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52-799: ICHEC Brussels Management School ranked 19th in Belgium and 6891st in the World 2023 overall rankings with enrollment. ICHEC's programs include a three-year first cycle : and a second cycle of one or two years: and a third cycle of one or two years: ICHEC also houses the École Supérieure des Sciences Fiscales (ESSF). For over 60 years, the ESSF has been a reference in the field of taxation in Belgium. The institution offers 2 Executive Masters and 6 certificates: In parallel with its School of Management, ICHEC has developed multiple continuing education programs for adults in management-related fields. Today,

104-460: A doctorat (PhD), which took at least three years. The DESS was created in 1975 for students who completed four-year degrees. Intended as a doctorate with a more practical approach than research, it included the production of a 120-page paper which was defended to a jury of three international specialists in the field. The mini-thesis was kept in the libraries of the university issuing the DESS, unlike

156-458: A thesis requirement (including final examination and thesis defence) and can be obtained after four to six years of study. In 2000 many curricula began to be converted into bachelor's degrees ( Bakkalaureat ; the term was replaced by "bachelor's" in most curricula by 2007) and master's ( Magisterstudium ) programmes, with nominal durations of six semesters (three years) and three to four semesters (18 months to two years) respectively. Enrollment in

208-499: A Ciclo Unico (Single-cycle Master's Degree) is awarded in medicine (Medicina) and dentistry (Odontoiatria). The title for BA and BS undergraduate students is Dottore and for MA, MFA, MSc, MD and MEd graduate students Dottore magistrale (abbreviated Dott. , Dott.ssa or Dr. ). This should not be confused with PhD and post-MA graduates, whose title is Dottore di Ricerca (Research Doctor). The Italian system has two types of postgraduate degree (called "Master", not to be confused with

260-523: A PhD dissertation (distributed by its author to every French university library). Higher education in France is also provided by non-university institutions dedicated to specific subjects. The Diplôme d'ingénieur (engineering diploma) is awarded to students after five years of study in state-recognized Écoles d'ingénieurs , particularly the Grandes Écoles such as Mines , Centrale and ENAC . Although

312-639: A PhD usually takes three years). A five-year degree, Laurea Magistrale a Ciclo Unico (Single-cycle Master's Degree) is awarded in law (Giurisprudenza), in Primary teacher education (Scienze della Formazione Primaria), in Architecture (Architettura), in Pharmacy (Farmacia) and Pharmaceutical Sciences (Chimica e Tecnologia Farmaceutiche), as well as in visual arts ( Accademia di Belle Arti ) and music (Conservatorio di Musica). A six-year degree, Laurea Magistrale

364-731: A decade as Master (from 1987 to 1997) until her appointment to the new Labour government in 1997. She has also concurrently held research fellowships at the Centre for Studies in Public Policy and the Policy Studies Institute .Blackstone became Vice-Chancellor of the University of Greenwich , holding this position up to 2011. She has served as chairman of the ballet board of the Royal Opera House ,

416-556: A doctoral programme generally requires a master's degree in a related field. Although the nominal duration of doctoral programmes is two or three years, the time to graduate varies considerably and is generally longer. Armenia ratified the Bologna Process in 2005 and is a member of the European Higher Education Area. Azerbaijan is a full member of the Bologna Process since 2005. Belarus became

468-801: A lecturer at the LSE and Professor of Educational Administration at the University of London Institute of Education . Blackstone was Deputy Education Officer of the Inner London Education Authority (1983–1986). She has also worked as a policy adviser in the Cabinet Office . As a member of Jim Callaghan 's Downing Street thinktank , she upset the Foreign Office by criticizing diplomats' lavish lifestyles. She headed Birkbeck College , University of London , for

520-517: A master's degree as well. Strikes occurred in 2002 and 2003 and 2007 protesting LMD reform, focusing more on under-funding of French universities since May 1968 than on the Bologna Process. Although the two major student organisations object to some aspects of its application to the French system, they generally welcome the European process. Although Georgia joined the Bologna Process in 2005 at

572-512: A maximum of 60 ECTS credits of additional studies before beginning master's-level studies. In conjunction with the Bologna Process, polytechnics have the right to award master's degrees. In France the baccalauréat , awarded at the end of secondary education, allows students to enter university. Before the LMD reform amid the 2000s which implemented the Bologna Process, it was followed by a two-year Diplôme d'études universitaires générales (DEUG) and

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624-675: A member of the European Higher Education Area at a conference in Yerevan , Armenia , in May 2015. In Croatia , implementation of the Bologna Process began during the 2005–2006 academic year. Diploma degree became baccalaureate (bachelor's degree, Croatian : prvostupnik ), and the programmes were shortened from four to about three years. Magisterij (master's degree) is achieved after two additional years of post-graduate study. The doktorat degree (doctorate) may be received after three more years (eight years total). The typical length of study

676-466: A third-year Licence (the equivalent of a UK bachelor's degree). Students could then pursue a Maîtrise, a one-year research degree which could be followed by a one-year vocational degree (the Diplôme d'études supérieures spécialisées or DESS) or research degree (the Diplôme d'études approfondies , or DEA ). The DEA, preparation for a doctorate, was equivalent to the M. Phil . Students could then pursue

728-582: A two-year master's degree ( maisteri ). In these fields, the Bologna Process resulted in no change. In engineering, universities only offered a 5 + 1 ⁄ 2 -year master's program ( diplomi-insinööri ). This has been replaced by a three-year bachelor's degree ( tekniikan kandidaatti ) and a two-year master's degree ( diplomi-insinööri ), for which the English names are Bachelor of Science (Technology) and Master of Science (Technology). A corresponding change has been made in military higher education, where

780-653: Is a series of ministerial meetings and agreements between European countries to ensure comparability in the standards and quality of higher-education qualifications. The process has created the European Higher Education Area under the Lisbon Recognition Convention . It is named after the University of Bologna , where the Bologna declaration was signed by education ministers from 29 European countries in 1999. The process

832-561: Is dedicated to interdisciplinary research in economics and management . Its vision is to create a strong culture of research support throughout the ICHEC institution, facilitating interdisciplinary management research rooted in field practice. 46 researchers are currently working at ICHEC. Located in Brussels , ICHEC has two locations (Montgomery and Manoir d'Anjou). ICHEC is the first French-speaking Belgian business school to have obtained

884-421: Is three years for a bachelor's degree ( baccalaureus ), two years for a master's degree ( magistar ) and three years for a doctor of science ( doktor znanosti ). A local distinction is made between vocational and academic degrees at the baccalaureate level, and between engineering and other programs at levels below the doctoral. There are several exceptions. The first degree in economics still takes four years, and

936-720: The Fabian Society , and the Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR), and has sat on the governing bodies of numerous other organisations. She has been on the Board of Trustees of The Architecture Foundation . She is currently Chairman of the British Library and Chairman of Great Ormond Street hospital. She is currently the patron of Hamlin Fistula UK, a charity whose aim is to raise funds and awareness to support

988-665: The Licentiate (higher than a master's degree, but less extensive than Doctor of Medicine or Dentistry degrees) is the basic degree. A six-year program of at least 360 ECTS credits leads to the Licentiate of Medicine ( lääketieteen lisensiaatti ) degree. There is an intermediate title (but not an academic degree) of lääketieteen kandidaatti , and no master's degree. Polytechnic degrees are considered bachelor's degrees in international use. In domestic use, bachelors transferring from polytechnics to universities may be required to amass

1040-551: The baccalauréat and doctorat are unchanged in the Bologna system (known in France as LMD reform), the DEUG and licence have been merged into a three-year Licence. The Maîtrise, DESS and DEA have been combined into a two-year master's degree, which can be work- ( master professionnel ) or research-oriented ( master recherche ). The Diplôme d'ingénieur degree is still separate from a university degree, but holders may legally claim

1092-721: The Addis Ababa Fistula Hospital. She is a Labour life peer and sits in the House of Lords , having been created Baroness Blackstone , of Stoke Newington in Greater London , on 18 March 1987. Originally on the Opposition front bench in House of Lords, Blackstone held a succession of portfolios during her time at Birkbeck. Self-described as 'vintage' rather than old or new Labour , Blackstone

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1144-543: The American quality label AACSB (Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business). ICHEC is distinguished by its international dimension, which has become one of its main strategic axes. For more than 20 years, ICHEC has developed multiple and solid collaborations with more than 120 international partners throughout the world. These involve student mobility, faculty exchanges, the development of joint programs and research. The double degree in finance co-delivered by

1196-457: The Bergen summit, steps towards the establishment of the European Higher Education Area were completed earlier. Since the end of the 1990s, many Georgian universities (mostly private) have introduced limited educational programs allowing students to graduate with a bachelor's degree (four years) and earn a master's degree (one to two years) while preserving the old five-to-six-year scheme. During

1248-569: The Bologna Agreement. The degree workload is counted in European credits, with a European equivalent of 180 credits (three years) for bachelor's degrees and 120 credits (two years) for master's degrees. Austria 's situation is similar to Germany's, with the lowest undergraduate degrees the Magister (FH) and Diplom (FH) (designed to take three or four years). The lowest graduate degrees are Magister and Diplom , which typically fulfill

1300-677: The Council of Europe, although it has observer status. Although Israel is not geographically part of Europe, it is part of the UNESCO European Region (although not a UNESCO member). Israel has also ratified the Lisbon Recognition Convention but, under the criteria of the 2003 Berlin Communiqué , it is ineligible for the Bologna Process. Kosovo is not a party to the European Cultural Convention of

1352-499: The Council of Europe. Although Serbia is a party, Kosovo declared independence from it and has theoretically been a part of the Bologna Process since the Kosovo War . It was suggested that Kosovo could be associated with the process in a category appropriate to its situation, such as guest or special-observer status. Kyrgyzstan is not a party to the European Cultural Convention of the Council of Europe, although has also ratified

1404-587: The ICHEC Formation Continue is ICHEC's continuing education center and the preferred training partner for companies, organisations and individuals throughout their professional career. Today, ICHEC has more than 3,000 students of 60 different nationalities, a network of more than 15,000 graduates, 15% of whom work abroad, brought together within the ICHEC-Alumni association, a faculty of more than 300 professors The ICHEC Research Lab (IRL)

1456-624: The Lisbon Recognition Convention. Northern Cyprus is not a party to the European Cultural Convention of the Council of Europe and not recognized as an independent political entity by any member of the Bologna Process except Turkey. The basic framework is three cycles of higher-education qualifications . The framework adopted by the ministers at their meeting in Bergen in 2005 defines the qualifications in terms of learning outcomes, which are statements of what students know and can do on completing their degrees. In describing

1508-670: The Louvain School of Management is recognised by the CFA (Chartered Finance Analyst). The CFA is a globally recognised standard and the achievement of this certification confers international professional recognition in the field of finance. ICHEC is also the first French-speaking Belgian member of the CLADEA network, an important network of business schools based in Latin America . Bologna Process The Bologna Process

1560-826: The National Tertiary Education Information Centre, 65 percent of respondents thought it unnecessary to adopt the system. The new system provides less of a guarantee that students will obtain a master's degree, because many will complete their education after the three-year bachelor's degree. Students are expected to study more unrelated subjects during the first three years, due to the smaller number of majors. In Iceland , bachelor's degrees are usually three years in duration; master's degrees are two years, and doctoral degrees range from three to six years. In Ireland , bachelor's degrees are commonly three to four years in duration; master's and doctoral degrees are basically similar to those in

1612-505: The Soviet era, the only degree was the discontinued Specialist. Cycles of higher education are divided into first (bachelor's degree with 240 credits ), second (master's degree, 120 credits) and third (doctorate, 180 credits). Human and veterinary medicine and dentistry (300–360 credits) are integrated programs with a qualification equal to a master's degree. Greece joined the Bologna Process in 1999. Since 2007, more-intensive steps towards

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1664-775: The UK. She is a Patron of Humanists UK and chairs the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) trust. She is an honorary associate of the National Secular Society. In 2009, she became the chair at Great Ormond Street Hospital , and later in 2010, she became chair at the British Library , a 4-year term. In September 2012, she joined the board of the Orbit Group housing association as its future chair. In January 2013, she became co-chair at

1716-591: The UK. Bachelor's degrees are first-cycle qualifications. Except for the MA at the Trinity College Dublin , a master's degree is always a postgraduate degree (teaching or research). The generic outcomes for Irish degrees are laid out in the 2003 National Framework of Qualifications. In 2006, Ireland was the first country to verify the compatibility of its national framework with that of the EHEA. Italy fits

1768-461: The additional two years required for a master's degree. Mid-length (two-to four-year) professional degrees have been adapted as professional bachelor's degrees ( 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 years). In the Finnish pre-Bologna system, higher education was divided between universities and polytechnics . In universities, degrees were divided in most fields into a three-year bachelor's degree ( kandidaatti ) and

1820-726: The architecture of the European Higher Education system". The Bologna Process has 49 participating countries. Signatories of the Bologna Accord, members of the European Higher Education Area , are: All member states of the EU are participating in the process, with the European Commission also a signatory. Monaco and San Marino are the only members of the Council of Europe which did not adopt

1872-656: The cycles, the framework uses the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS): In most cases, it would take three to four years to earn a bachelor's degree and another one or two years for a master's degree . Doctoral degrees usually require another two to four years of specialization, primarily individual research under a mentor. Degree names may vary by country. One academic year normally corresponds to 60 ECTS credits, equivalent to 1,500–1,800 hours of study. The process, an intergovernmental agreement between EU and non-EU countries, does not have

1924-451: The establishment of the European Higher Education Area were completed. In Hungary , the Bologna system applies to those who began their university education in or after September 2006. One hundred and eight majors were available for selection (compared with over 400 in 2005), of which six are exempt from the bachelor's-master's division: law, human and veterinary medicine, dentistry, pharmacy and architecture. According to an online poll by

1976-503: The former and a master's and doctorate in the latter). In mainland Europe, five-year-plus first degrees are common. Many do not complete their studies, and many countries are introducing bachelor-level qualifications. The situation is evolving as the Bologna Process is implemented. Some countries introduced the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) and discussed their degree structures, qualifications, financing and management of higher education and mobility programmes. At

2028-707: The framework since its 1999 adoption of the 3+2 system. The first degree is the Laurea triennale , which may be obtained after three years of study. Selected students may then complete their studies with two additional years of specialization leading to the Laurea Magistrale . The Laurea corresponds to a bachelor's degree; the Laurea Magistrale, corresponding to a master's degree, grants access to third-cycle programmes (post-MA degrees, doctorates or specialized schools) lasting two to five years (completing

2080-513: The general requirements established at national level, but it is offered under the autonomous responsibility of each university". Baroness Blackstone Tessa Ann Vosper Blackstone, Baroness Blackstone , PC (born 27 September 1942) is an English politician and university administrator. Her father, Geoffrey Vaughan Blackstone, CBE , GM , was the Chief Fire Officer for Hertfordshire and her mother, Joanna Vosper,

2132-428: The institutional level, the reform involved higher-education institutions, their faculties or departments, student and staff representatives and other factors. Priorities varied by country and institution. In Andorra, degrees are awarded by the state in all three cycles (bachelor's, master's and doctoral). The University of Andorra has adapted its classroom studies to the European Higher Education Area in accordance with

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2184-528: The master's degree is obtained after an additional year at the University of Zagreb's Faculty of Economics and Zagreb School of Economics and Management . The four-plus-one-year system also applies to fine arts and music. Medical and related studies replace the bachelor's degree with six-year first professional degrees and graduate Doctor of Medicine ( doktor medicine ) degrees. The old degrees are translated as follows: In May 2008, about 5,000 students protested weak funding, imprecisely defined new rules and

2236-406: The master's degree). Laurea Magistrale (120 ECTS) allows access to third-cycle programmes, and Master universitario (at least 60 ECTS) may be divided into first- (second cycle) and second-level master's degrees (third cycle). A first-level master's degree is accessible by a first-cycle degree and "does not allow access to PhD and to 3rd cycle programmes, since this type of course does not belong to

2288-404: The officer's degree was divided between bachelor's and master's programmes. Finnish Universities of Applied Sciences , which have offered bachelor's-equivalent engineering programmes, began offering master's-degree programs in 2005. Some Master of Engineering ( insinööri (ylempi AMK) ) programmes are taught in English. Only medicine and dentistry retain their non-standard degree structure, where

2340-695: The poor results of the Bologna reform. Denmark introduced the 3+2+3 system in 1971 with an education-management working group of the Society of Danish Engineers and a 1984–85 group of the Federation of Danish Industries, both headed by Hans Bruno Lund. Before the adoption of international standards, the lowest degree normally awarded at universities in Denmark was equivalent to a master's degree (Kandidat/cand.mag). Although bachelor's degrees have been obtained after three years of study, most students continue

2392-419: The process. The ESU , EUA , EURASHE , EI, ENQA , UNICE, the Council of Europe and UNESCO are part of the process' follow-up. Other groups at this level are ENIC , NARIC and EURODOC . Four countries, Israel , Kyrgyzstan , and the unrecognized Northern Cyprus and Kosovo , have applied to join but did not meet the membership criteria. Israel is not a party to the European Cultural Convention of

2444-402: The process. Most countries do not fit the framework, using their traditional systems. The process, which will result in bilateral agreements between countries and institutions which recognise each other's degrees, is moving from strict convergence in time spent on qualifications towards a competency-based system which will have an undergraduate and postgraduate division (with a bachelor's degree in

2496-547: The status of EU legislation. Since the Bologna Declaration is not a treaty or convention, there are no legal obligations for the signatory states; participation and cooperation are voluntary. Although the declaration was created without a formal affiliation with EU institutions, the European Commission (which has supported European projects such as the Tuning and TEEP projects) plays an important role in implementing

2548-805: Was Minister for Education at the Department of Education from 1997 to 2001 then Minister for the Arts at the Department of Culture, Media and Sport 2001–2003. While in her position here she attended The European Higher Education Area Ministerial Conferences and was a member of the European Ministers of Education that signed The Bologna Declaration of 19 June 1999. On 15 September 2010, Blackstone, along with 54 other public figures, signed an open letter published in The Guardian , stating their opposition to Pope Benedict XVI 's state visit to

2600-651: Was an actress and model for the House of Worth in Paris . She was educated at Ware Grammar School for Girls and the London School of Economics , where she gained a doctorate. Her doctoral thesis, titled "The provision of pre-school education: A study of the influences on the development of nursery education in Britain from 1900–1965", was submitted in 1969. Her academic career began at the former Enfield College (now Middlesex University ) before she went on to become

2652-510: Was issued at a meeting of university rectors celebrating the 900th anniversary of the University of Bologna (and European universities) in 1988. One year before the declaration, education ministers Claude Allègre (France), Jürgen Rüttgers (Germany), Luigi Berlinguer (Italy) and Baroness Blackstone (UK) signed the Sorbonne declaration in Paris in 1998, committing themselves to "harmonising

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2704-618: Was opened to other countries in the European Cultural Convention of the Council of Europe , and government meetings have been held in Prague (2001), Berlin (2003), Bergen (2005), London (2007), Leuven (2009), Budapest - Vienna (2010), Bucharest (2012), Yerevan (2015), Paris (2018), and Rome (2020). Before the signing of the Bologna declaration, the Magna Charta Universitatum

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