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82-540: ISCII has not been widely used outside certain government institutions, although a variant without the ATR mechanism was used on classic Mac OS , Mac OS Devanagari , and it has now been rendered largely obsolete by Unicode . Unicode uses a separate block for each Indic writing system, and largely preserves the ISCII layout within each block. The Brahmi-derived writing systems have similar structure. So ISCII encodes letters with

164-594: A command-line interface consisting of terse, abbreviated textual commands. In January 1981, Steve Jobs completely took over the Macintosh project. Jobs and a number of Apple engineers visited Xerox PARC in December 1979, three months after the Lisa and Macintosh projects had begun. After hearing about the pioneering GUI technology being developed at Xerox PARC from former Xerox employees like Raskin, Jobs negotiated

246-402: A data file might have only a data fork with no resource fork. A word processor file could contain its text in the data fork and styling information in the resource fork so that an application that does not recognize the styling information can still read the raw text. On the other hand, these forks would challenge interoperability with different operating systems. In copying or transferring

328-697: A Mac OS X application. This allows applications that have not been ported to the Carbon API to run on Mac OS X. This is reasonably seamless, though "classic" applications retain their original Mac OS 9 appearance and do not gain the Mac OS X "Aqua" appearance. Early New World ROM PowerPC-based Macs shipped with Mac OS 9.2 as well as Mac OS X. Mac OS 9.2 had to be installed by the user—it was not installed by default on hardware revisions released after Mac OS X 10.4. Most well-written "classic" Mac OS applications function properly under this environment, but compatibility

410-409: A Mac OS file to a non-Mac system, the default implementations would strip the file of its resource fork. Most data files contained only nonessential information in their resource fork, such as window size and location, but program files would be inoperative without their resources. This necessitated such encoding schemes as BinHex and MacBinary , which allowed a user to encode a dual-forked file into

492-407: A context switcher". Jerry Pournelle of Byte in 1989 said that "while MultiFinder doesn't work very well yet, DESQView on a big 80386 machine certainly does". In 1990, InfoWorld tested the four mainstream desktop multitasking options: DESQView, OS/2 1.2, Windows 3.0, and System 6 with MultiFinder. MultiFinder was viewed overall positively for speed, ease of use, and value. Its presence halved

574-567: A copyright by Aubrac Systems , it makes over 200 direct calls to undocumented addresses in the Macintosh ROMs. This led to the accusations that Jwa van der Vuurst was merely an alias and that the program was actually from someone that worked at Apple and had significant knowledge on the Macintosh's inner workings. The app itself adds a second apple menu on the right side of the menu bar which displays all currently running application and allows switching between them. It also allows adjusting

656-466: A difficult time for Apple. Initially planned as Mac OS 7.7, it was renumbered "8" to exploit a legal loophole and accomplish Jobs's goal of terminating third-party manufacturers' licenses to System 7 and shutting down the Macintosh clone market. Mac OS 8 added a number of features from the abandoned Copland project, while leaving the underlying operating system unchanged. A multi-threaded Finder

738-530: A few years after the original release of Mac OS X. Steve Jobs encouraged people to upgrade to Mac OS X by staging a mock funeral for Mac OS 9 at WWDC 2002. PowerPC versions of Mac OS X up to and including Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger include a compatibility layer for running older Mac applications, the Classic Environment. Originally codenamed the "blue box", the environment runs a nearly complete Mac OS 9 operating system, version 9.1 or later, as

820-453: A form of priority based task scheduling in the classic Mac OS, though they were unable to solve its other issues, like the lack of protected memory . Upon MultiFinder's 1987 release, PC Magazine noted it for beating IBM 's competing OS/2 multitasking operating system to market, and said the System with MultiFinder "isn't a true multitasking operating system, though it's much more than

902-577: A particular device, led to significant criticism of the operating system, and was a factor in Apple's declining market share at the time. After two aborted attempts at creating a successor to the Macintosh System Software called Taligent and Copland , and a four-year development effort spearheaded by Steve Jobs's return to Apple in 1997, Apple replaced Mac OS with a new operating system in 2001 named Mac OS X . It retained most of

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984-408: A primitive ability to recover from application crashes as well as force quit stuck applications that are no longer responding. The result is a user experience more intuitive than Switcher. While Servant's resource editing features are not as full featured as ResEdit, it does allow editing file icons. MultiFinder, known before its release as "Juggler", was introduced on August 11, 1987. It is simply

1066-409: A service technician who had been hired earlier that year. Apple's concept for the Macintosh deliberately sought to minimize the user's awareness of the operating system. Many basic tasks that required more operating system knowledge on other systems could be accomplished by mouse gestures and graphic controls on a Macintosh. This would differentiate it from its contemporaries such as MS-DOS , which use

1148-443: A single stream, or inversely take a single stream so-encoded and reconstitute it into a dual-forked file usable by Mac OS. As part of Apple's goal of creating a computer with appliance-like simplicity, there is no explicit distinction made between the operating system software and the hardware it runs on. Because of this, early versions of the operating system do not have a distinct name. The software consists of two user-visible files:

1230-651: A staple through the lifespan of System 6; and the Switcher would give way to the MultiFinder, which then became directly integrated into System 7. To allow some degree of freedom and to deliver the GUI's promise of interface consistency, the original Macintosh includes Desk Accessories , such as a calculator, that can be run concurrently. However, their functionality is deliberately limited in favor of RAM conservation. In fact, they are device drivers which take advantage of

1312-511: A time, except for desk accessories, though special application shells such as Multi-Mac or Switcher (discussed under MultiFinder ) could work around this. Visible changes are best reflected in the version number of the Finder , where major leaps are found between 1.x, 4.x, 5.x, and 6.x. In the late 1990s, Apple retroactively gave these older releases a single name. System: Introduced screenshots using ⌘ Command + ⇧ Shift + 3 Towards

1394-794: A true multi-user operating system, Mac OS 9 does allow multiple desktop users to have their own data and system settings. An improved Sherlock search engine added several new search plug-ins. Mac OS 9 also provides a much improved memory implementation and management. AppleScript was improved to allow TCP/IP and networking control. Mac OS 9 also makes the first use of the centralized Apple Software Update to find and install OS and hardware updates. Other new features included its on-the-fly file encryption software with code signing and Keychain technologies, Remote Networking and File Server packages, and much improved list of USB drivers . Mac OS 9 also added some transitional technologies to help application developers adopt some Mac OS X features before

1476-666: A visit to see the Xerox Alto computer and Smalltalk development tools in exchange for Apple stock options. The final Lisa and Macintosh operating systems use concepts from the Xerox Alto, but many elements of the graphical user interface were created by Apple including the menu bar, pull-down menus, and the concepts of drag and drop and direct manipulation . Unlike the IBM PC , which uses 8 kB of system ROM for power-on self-test (POST) and basic input/output system ( BIOS ),

1558-438: A way for windows from different applications to coexist by using a cooperative application layering model. Its initial release is able to handle only two concurrent applications, one of which runs in the background; and later releases allow many more concurrent applications. When an application is activated, all of its windows are brought forward as a single layer. This approach is necessary for backward compatibility with many of

1640-527: Is virtual memory support, an essential subsystem anticipated for years, which only exists for previous Systems in a third party extension named Virtual from Connectix . Accompanying this was a move to 32-bit memory addressing , necessary for the ever-increasing amounts of RAM available to the Motorola 68030 CPU, and 68020 CPUs with a 68851 PMMU . This process involves making all of the routines in OS code use

1722-474: Is a consolidation release of the Macintosh system software, producing a complete, stable, and long-lasting operating system. Two major hardware introductions requiring additional support under System 6 are the 68030 processor and 1.44 MB SuperDrive debuting with the Macintosh IIx and Macintosh SE/30 . Later updates include support for the first specialized laptop features with the introduction of

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1804-503: Is an extension for the Apple Macintosh 's classic Mac OS , introduced on August 11, 1987 and included with System Software 5 . It adds cooperative multitasking of several applications at once – a great improvement over the previous Macintosh systems, which can only run one application at a time. With the advent of System 7 , MultiFinder became a standard integrated part of the operating system and remained so until

1886-435: Is assured only if the software was written to be unaware of the actual hardware and to interact solely with the operating system. The Classic Environment is not available on Intel-based Mac systems or the latest Apple silicon Macs due to the incompatibility of Mac OS 9 with both the x86 and ARM hardware. Third-party Macintosh emulators , such as vMac , Basilisk II , and Executor , eventually made it possible to run

1968-474: Is based upon Apple's open source Darwin operating system . An early version of the operating system, Mac OS X Server 1.0 , was released in 1999. It retains the "Platinum" appearance from the Classic Mac OS and even resembles OPENSTEP in places, with the first version to arrive with the new Aqua user interface . The first consumer version, Mac OS X 10.0 , was released on March 24, 2001, supporting

2050-576: Is built-in cooperative multitasking . In System Software 6, this function was optional through the MultiFinder . System 7 also introduced aliases , similar to symbolic links on Unix , shortcuts that were introduced in later versions of Microsoft Windows, and shadows in IBM OS/2 . System extensions were enhanced by being moved to their own subfolder; a subfolder in the System Folder

2132-417: Is credited with having popularized the graphical user interface concept. It was included with every Macintosh that was sold during the era in which it was developed, and many updates to the system software were done in conjunction with the introduction of new Macintosh systems. Apple released the original Macintosh on January 24, 1984. The first version of the system software , which had no official name,

2214-660: Is not very different from System 7. Mac OS 8.5 focuses on speed and stability, with most 68k code replaced by modern code native to the PowerPC. It also improved the appearance of the user interface, although the theming feature was cut late in development. Mac OS 9, the last major revision of the Classic Mac OS, was released on October 23, 1999. It is generally a steady evolution from Mac OS 8. Early development releases of Mac OS 9 were numbered 8.7. Mac OS 9 added improved support for AirPort wireless networking . It introduced an early implementation of multi-user support. Though not

2296-480: Is the idea that it will allow easy transliteration from one writing system to another. However, there are enough incompatibilities that this is not really a practical idea. ISCII is an 8-bit encoding. The lower 128 code points are plain ASCII , the upper 128 code points are ISCII-specific. In addition to the code points representing characters, ISCII makes use of a code point with mnemonic ATR that indicates that

2378-501: Is the successor to Mac OS 9 and the Classic Mac OS legacy. However, unlike the Classic Mac OS, it is a Unix -based operating system built on NeXTSTEP and technology developed at NeXT from the late 1980s until early 1997, when Apple purchased the company, and its CEO Steve Jobs returned to Apple. macOS also makes use of the BSD codebase and the XNU kernel, and its core set of components

2460-520: Is unusual due to its lack of a scrollbar, instead requiring to hold and drag the window background like a modern map app. One of its most interesting features is the first known implementation of wallpapers on the Macintosh, allowing users to replace the default grey background with MacPaint or ThunderScan images. In comparison to Switcher, Servant allows users to open apps as they see fit instead of requiring you to select which apps you want to run first, then launching them inside Switcher. Switcher also has

2542-530: The Classic Environment within Mac OS X. The final update to the Classic Mac OS was version 9.2.2, released on December 5, 2001. macOS (originally "Mac OS X" and then "OS X") is Apple's current Mac operating system that officially succeeded the Classic Mac OS in 2001. Although it was originally marketed as simply "version 10" of Mac OS, it has a history that is largely independent of the earlier Mac OS releases. The macOS architectural legacy

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2624-487: The Classic Environment , a compatibility layer that helped ease the transition to Mac OS X (now macOS). The Macintosh project started in late 1978 with Jef Raskin , who envisioned an easy-to-use, low-cost computer for the average consumer. In September 1979, Raskin began looking for an engineer who could put together a prototype. Bill Atkinson , a member of the Apple Lisa team, introduced Raskin to Burrell Smith ,

2706-706: The Macintosh File System (MFS), a flat file system with only one level of folders. This was quickly replaced in 1985 by the Hierarchical File System (HFS), which had a true directory tree. Both file systems are otherwise compatible. An improved file system named HFS Plus ("HFS+" or "Mac OS Extended") was announced in 1997 and implemented in 1998. Files in most file systems used with DOS , Windows , Unix , or other operating systems have only one " fork ". By contrast, MFS and HFS give files two different "forks". The data fork contains

2788-575: The Macintosh Portable . From System 6 forward, the Finder has a unified version number closely matching that of the System, alleviating much of the confusion caused by the often considerable differences between earlier Systems. On May 13, 1991, System 7 was released. It was a major upgrade over System 6, adding a significant user interface overhaul, new applications, stability improvements and many new features. Its introduction coincides with

2870-518: The desktop accessories (DAs). The icons of the operating system, which represent folders and application software , were designed by Susan Kare , who later designed the icons for Microsoft Windows 3.0 . Bruce Horn and Steve Capps wrote the Macintosh Finder , as well as a number of Macintosh system utilities. Apple aggressively advertised their new machine. After its release, the company bought all 39 pages of advertisement space in

2952-545: The equivalent form in each writing system . Each character is shown with its decimal code and its Unicode equivalent. To convert from Unicode (UTF-8) to an ISCII / ANSI coding, the following code pages may be used: Classic Mac OS Mac OS (originally System Software ; retronym : Classic Mac OS ) is the series of operating systems developed for the Macintosh family of personal computers by Apple Computer, Inc. from 1984 to 2001, starting with System 1 and ending with Mac OS 9 . The Macintosh operating system

3034-455: The menu bar . The current application horizontally slides out of view, and the next one slides in. Though awkward, this approach does fit well with the existing system's memory management scheme, and applications need no special programming to work with Switcher. This early work on Switcher led to the development of MultiFinder by Apple system software engineers Erich Ringewald and Phil Goldman . Microsoft saw Switcher as especially benefiting

3116-413: The "System Folder", a set of files that were loaded from disk. The name Macintosh System Software came into use in 1987 with System 5. Apple rebranded the system as Mac OS in 1996, starting officially with version 7.6, due in part to its Macintosh clone program . That program ended after the release of Mac OS 8 in 1997. The last major release of the system was Mac OS 9 in 1999. Initial versions of

3198-473: The 1984 November/December edition of Newsweek magazine. The Macintosh quickly outsold its more sophisticated but much more expensive predecessor, the Lisa . Apple quickly developed MacWorks , a product that allowed the Lisa to emulate Macintosh system software through System 3, by which time it had been discontinued as the rebranded Macintosh XL . Many of the Lisa's operating system advances would not appear in

3280-532: The Classic Mac OS on Intel -based PCs. These emulators were restricted to emulating the 68k series of processors, and as such most could not run versions of the Mac OS that succeeded 8.1, which required PowerPC processors. Most also required a Mac ROM image or a hardware interface supporting a real Mac ROM chip; those requiring an image are of dubious legal standing as the ROM image may infringe on Apple's intellectual property. MultiFinder#Switcher MultiFinder

3362-531: The Mac ROM is significantly larger (64 kB) and holds key OS code. Much of the original Mac ROM code was written by Andy Hertzfeld , a member of the original Macintosh team. He was able to conserve precious ROM space by writing routines in assembly language code optimized with "hacks", or clever programming tricks. In addition to the ROM, he also coded the kernel , the Macintosh Toolbox , and some of

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3444-400: The Macintosh operating system until System 7 or later. Early versions of Mac OS are compatible only with Motorola 68000 -family Macintoshes. As Apple introduced computers with PowerPC hardware, the OS was ported to support this architecture. Mac OS 8.1 is the last version that could run on a 68k processor (the 68040 ). In systems prior to PowerPC G3 -based systems, significant parts of

3526-460: The Macintosh system. Apple offered more money ( US$ 100,000 plus royalties) and the company planned to ship Switcher with the Macintosh 512K . The first official version of Switcher appeared in April 1985. Switcher works by designating a number of fixed slots in memory into which applications could be loaded. The user can then switch between these applications by clicking a small button on the top of

3608-524: The System Folder. System 7 also introduced the following: AppleScript , a scripting language for automating tasks; 32-bit QuickDraw , supporting so-called "true color" imaging, previously available as a system extension; and TrueType , an outline font standard. The Trash, under System 6 and earlier, empties itself automatically when shutting down the computer—or, if MultiFinder is not running, when launching an application. System 7 reimplements

3690-564: The System Software ran one application at a time. With the Macintosh 512K , a system extension called the Switcher was developed to use this additional memory to allow multiple programs to remain loaded. The software of each loaded program used the memory exclusively; only when activated by the Switcher did the program appear, even the Finder's desktop. With the Switcher, the now familiar Clipboard feature allowed copy and paste between

3772-480: The System file, and the Finder , an application used for file management that also displays the Desktop . The two files are contained in a folder directory labeled "System Folder", which contains other resource files, like a printer driver , needed to interact with the System. Version numbers of the operating system are based on the version numbers of these two files. These releases can only run one application at

3854-522: The Trash as a special hidden folder, allowing files to remain in it across reboots until the user deliberately chose the "Empty Trash" command. System 7.1 is mainly a bugfix release, with a few minor features added. One of the major new features of System 7.1 was moving fonts out of the System file into the Fonts folder in the System Folder. Previously a resource-copying utility such as ResEdit or Font D/A Mover

3936-413: The actual System file. This leads to extra files inside the system folder (one per new model supported). System 7.5 introduces a large number of new features, many of which are based on shareware applications that Apple bought and included into the new system. On the newer PowerPC machines, System 7.5 may have stability problems partly due to a new memory manager (which can be turned off), and issues with

4018-558: The applications' memory allocation size, disk cache and adds background multi-threaded copying similar to Speed Doubler's and Mac OS 8 's improved copy function. Servant was another attempt by Andy Hertzfeld at multitasking on the Macintosh, intended to solve Switcher's shortcomings. Released in September 1986, it was effectively a Finder, Switcher and ResEdit combined into one tool for the Macintosh Plus . Its file manager

4100-408: The background. Users can also choose not to use MultiFinder, thereby using a single application at a time. In 1990 InfoWorld tested four multitasking options for PC and Mac, viewing MultiFinder positively overall, but noting that its presence halved the speed of file transfer and printing compared to the single-tasking System 6 without MultiFinder. System Software 6 (also referred to as "System 6")

4182-442: The clone-licensing program after returning to Apple in 1997. Support for Macintosh clones was first exhibited in System 7.5.1, which was the first version to include the "Mac OS" logo (a variation on the original Happy Mac startup icon), and Mac OS 7.6 was the first to be named "Mac OS" instead of "System". These changes were made to disassociate the operating system from Apple's own Macintosh models. The Macintosh originally used

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4264-434: The company's highly memory-optimized Macintosh applications so the utility was shipped with Excel . Microsoft stated that using multiple applications with Switcher was preferable to a single integrated software application like Lotus Symphony . By 1987, Compute! 's Apple Applications reported that "many Macintosh owners are comfortable only when using more than one application at a time. Switcher and desk accessories are

4346-581: The disks are named System Tools, users and the press commonly referred to this version as "System Tools 5.0". The primary new feature of System 5 is MultiFinder , an extension that lets the system run several programs at once. The system uses a cooperative multitasking model, meaning that time is given to the background applications only when the foreground application yields control. A change in system functions that applications were already calling to handle events make many existing applications share time automatically, as well as being allowed to perform tasks in

4428-499: The early days. Andy Hertzfeld , one of Apple's original Macintosh software architects, wrote Switcher after seeing John Markoff use a terminate-and-stay-resident program on an IBM PC in October 1984. By the end of the year he had a working prototype, and he soon demonstrated it in public. Both Microsoft and Apple wanted to purchase the utility. Hertzfeld chose the latter because of his belief that Switcher should be bundled with

4510-401: The end of 1987, Apple introduced a package titled "Apple Macintosh System Software Update 5.0". For the first time, the Macintosh operating system was offered as a distinct retail product that included four 800K disks and three manuals, at a cost of US$ 49. The software itself was still freely available through user groups and bulletin board services. While the product box presented this update to

4592-519: The following byte contains one of two kinds of information. One set of values changes the writing system until the next writing system indicator or end-of-line. Another set of values select display modes such as bold and italic. ISCII does not provide a means of indicating the default writing system. The following table shows the character set for Devanagari . The code sets for Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Gurmukhi, Kannada, Malayalam, Oriya, Tamil, and Telugu are similar, with each Devanagari form replaced by

4674-479: The full 32-bits of a pointer as an address—prior systems used the upper 8 bits as flags . This change is known as being "32-bit clean". While System 7 itself is 32-bit clean, many existing machines and thousands of applications were not, so it was some time before the process was completed. To ease the transition, the "Memory" control panel contains a switch to disable this feature, allowing for compatibility with older applications. Another notable System 7 feature

4756-458: The growing market of third-party Macintosh clone manufacturers. Mac OS 7.6 required 32-bit-clean ROMs, and so it dropped support for every Mac with a 68000 processor, as well as the Mac II , Mac IIx , Mac IIcx , and Mac SE/30 . Mac OS 8 was released on July 26, 1997, the same month Steve Jobs became the de facto CEO of Apple. It was mainly released to keep the Mac OS moving forward during

4838-475: The handling of errors in the PowerPC code (all PowerPC exceptions map to Type 11). These issues do not affect 68k-architecture machines. System 7.5 is contemporary with Apple's failed Copland effort as well as the release of Windows 95 . Stability improved in PowerPC-based Macs with Mac OS 7.6, which dropped the "System" moniker as a more trademarkable name was needed in order to license the OS to

4920-509: The introduction of Mac OS X . The first Macintosh was released in 1984, and Apple's developers made an early decision that the machine's 128 KB of RAM was so limited that they must abandon the application multitasking functionality that Apple had developed for the Lisa . As the successive Macintosh hardware models were released with much more RAM being the key feature, new programming techniques were developed as workarounds to allow users to run concurrent applications. Desk Accessories became

5002-455: The introduction of System 7. Later in 1987, System 6 engineer Erich Ringewald's desire to solve these architectural problems altogether would bring him to defiantly cofound and lead the Pink project as the intended future of a new MacOS, and then become chief software architect at Be Inc. to design BeOS in 1990. With the release of System 7 , the MultiFinder extension was integrated with

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5084-451: The introduction of the new OS to the public, to help ease the transition. These included new APIs for the file system and the bundling of the Carbon library that apps could link against instead of the traditional API libraries—apps that were adapted to do this could be run natively on Mac OS X as well. Other changes were made beginning with the Mac OS 9.1 update to allow it to be launched in

5166-794: The loaded programs across switches including the desktop. With the introduction of System 5, a cooperative multitasking extension called MultiFinder was added, which allowed content in windows of each program to remain in a layered view over the desktop, and was later integrated into System 7 as part of the operating system along with support for virtual memory . By the mid-1990s, however, contemporary operating systems such as Windows NT , OS/2 , NeXTSTEP , BSD , and Linux had all brought pre-emptive multitasking , protected memory , access controls , and multi-user capabilities to desktop computers. The Macintosh's limited memory management and susceptibility to conflicts among extensions that provide additional functionality, such as networking or support for

5248-456: The motherboard, which also ensured that only Apple computers or licensed clones (with the copyright-protected ROMs from Apple) can run Mac OS. Several computer manufacturers over the years made Macintosh clones that were capable of running Mac OS. From 1995 to 1997, Apple licensed Macintosh ROMs to several companies, notably Power Computing , UMAX and Motorola . These machines normally ran various versions of Classic Mac OS. Steve Jobs ended

5330-421: The multitasking system designed for hardware peripheral support. As such, their running environment is severely restricted. They can only draw a single window, which by default is given a special round-bordered appearance. Although the system software does little to specifically support them, the popularity of Desk Accessories led many application developers to ensure good cooperative multitasking support even from

5412-439: The new Aqua user interface . Mac OS X was renamed "OS X" in 2011 and "macOS" in 2016. Users of the Classic Mac OS generally upgraded to Mac OS X, but it was criticized in its early years as more difficult and less user-friendly than the original Mac OS, for the lack of certain features that had not yet been reimplemented in the new OS, for being slower on the same hardware (especially older hardware), and for incompatibilities with

5494-406: The older OS. Because drivers (for printers, scanners, tablets, etc.) written for the older Mac OS were not compatible with Mac OS X, inconsistent program support with the Classic Environment program used to run the older operating system's programs on Mac OS X, and the lack of Mac OS X support for older Apple computers before late 1997; some Macintosh users continued using the older Classic Mac OS for

5576-415: The operating system as "version 5.0", this number does not appear in the software itself. Three of the four disks (System Tools 1, System Tools 2 and Utilities 1) are all bootable, and the user can boot off whichever floppy contains the tools the user needs. For instance, System Tools 2 is the only disk with printer drivers, and Utilities 1 is the only disk with Disk First Aid and Apple HD SC Setup . Because

5658-496: The operating system, and it remains so in Mac OS 8 and Mac OS 9 . However, the integration into the OS does nothing to fix MultiFinder's inherent idiosyncrasies and disadvantages. These problems were not overcome in the mainstream Macintosh operating system until the MultiFinder model was abandoned with the move to a modern preemptive multitasking Unix -based OS in Mac OS X . Two utilities, CPU Doubler and Peek-A-Boo, did implement

5740-467: The release of and provided support for the 68040 Macintosh line . The System 7 era saw numerous changes in the Macintosh platform including a proliferation of Macintosh models , the 68k to Power Macintosh transition as well as the rise of Microsoft Windows , increasing use of computer networking and the explosion in the popularity of the Internet . One of the most significant features of System 7

5822-676: The same phonetic value at the same code point, overlaying the various scripts. For example, the ISCII codes 0xB3 0xDB represent [ki]. This will be rendered as കി in Malayalam , कि in Devanagari, as ਕਿ in Gurmukhi, and as கி in Tamil. The writing system can be selected in rich text by markup or in plain text by means of the ATR code described below. One motivation for the use of a single encoding

5904-425: The same sort of information as a file in other file systems, such as the text of a document or the bitmaps of an image file. The resource fork contains other structured data such as menu definitions, graphics, sounds, or code segments that would be incorporated into a program's file format on other systems. An executable file might consist only of resources (including code segments ) with an empty data fork, while

5986-432: The system are stored in physical ROM on the motherboard. The initial purpose of this is to avoid having the OS use up most of the 128KiB RAM of the initial Macintosh—the initial ROMs were 64KiB. This architecture also allows for a completely graphical OS interface at the lowest level without the need for a text-only console or command-line mode: boot time errors, such as finding no functioning disk drives, are communicated to

6068-677: The time, there was a large grassroots movement among Mac users to upgrade and "help save Apple". Even some pirate groups refused to redistribute the OS. Mac OS 8.1 introduced an updated version of the Hierarchical File System named HFS+ , which fixed many of the limitations of the earlier system and continued to be used in macOS up until macOS High Sierra , when it was replaced with the Apple File System . There are some other interface changes such as separating network features from printing, and some improvements to application switching. However, in underlying technical respects, Mac OS 8

6150-444: The two most common examples of that philosophy". PC Magazine said that Switcher used too much of the system's precious little RAM and was not reliable enough. Multi-Mac is another application switching utility designed specifically for the Macintosh 512K, though it is more known for its mysteriousness. Showing up sometime in late 1985, after the introduction of Switcher, and being credited as being made by Jwa van der Vuurst with

6232-481: The user graphically, usually with an icon or the distinctive Chicago bitmap font and a Chime of Death or a series of beeps. This is in contrast to MS-DOS and CP/M computers of the time, which display such messages in a mono-spaced font on a black background, and require the use of the keyboard rather than a mouse, for input. To provide such niceties at a low level, early Mac OS depends on core system software in ROM on

6314-406: The user interface design elements of the Classic Mac OS, and there was some overlap of application frameworks for compatibility, but the two operating systems otherwise have completely different origins and architectures. The final updates to Mac OS 9 released in 2001 provided interoperability with Mac OS X. The name "Classic" that now signifies the historical Mac OS as a whole is a reference to

6396-528: The windowing data structures that were already documented. MultiFinder also provides a way for applications to supply their memory requirements ahead of time, so that MultiFinder can allocate a chunk of RAM to each according to need. This scheme, while functional, has severe limitations which cause many problems for users. Virtual memory was only available to contemporary Macs with a PMMU chip (Mac II-class machines required) and an extension named Virtual from Connectix . Apple eventually provided virtual memory with

6478-532: Was also created for the control panels . In System 7.5, Apple includes the Extensions Manager , a previously third-party program which simplified the process of enabling and disabling extensions. The Apple menu, home only to desk accessories in System 6, was made more general-purpose: the user could now make often-used folders and applications—or anything else they desired—appear in the menu by placing aliases to them in an "Apple Menu Items" subfolder of

6560-571: Was included; files could now be copied in the background. The GUI was changed in appearance to a new shaded greyscale look named Platinum , and the ability to change the appearance themes (also known as skins ) was added with a new control panel (though Platinum was the only one shipped). This capability was provided by a new "appearance" API layer within the OS, one of the few significant changes. Apple sold 1.2 million copies of Mac OS 8 in its first two weeks of availability and 3 million within six months. In light of Apple's financial difficulties at

6642-590: Was partially based on the Lisa OS , which Apple previously released for the Lisa computer in 1983. As part of an agreement allowing Xerox to buy shares in Apple at a favorable price, it also used concepts from the Xerox PARC Alto computer, which former Apple CEO Steve Jobs and other Lisa team members had previewed. This operating system consisted of the Macintosh Toolbox ROM and

6724-479: Was required for installing fonts. System 7.1 is not only the first Macintosh operating system to cost money (all previous versions were free or sold at the cost of the floppies), but also received a "Pro" sibling (version 7.1.1) with extra features. System 7.1.2 was the first version to support PowerPC-based Macs. System 7.1 also introduces the System Enablers as a method to support new models without updating

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