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75-652: In December 2015, the Linux Foundation announced the creation of the Hyperledger Project. The founding project members were announced in February 2016, with ten further members and the governing board announced a month later on March 29. On May 19, Brian Behlendorf was appointed the project’s executive director. The project’s objective is to advance cross-industry collaboration by developing blockchains and distributed ledgers, focusing on improving

150-525: A bytecode interpreter . npm is the pre-installed package manager for the Node.js server platform. It installs Node.js programs from the npm registry, organizing the installation and management of third-party Node.js programs. Node.js registers with the operating system so the OS notifies it of asynchronous I/O events such as new connections. Within the Node.js runtime, events trigger callbacks and each connection

225-418: A Finn, he did not support Russian aggression. Furthermore, he insinuated that people opposing this patch are either Russian trolls, or have been riled up by Russian state-sponsored media and revert of this patch will not be accepted. At least one other maintainer, who had criticized this unusual approach, claimed to have been blocked from the mailing list. It wasn’t until October 24 that James Bottomley,

300-580: A Hyperledger Fabric instance, with the support of a Node.js application (based on the Loopback application framework) and provide a REST interface to external applications. Composer provided a GUI user interface "Playground" for the creation of applications, and therefore represents an excellent starting point for Proof of Concept work. On the 27th of April, 2020 the Hyperledger Technical Steering Committee has moved

375-536: A Technical Advisory Board made up of Linux kernel developers. One of these developers has been appointed to sit on the Linux Foundation board. In January 2016, the Linux Foundation announced a partnership with Goodwill Central Texas to help hundreds of disadvantaged individuals from underserved communities and a variety of backgrounds get the training they need to start careers in Linux IT. In July 2020,

450-428: A combined total of US$ 1.2 million and Silver members contribute between US$ 5,000 and US$ 20,000 based on the amount of employees, summing up to at least US$ 6,240,000. As of June 2024, the foundation collected annual fees worth at least US$ 14,940,000. By early 2018, the Linux Foundation's website stated that it "uses [donations] in part to help fund the infrastructure and fellows (like Linus Torvalds ) who help develop

525-416: A kernel developer, issued an apology for the intransparent handling of the situation and clarified that the action was a consequence of U.S. sanctions against Russia. According to Bottomley, developers who were allegedly employed by sanctioned companies could no longer serve as maintainers, even in a purely volunteer role. While some of the volunteer programmers were indeed employed by Russian companies, this

600-550: A long-term support release cycle. By 2016, the io.js website recommended returning to Node.js and announced no further io.js releases, effectively ending the fork and solidifying the merger's success. In 2019, the JS Foundation and Node.js Foundation merged to form the OpenJS Foundation . On September 6, 2023, Node.js 20.6.0 was released. The update brought the addition of built-in support for .env files,

675-454: A modular architecture with a delineation of roles between the nodes in the infrastructure, execution of Smart Contracts (called "chaincode" in Fabric) and configurable consensus and membership services. A Fabric Network comprises (1) "Peer nodes", which execute chaincode, access ledger data, endorse transactions and interface with applications; (2) "Orderer nodes" which ensure the consistency of

750-509: A native Windows version of Node.js. The first Node.js build supporting Windows was released in July 2011. In January 2012, Dahl yielded management of the project to npm creator Isaac Schlueter. In January 2014, Schlueter announced that Timothy J. Fontaine would lead the project. In December 2014, Fedor Indutny created io.js, a fork of Node.js created because of dissatisfaction with Joyent's governance as an open-governance alternative with

825-478: A news site to become a central source for Linux tutorials, information, software, documentation, and answers across the server, desktop/netbook, mobile, and embedded areas. It also includes a directory of Linux software and hardware. Much like Linux itself, Linux.com plans to rely on the community to create and drive content and conversation. In 2020 amidst the COVID-19 pandemic , the Linux Foundation announced

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900-558: A passing project. Introduced in October 2017, the Community Data License Agreement (CDLA) is a legal framework for sharing data. There are two initial CDLA licenses: On March 3, 2009, the Linux Foundation announced that they would take over the management of Linux.com from its previous owners, SourceForge, Inc . The site was relaunched on May 13, 2009, shifting away from its previous incarnation as

975-593: A separate technical committee. The goal was to enable a structure that would be more receptive to community input, including the updating of io.js with the latest Google V8 JavaScript engine releases, diverging from Node.js's approach at that time. The Node.js Foundation, formed to reconcile Node.js and io.js under a unified banner, was announced in February 2015. The merger was realized in September 2015 with Node.js v0.12 and io.js v3.3 combining into Node v4.0. This merge brought V8 ES6 features into Node.js and started

1050-503: A simplified model that uses callbacks to signal the completion of a task. Node.js connects the ease of a scripting language (JavaScript) with the power of Unix network programming. Node.js was built on top of Google's V8 JavaScript engine since it was open-sourced under the BSD license , and it contains comprehensive support for fundamental protocols such as HTTP , DNS and TCP . JavaScript's existing popularity made Node.js accessible to

1125-476: A single programming language , as opposed to using different languages for the server- versus client-side programming. Node.js has an event-driven architecture capable of asynchronous I/O . These design choices aim to optimize throughput and scalability in web applications with many input/output operations, as well as for real-time Web applications (e.g., real-time communication programs and browser games ). The Node.js distributed development project

1200-614: A single account namespace for accounts within each ledger. With the addition of Quilt to Hyperledger, The Linux Foundation now hosts both the Java (Quilt) and JavaScript (Interledger.js) Interledger implementations. Hyperledger Quilt was initially contributed by NTT Data and Ripple. Linux Foundation The Linux Foundation ( LF ) is a non-profit organization established in 2000 to support Linux development and open-source software projects. The Linux Foundation started as Open Source Development Labs in 2000 to standardize and promote

1275-431: A task, it informs the main thread of this, which in turn, wakes up and executes the registered callback. A downside of this single-threaded approach is that Node.js does not allow vertical scaling by increasing the number of CPU cores of the machine it is running on without using an additional module, such as cluster, StrongLoop Process Manager, or pm2. However, developers can increase the default number of threads in

1350-500: A vague justification for relieving the developers from their respecting positions as maintainers. To the growing numbers of messages expressing a mixture of surprise and outrage related to the lack of transparency surrounding the situation and concern over whether the political independence of the Linux kernel was still being maintained, Linus Torvalds blatantly responded that the reasons for this would in fact be clear, and added that, as

1425-536: A variety of protocols. Aries includes implementations in Python, Go, .NET, and JavaScript. Hyperledger Aries interacts with other Hyperledger projects like Indy and Ursa. Indy provides the ledger technology, and Ursa provides shared cryptographic functions. Hyperledger Caliper is a blockchain benchmark tool and one of the Hyperledger projects hosted by The Linux Foundation. Hyperledger Caliper allows users to measure

1500-481: Is Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT). Fabric is primarily aimed at integration projects, in which a Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) is required, offering no user facing services other than an SDK for Node.js , Java and Go . Fabric supports chaincode in Go and JavaScript (via Hyperledger Composer , or natively since v1.1) out-of-the-box, and other languages such as Java by installing appropriate modules. It

1575-409: Is handled as a small heap allocation . Traditionally, relatively heavyweight OS processes or threads handled each connection. Node.js uses an event loop for concurrent I/O, instead of processes or threads. In contrast to other event-driven servers, Node.js's event loop does not need to be called explicitly. Instead, callbacks are defined, and the server automatically enters the event loop at the end of

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1650-544: Is released, the previous even version undergoes transition to Long Term Support (LTS), which gives that version 12 months of active support from the date it is designated LTS. After these 12 months expire, an LTS release receives an additional 18 months of maintenance support. An active version receives non-breaking backports of changes a few weeks after they land in the current release. A maintenance release receives only critical fixes and documentation updates. The LTS Working Group manages strategy and policy in collaboration with

1725-538: Is similar to Java Native Interface . In 2015, various branches of the greater Node.js community began working under the vendor-neutral Node.js Foundation. The stated purpose of the organization "is to enable widespread adoption and help accelerate development of Node.js and other related modules through an open governance model that encourages participation, technical contribution, and a framework for long-term stewardship by an ecosystem invested in Node.js' success." The Node.js Foundation Technical Steering Committee (TSC)

1800-1037: Is that most functions in PHP block until completion (commands execute only after previous commands finish), while Node.js functions are non-blocking (commands execute concurrently and use callbacks to signal completion or failure), thus opening up new attack surfaces that are inherently absent in most web server applications. Node.js is officially supported by Linux , macOS and Microsoft Windows 8.1 and Server 2012 (and later), with Tier 2 support for SmartOS and IBM AIX and experimental support for FreeBSD . OpenBSD also works, and LTS versions are available for IBM i (AS/400). The source code may also be built on similar operating systems that are not officially supported, such as NonStop OS and Unix servers. Node.js enables development of fast web servers in JavaScript using event-driven programming . Developers can create scalable servers without using threading by using

1875-558: Is the technical governing body of the Node.js Foundation. The TSC is responsible for the core Node.js repo as well as dependent and adjacent projects. Generally the TSC delegates the administration of these projects to working groups or committees. The LTS group that manages long term supported releases is one such group. Other current groups include Website, Streams, Build, Diagnostics, i18n, Evangelism, Docker, Addon API, Benchmarking, Post-mortem, Intl, Documentation, and Testing. In August 2017,

1950-593: Is therefore potentially more flexible than competitors that only support a closed Smart Contract language. Originally contributed by Intel, Sawtooth includes a dynamic consensus feature enabling hot swapping consensus algorithms in a running network. Among the consensus options is a novel consensus protocol known as "Proof of Elapsed Time," a lottery-design consensus protocol that optionally builds on trusted execution environments provided by Intel's Software Guard Extensions (SGX). Sawtooth supports Ethereum smart contracts via "seth" (a Sawtooth transaction processor integrating

2025-559: Is to educate and assist developers (and their companies) on licensing requirements, to make it easier to create new software. The program consists primarily of self-administered training modules, but it is also meant to include automated tools to help programmatically identify license compliance issues. Funding for the Linux Foundation comes primarily from its Platinum Members, who pay US$ 500,000 per year according to Schedule A in LF's bylaws, adding up to US$ 7.5 million. The Gold Members contribute

2100-591: The Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation (DTCC), Deutsche Börse Group , J.P. Morgan , State Street , SWIFT , Wells Fargo , Sberbank ), business software companies like SAP , academic institutions (Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance, Blockchain at Columbia, UCLA Blockchain Lab), systems integrators and others ( Accenture , Calastone, Wipro , Credits, Guardtime, IntellectEU, Nxt Foundation , Symbiont, Smart Block Laboratory). The governing board of

2175-713: The Linux Kernel Developers Summit and the Open Source Summit . As of September 2015 , the total economic value of the development costs of Linux Foundation Collaborative Projects was estimated at $ 5 billion. For the Linux kernel community, the Linux Foundation hosts its IT infrastructure and organizes conferences such as the Linux Kernel Summit and the Linux Plumbers Conference. It also hosts

2250-545: The Open Source Development Labs (OSDL). The core of the project is an online patent commons reference library aggregating and documenting information about patent-related pledges and other legal solutions directed at the open-source software community. As of 2015 , the project listed 53 patents. The Linux Foundation's Open Compliance Program provides an array of programs for open-source software licensing compliance. The focus of this initiative

2325-520: The V8 JavaScript engine , and executes JavaScript code outside a web browser . Node.js lets developers use JavaScript to write command line tools and for server-side scripting . The ability to run JavaScript code on the server is often used to generate dynamic web page content before the page is sent to the user's web browser. Consequently, Node.js represents a "JavaScript everywhere" paradigm , unifying web-application development around

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2400-400: The open source community. For software to be considered to be in the commons the patent owner must guarantee that developers will not be sued for infringement, though there may be some restrictions on the use of the patented code. The concept was first given substance by Red Hat in 2001 when it published its Patent Promise. The Patent Commons Project was launched on November 15, 2005, by

2475-1099: The web-development community . There are thousands of open-source libraries for Node.js, most of which are hosted on the npm website. Multiple developer conferences and events are held that support the Node.js community, including NodeConf, Node Interactive and Node Summit, as well as a number of regional events. The open-source community has developed web frameworks to accelerate the development of applications. Such frameworks include Express.js , Socket.IO , Sails.js , Next.js and Meteor . Various packages have also been created for interfacing with other languages or runtime environments such as Microsoft .NET . Modern desktop IDEs provide editing and debugging features specifically for Node.js applications. Such IDEs include Atom , Brackets , JetBrains WebStorm , Microsoft Visual Studio (with Node.js Tools for Visual Studio, or TypeScript with Node definitions ), NetBeans , Nodeclipse Enide Studio ( Eclipse -based) and Visual Studio Code . Some online IDEs also support Node.js, such as Codeanywhere , Eclipse Che , Cloud9 IDE and

2550-656: The API that partially alleviate the problem. They simplify interfaces, but as a side effect they may also introduce complexity which maintainers have to deal with. Even though the core functionality of Node.js resides in a JavaScript built-in library, modules written in C++ can be used to enhance capabilities and to improve performance of applications. In order to produce such modules one needs to have an appropriate C++ compiler and necessary headers (the latter are typically shipped with Node.js itself), e.g., gcc , clang or MSVC++ . The N-API

2625-501: The Hyperledger Burrow EVM). In addition to Solidity support, Sawtooth includes SDKs for Python, Go, Javascript, Rust, Java, and C++. Hyperledger Aries is a toolkit for decentralized identity solutions. It supports issuance, storage, and presentations of verifiable credentials , providing the functionality to create and manage decentralized, self-sovereign identities . It supports secure, peer-to-peer messaging using

2700-562: The Hyperledger Composer to the "End of Life" lifecycle stage, ending new development. Hyperledger Explorer is a blockchain module and one of the Hyperledger projects hosted by The Linux Foundation. Designed to create a user-friendly Web application, Hyperledger Explorer can view, invoke, deploy or query blocks, transactions and associated data, network information (name, status, list of nodes), chain codes and transaction families, as well as any other relevant information stored in

2775-473: The Hyperledger Project consists of ten members chaired by Robert Palatnick, (managing director and chief technology architect for DTCC), and a fifteen-member Technical Steering Committee chaired by Tracy Kuhrt, Associate Director, Blockchain and Multiparty Systems Architecture, at Accenture. Besu is an enterprise-grade Ethereum codebase. Hyperledger Fabric is a permissioned blockchain infrastructure, originally contributed by IBM and Digital Asset , providing

2850-546: The LF Climate Finance Foundation (LFCF), a new initiative "to encourage investment in AI-enhanced open source analytics to address climate change ." LFCF plans to build a platform that will utilize open-source open data to help the financial investment, NGO, and academia sectors to help better model companies’ exposure to climate change. Allianz , Amazon, Microsoft, and S&P Global will be

2925-534: The LFPH, a program dedicated to advancing and supporting the virus contact tracing work led by Google and Apple and their Bluetooth notification systems. The LFPH is focusing its efforts on public health applications, including the effort's first initiative: a notification app intended for governments wanting to launch their privacy-focused exposure notification networks. As of today, LFPH hosts two contact-tracing apps. In September 2020, The Linux Foundation announced

3000-616: The Linux Foundation Certified System Administrator (LFCS) exam. In early 2017, at the annual Open Source Leadership Summit, it was announced that the Linux Foundation would begin offering an Inclusive Speaker Orientation course in partnership with the National Center for Women & Information Technology. The course is designed to give participants "practical skills to promote inclusivity in their presentations." In September 2020,

3075-431: The Linux Foundation and edX partnered to offer a free, massive open online class titled Introduction to Linux. This was the first in a series of ongoing free offerings from both organizations whose current catalogue of MOOCs include Intro to DevOps, Intro to Cloud Foundry and Cloud Native Software Architecture, Intro to Apache Hadoop, Intro to Cloud Infrastructure Technologies, and Intro to OpenStack. In December 2015,

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3150-438: The Linux Foundation announced an initiative allowing open-source communities to create Open Standards using tools and methods inspired by open-source developers. The Core Infrastructure Initiative (CII), is a project managed by the Linux Foundation that enables technology companies, industry stakeholders, and esteemed developers to collaboratively identify and fund critical open-source projects in need of assistance. In June 2015,

3225-602: The Linux Foundation introduced a self-paced course designed to help prepare administrators for the OpenStack Foundation's Certified OpenStack Administrator exam. As part of a partnership with Microsoft, it was announced in December 2015 that the Linux on Azure certification would be awarded to individuals who pass both the Microsoft Exam 70-533 (Implementing Microsoft Azure Infrastructure Solutions) and

3300-458: The Linux Foundation released a free serverless computing training course with CNCF. It is taught by Alex Ellis, founder of OpenFaaS. Among many other organizations with similar offerings, The Linux Foundation has reported a 40% increase in demand for their online courses in 2020 during the coronavirus pandemic and the resulting social-distancing measures. The patent commons consists of all patented software which has been made available to

3375-494: The Linux kernel." On October 18, 2024, renowned kernel developer Greg Kroah-Hartman submitted a patch to the Linux Kernel Mailing List that removed "some" kernel developers from their roles as maintainers. These were 11 developers whose email addresses and names suggested a connection to Russia. The patch was accepted without the usual quality assurance measures, such as code reviews, and included only

3450-459: The N-API relies on internal C/C++ Node.js and V8 objects requiring users to import ( #include ) Node.js specific headers into their native source code. As the Node.js API is subject to breaking changes at a binary level, modules have to be built and shipped against specific Node.js versions to work properly. To address the issue, third parties have introduced open-sourced С/С++ wrappers on top of

3525-481: The Russian developers, and particularly Torvalds’ statements, aligns with their Code of Conduct, which includes a commitment to respectful behavior and avoidance of demeaning communication, as well as an explicit prohibition of discrimination. Node.js Node.js is a cross-platform , open-source JavaScript runtime environment that can run on Windows , Linux , Unix , macOS , and more. Node.js runs on

3600-567: The Technical Steering Committee of the Node.js Foundation. Node.js is a JavaScript runtime environment that processes incoming requests in a loop, called the event loop . Node.js uses libuv under the hood to handle asynchronous events. Libuv is an abstraction layer for network and file system functionality on both Windows and POSIX -based systems such as Linux, macOS , OSS on NonStop , and Unix. Node.js relies on nghttp2 for HTTP support. As of version 20, Node.js uses

3675-414: The ada library which provides up-to-date WHATWG URL compliance. As of version 19.5, Node.js uses the simdutf library for fast Unicode validation and transcoding. As of version 21.3, Node.js uses the simdjson library for fast JSON parsing. Node.js operates on a single-thread event loop , using non-blocking I/O calls, allowing it to support tens of thousands of concurrent connections without incurring

3750-411: The blockchain and deliver the endorsed transactions to the peers of the network; and (3) Membership Service Providers (MSPs), each generally implemented as a Certificate Authority, managing X.509 certificates which are used to authenticate member identity and roles. Hyperledger Fabric allows for use of different consensus algorithms, but the consensus algorithm that is most commonly used with the platform

3825-728: The callback definition. Node.js exits the event loop when there are no further callbacks to be performed. Node.js supports WebAssembly and as of Node 14 has experimental support of WASI , the WebAssembly System Interface. Node.js provides a way to create "add-ons" via a C -based API called N-API, which can be used to produce loadable (importable) .node modules from source code written in C/C++. The modules can be directly loaded into memory and executed from within JS environment as simple CommonJS modules. The implementation of

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3900-475: The choice of a blockchain implementation suitable for a user's specific needs. Hyperledger Caliper was initially contributed by developers from Huawei, Hyperchain, Oracle, Bitwise, Soramitsu, IBM and the Budapest University of Technology and Economics. Hyperledger Cello is a blockchain module toolkit and one of the Hyperledger projects hosted by The Linux Foundation. Hyperledger Cello aims to bring

3975-477: The complexity of writing server applications. JavaScript is the only language that Node.js supports natively, but many compile-to-JS languages are available. As a result, Node.js applications can be written in CoffeeScript , Dart , TypeScript , ClojureScript and others. Node.js is primarily used to build network programs such as web servers. The most significant difference between Node.js and PHP

4050-466: The cost of thread context switching . The design of sharing a single thread among all the requests that use the observer pattern is intended for building highly concurrent applications, where any function performing I/O must use a callback . To accommodate the single-threaded event loop, Node.js uses the libuv library—which, in turn, uses a fixed-sized thread pool that handles some of the non-blocking asynchronous I/O operations. A thread pool handles

4125-554: The cross-platform nature of the runtime. The Rocket Turtle was chosen as the official Node.js mascot in February 2024 following a design contest. Node.js allows the creation of web servers and networking tools using JavaScript and a collection of "modules" that handle various core functionalities. Modules are provided for file system I/O, networking ( DNS , HTTP , TCP , TLS/SSL or UDP ), binary data (buffers), cryptography functions, data streams and other core functions. Node.js's modules use an API designed to reduce

4200-416: The execution of parallel tasks in Node.js. The main thread function call posts tasks to the shared task queue, which threads in the thread pool pull and execute. Inherently non-blocking system functions such as networking translate to kernel-side non-blocking sockets, while inherently blocking system functions such as file I/O run in a blocking way on their own threads. When a thread in the thread pool completes

4275-505: The inaugural European JSConf on November 8, 2009. Node.js combined Google 's V8 JavaScript engine, an event loop , and a low-level I/O API . In January 2010, a package manager was introduced for the Node.js environment called npm . The package manager allows programmers to publish and share Node.js packages , along with the accompanying source code, and is designed to simplify the installation, update and uninstallation of packages. In June 2011, Microsoft and Joyent implemented

4350-572: The initiative's founding members. LF Energy is an initiative launched by the Linux Foundation in 2018 to improve the power grid . The Linux Foundation Training Program features instructors and content from the leaders of the Linux developer and open-source communities. Participants receive Linux training that is vendor-neutral and created with oversight from leaders of the Linux development community. The Linux Foundation's online and in-person training programs aim to deliver broad, foundational knowledge and networking opportunities. In March 2014,

4425-628: The ledger. Hyperledger Explorer was initially contributed by IBM, Intel and DTCC. Hyperledger Quilt is a business blockchain tool and one of the Hyperledger projects hosted by The Linux Foundation. Hyperledger Quilt offers interoperability between ledger systems by implementing the Interledger protocol (also known as ILP), which is primarily a payments protocol and is designed to transfer value across distributed ledgers and non-distributed ledgers. The Interledger protocol provides atomic swaps between ledgers (even non-blockchain or distributed ledgers) and

4500-550: The libuv thread pool. The server operating system (OS) is likely to distribute these threads across multiple cores. Another problem is that long-lasting computations and other CPU-bound tasks freeze the entire event-loop until completion. V8 is the JavaScript execution engine which was initially built for Google Chrome . It was then open-sourced by Google in 2008. Written in C++ , V8 compiles JavaScript source code to native machine code at runtime . As of 2016, it also includes Ignition,

4575-526: The on-demand "as-a-service" deployment model to the blockchain ecosystem to reduce the effort required for creating, managing and terminating blockchains. It provides a multi-tenant chain service efficiently and automatically on top of various infrastructures, e.g., baremetal, virtual machine, and more container platforms. Hyperledger Cello was initially contributed by IBM, with sponsors from Soramitsu, Huawei and Intel. Baohua Yang and Haitao Yue from IBM Research are committed part-time to developing and maintaining

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4650-467: The open-source operating system kernel Linux . It merged with Free Standards Group in 2007. The foundation has since evolved to promote open-source projects beyond the Linux OS as a "foundation of foundations" that hosts a variety of projects spanning topics such as cloud , networking, blockchain , and hardware. The foundation also hosts annual educational events among the Linux community, including

4725-403: The organization announced financial support of nearly $ 500,000 for three new projects to better support critical security elements of the global information infrastructure. In May 2016, CII launched its Best Practice Badge program to raise awareness of development processes and project governance steps that will help projects have better security outcomes. In May 2017, CII issued its 100th badge to

4800-409: The performance of a specific blockchain implementation with a set of predefined use cases. Hyperledger Caliper will produce reports containing a number of performance indicators, such as TPS (Transactions Per Second), transaction latency, resource utilization etc. The intent is for Caliper results to be used by other Hyperledger projects as they build out their frameworks, and as a reference in supporting

4875-642: The project. Hyperledger Composer was a set of collaboration tools for building blockchain business networks that make it simple and fast for business owners and developers to create smart contracts and blockchain applications to solve business problems. Built with JavaScript, leveraging modern tools including node.js, npm, CLI and popular editors, Composer offered business-centric abstractions as well as sample apps with easy to test DevOps processes to create robust blockchain solutions that drive alignment across business requirements with technical development. Blockchain package management tooling contributed by IBM. Composer

4950-438: The systems’ performance and reliability (compared to cryptocurrency designs) so they can support global business transactions by major technological, financial, and supply chain companies. The project integrates independent open protocols and standards in a framework for use-specific modules, including blockchains with their own consensus and storage routines, and services for identity, access control and smart contracts . There

5025-441: The unflagging of import.meta.resolve , the introduction of a new node: module API register for module customization hooks and a new initialize hook. Additionally, the module customization load hook now supports CommonJS , and Node.js C++ add-ons have gained experimental support for cppgc (Oilpan), which is a C++ garbage collection library for V8. The Node.js logo features a green hexagon with overlapping bands to represent

5100-560: The visual flow editor in Node-RED . Node.js is supported across a number of cloud-hosting platforms such as Jelastic , Google Cloud Platform , AWS Elastic Beanstalk , Azure Web Apps and Joyent . New major releases of Node.js are cut from the GitHub main branch every six months. Even-numbered versions are cut in April and odd-numbered versions are cut in October. When a new odd version

5175-416: Was a user-facing rapid prototyping tooling, running on top of Hyperledger Fabric, which allows the easy management of Assets (data stored on the blockchain), Participants (identity management, or member services) and Transactions (Chaincode, a.k.a. Smart Contracts, which operate on Assets on the behalf of a Participant). The resulting application can be exported as a package (a BNA file) which may be executed on

5250-571: Was announced. Daniela Barbosa was named executive director of Hyperledger Foundation in October 2021. Hart Montgomery was named Hyperledger Foundation first CTO in February 2022. Early members of the initiative included blockchain ISVs, (Blockchain, ConsenSys , Digital Asset , R3, Onchain), well-known technology platform companies ( Cisco , Fujitsu , Hitachi , IBM , Intel , NEC , NTT DATA , Red Hat , VMware ), financial services firms ( ABN AMRO , ANZ Bank , BNY Mellon , CLS Group , CME Group ,

5325-434: Was later named Fabric and the foundation was renamed Hyperledger, a trademark contributed by one of Hyperledger's founding members, Digital Asset , following their acquisition of a company called Hyperledger. In May, Intel's distributed ledger, named Sawtooth, was incubated. In January 2018, Hyperledger released the production-ready Sawtooth 1.0. In January 2019, the first long-term-support version of Hyperledger Fabric (v1.4)

5400-403: Was led by Dahl and later sponsored by Joyent . Dahl criticized the limited capability of Apache HTTP Server to handle many (10,000+) concurrent connections, as well as the dominant programming paradigm of sequential programming, in which applications could block entire processes or cause the creation of multiple execution stacks for simultaneous connections. Dahl demonstrated the project at

5475-401: Was not even true for others, sparking a discussion about this being a case of discrimination against individuals rather than just a compliance issue. For example, one of the affected kernel maintainers had been employed by Amazon Web Services for several years up to that point. The Linux Foundation has remained entirely silent on the incident, despite questions about whether the handling of

5550-547: Was previously governed by the Node.js Foundation, and has now merged with the JS Foundation to form the OpenJS Foundation . OpenJS Foundation is facilitated by the Linux Foundation 's Collaborative Projects program. Node.js was initially written by Ryan Dahl in 2009, about 13 years after the introduction of the first server-side JavaScript environment, Netscape's LiveWire Pro Web. The initial release supported only Linux and Mac OS X. Its development and maintenance

5625-477: Was some debate about whether the Hyperledger would develop its own bitcoin-type cryptocurrency, but Behlendorf clearly stated the Hyperledger Project would never build its own cryptocurrency. In early 2016, the project began accepting proposals for incubation of codebases and other technologies as core elements. One of the first proposals was for a codebase combining previous work by Digital Asset , Blockstream 's libconsensus and IBM 's OpenBlockchain. This codebase

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