy among the common people, the fourth king of the Joseon dynasty, Sejong the Great , personally created and promulgated a new alphabet. Although it is widely assumed that King Sejong ordered the Hall of Worthies to invent Hangul, contemporary records such as

4760-694: The elite referred to the Korean alphabet derisively as 'amkeul ( 암클 ) meaning women's script, and 'ahaetgeul ( 아햇글 ) meaning children's script, though there is no written evidence of this. Supporters of the Korean alphabet referred to it as jeong'eum ( 정음 ; 正音 ) meaning correct pronunciation, gungmun ( 국문 ; 國文 ) meaning national script, and eonmun ( 언문 ; 諺文 ) meaning vernacular script. Koreans primarily wrote using Literary Chinese alongside native phonetic writing systems that predate Hangul by hundreds of years, including Idu script , Hyangchal , Gugyeol and Gakpil. However, many lower class uneducated Koreans were illiterate due to

4845-470: The end of the alphabet and South Korea grouping similar letters together. The double letters are placed after all the single letters (except the null initial ㅇ , which goes at the end). All digraphs and trigraphs , including the old diphthongs ㅐ and ㅔ , are placed after the simple vowels, again maintaining Choe's alphabetic order. The order of the final letters ( 받침 ) is: Torque The term torque (from Latin torquēre , 'to twist')

4930-614: The features of alphabetic and syllabic writing systems. Hangul was created in 1443 by Sejong the Great , fourth king of the Joseon dynasty. It was an attempt to increase literacy by serving as a complement to Hanja , which were Chinese characters used to write Literary Chinese in Korea by the 2nd century BCE, and had been adapted to write Korean by the 6th century CE. Modern Hangul orthography uses 24 basic letters: 14 consonant letters and 10 vowel letters. There are also 27 complex letters that are formed by combining

5015-454: The force vector. The direction of the torque can be determined by using the right hand grip rule : if the fingers of the right hand are curled from the direction of the lever arm to the direction of the force, then the thumb points in the direction of the torque. It follows that the torque vector is perpendicular to both the position and force vectors and defines the plane in which the two vectors lie. The resulting torque vector direction

5100-568: The infinitesimal linear displacement d s {\displaystyle \mathrm {d} \mathbf {s} } is related to a corresponding angular displacement d θ {\displaystyle \mathrm {d} {\boldsymbol {\theta }}} and the radius vector r {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} } as d s = d θ × r {\displaystyle \mathrm {d} \mathbf {s} =\mathrm {d} {\boldsymbol {\theta }}\times \mathbf {r} } Substitution in

5185-586: The instantaneous speed – not on the resulting acceleration, if any). The work done by a variable force acting over a finite linear displacement s {\displaystyle s} is given by integrating the force with respect to an elemental linear displacement d s {\displaystyle \mathrm {d} \mathbf {s} } W = ∫ s 1 s 2 F ⋅ d s {\displaystyle W=\int _{s_{1}}^{s_{2}}\mathbf {F} \cdot \mathrm {d} \mathbf {s} } However,

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5270-498: The letters that make up a block are called jaso ( 자소 ). The chart below shows all 19 consonants in South Korean alphabetic order with Revised Romanization equivalents for each letter and pronunciation in IPA (see Korean phonology for more). ㅇ is silent syllable-initially and is used as a placeholder when the syllable starts with a vowel. ㄸ , ㅃ , and ㅉ are never used syllable-finally. The consonants are broadly categorized into two categories: The chart below lists

5355-508: The literary elite, including Choe Manri and other Korean Confucian scholars. They believed Hanja was the only legitimate writing system. They also saw the circulation of the Korean alphabet as a road to break away from the Sinosphere as well as a threat to their status. However, the Korean alphabet entered popular culture as King Sejong had intended, used especially by women and writers of popular fiction. Prince Yeonsan banned

5440-565: The name "Grand Pony" instead. In April 2021, Hyundai displayed the Pony Heritage EV , a restored first-generation Pony converted with an electric vehicle powertrain as a concept, in Hyundai Motorstudio Busan. The powertrain specifications were not available; the interior featured an instrument panel with two three-digit nixie tube displays for state of charge and vehicle speed. The head- and tail-lights feature

5525-489: The option of a tachometer , passenger-side vanity mirror , full cloth seats, and (from 1985) a standard 1.6 L engine. Only the 'L' and 'CX' were trim levels for 1987. The 'L' was the same as the previous 'L', however the clock was now digital and the CX had a standard tachometer. From 1986 to 1987, interior colours available were tan or blue. From 1984 to 1985, it was light grey on dark grey. Options included rear window louvers ,

5610-459: The orders of Kim Il Sung of the Workers' Party of Korea , and officially banned the use of Hanja. Systems that employed Hangul letters with modified rules were attempted by linguists such as Hsu Tsao-te  [ zh ] and Ang Ui-jin to transcribe Taiwanese Hokkien , a Sinitic language , but the usage of Chinese characters ultimately ended up being the most practical solution and

5695-659: The orthography more morphophonemic . The double consonant ㅆ was written alone (without a vowel) when it occurred between nouns, and the nominative particle 가 was introduced after vowels, replacing 이 . Ju Si-gyeong , the linguist who had coined the term Hangul to replace Eonmun or Vulgar Script in 1912, established the Korean Language Research Society (later renamed the Hangul Society ), which further reformed orthography with Standardized System of Hangul in 1933. The principal change

5780-528: The rate of change of force is yank Y {\textstyle \mathbf {Y} } and the rate of change of position is velocity v {\textstyle \mathbf {v} } , the expression can be further simplified to: P = r × Y + v × F . {\displaystyle \mathbf {P} =\mathbf {r} \times \mathbf {Y} +\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {F} .} The law of conservation of energy can also be used to understand torque. If

5865-589: The rear wheel drive version. In other markets, the second generation Pony continued on sale alongside the new Hyundai Excel. Until discontinuation, Excel carried the Pony name. The final usage of the name was with the first generation Hyundai Accent , sold as the Pony in France. The Pony name was last used by Hyundai in 2000. For the second and third generations, some taxi models of the Hyundai Accent were sold as "Hyundai Super Pony". The fourth generation used

5950-642: The second consonant can be basic, complex or a limited number of tense consonants. How the syllables are structured depends solely if the baseline of the vowel symbol is horizontal or vertical. If the baseline is vertical, the first consonant and vowel are written above the second consonant (if present), but all components are written individually from top to bottom in the case of a horizontal baseline. As in traditional Chinese and Japanese writing, as well as many other texts in East and southeast Asia, Korean texts were traditionally written top to bottom, right to left, as

6035-478: The study and publication of the Korean alphabet in 1504 during his kingship, after a document criticizing him was published. Similarly, King Jungjong abolished the Ministry of Eonmun, a governmental institution related to Hangul research, in 1506. The late 16th century, however, saw a revival of the Korean alphabet as gasa and sijo poetry flourished. In the 17th century, the Korean alphabet novels became

6120-875: The torque and the angular displacement are in the same direction, then the scalar product reduces to a product of magnitudes; i.e., τ ⋅ d θ = | τ | | d θ | cos ⁡ 0 = τ d θ {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\tau }}\cdot \mathrm {d} {\boldsymbol {\theta }}=\left|{\boldsymbol {\tau }}\right|\left|\mathrm {d} {\boldsymbol {\theta }}\right|\cos 0=\tau \,\mathrm {d} \theta } giving W = ∫ θ 1 θ 2 τ d θ {\displaystyle W=\int _{\theta _{1}}^{\theta _{2}}\tau \,\mathrm {d} \theta } The principle of moments, also known as Varignon's theorem (not to be confused with

6205-733: The vectors into components and applying the product rule . But because the rate of change of linear momentum is force F {\textstyle \mathbf {F} } and the rate of change of position is velocity v {\textstyle \mathbf {v} } , d L d t = r × F + v × p {\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} \mathbf {L} }{\mathrm {d} t}}=\mathbf {r} \times \mathbf {F} +\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {p} } The cross product of momentum p {\displaystyle \mathbf {p} } with its associated velocity v {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} }

6290-400: The vowel letters is based on the principles of yin and yang and vowel harmony . After the creation of Hangul, people from the lower class or the commoners had a chance to be literate. They learned how to read and write Korean, not just the upper classes and literary elite. They learn Hangul independently without formal schooling or such. The Korean alphabet faced opposition in the 1440s by

6375-479: The vowels ㅔ and ㅐ in pronunciation. Alphabetic order in the Korean alphabet is called the ganada order, ( 가나다순 ) after the first three letters of the alphabet. The alphabetical order of the Korean alphabet does not mix consonants and vowels. Rather, first are velar consonants , then coronals , labials , sibilants , etc. The vowels come after the consonants. The collation order of Korean in Unicode

6460-510: Was 92 mph with acceleration from 0–60 mph in 15.3 seconds. Introduced in January 1982, the Pony II was similar mechanically to the first-generation version, but was extensively restyled. Only the five-door Liftback and two-door pickup were offered. With the Pony II, exports also began to the UK in the spring of 1982 – making it the first South Korean car to be sold there. Initially,

6545-511: Was accompanied with a new three-door liftback. The Pony was loosely based on both the earlier licence-built Ford Cortinas and the Morris Marina , with former British Leyland engineers being hired by Hyundai to design the car. Hyundai began exporting the Pony to Chile , Argentina, Colombia, Ecuador and Egypt in 1976. European exports began in 1979 with Belgium and the Netherlands , with Greece added shortly thereafter. The pickup version

6630-472: Was added in October that year, only available with the smaller, 1.2-litre (73 cu in), engine and a 380 kg (838 lb) payload. The 1,238-cubic-centimetre (75.5 cu in) four-cylinder engine claimed 55 PS (40 kW) and the 1,439-cubic-centimetre (87.8 cu in) engine produced 68 PS (50 kW). The 1.4 GLS was tested by the British car magazine Motor and top speed

6715-499: Was adopted in official documents for the first time in 1894. Elementary school texts began using the Korean alphabet in 1895, and Tongnip sinmun , established in 1896, was the first newspaper printed in both Korean and English. After the Japanese annexation, which occurred in 1910, Japanese was made the official language of Korea. However, the Korean alphabet was still taught in Korean-established schools built after

6800-401: Was available with either a four-speed or five-speed manual or a three-speed automatic transmission . The 1,238-cubic-centimetre (75.5 cu in) 4G36 engine was not available in Canada. This engine was retained across the line until 1986, after which only the 1,597-cubic-centimetre (97.5 cu in) 4G32 engine (74 horsepower (55 kW) and 93 pound-feet (126 N⋅m) of torque)

6885-467: Was available. In mid-1985, the door handles were blacked out, chrome was removed from the windshield wipers, and the "HD" badge was removed from the centre of the grille and replaced with the lettering "Hyundai" off to the left side. A 1.6-litre (98 cu in) model 4G32 engine became available in 1985, with optional air conditioning. These powerplants had a hemispherical crossflow cylinder head , two valves per cylinder (chain-driven SOHC ),

6970-643: Was endorsed by the Ministry of Education of Taiwan . The Hunminjeong'eum Society in Seoul attempted to spread the use of Hangul to unwritten languages of Asia. In 2009, it was unofficially adopted by the town of Baubau , in Southeast Sulawesi , Indonesia, to write the Cia-Cia language . A number of Indonesian Cia-Cia speakers who visited Seoul generated large media attention in South Korea, and they were greeted on their arrival by Oh Se-hoon ,

7055-684: Was published in 1785, described the Joseon Kingdom and the Korean alphabet. In 1832, the Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland supported the posthumous abridged publication of Titsingh's French translation. Thanks to growing Korean nationalism , the Gabo Reformists ' push, and Western missionaries' promotion of the Korean alphabet in schools and literature, the Hangul Korean alphabet

7140-423: Was published in 1946, just after Korean independence from Japanese rule. In 1948, North Korea attempted to make the script perfectly morphophonemic through the addition of new letters , and, in 1953, Syngman Rhee in South Korea attempted to simplify the orthography by returning to the colonial orthography of 1921, but both reforms were abandoned after only a few years. Both North Korea and South Korea have used

7225-438: Was to make the Korean alphabet as morphophonemically practical as possible given the existing letters. A system for transliterating foreign orthographies was published in 1940. Japan banned the Korean language from schools and public offices in 1938 and excluded Korean courses from the elementary education in 1941 as part of a policy of cultural assimilation and genocide . The definitive modern Korean alphabet orthography

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